UC-NRLF 


TREATISE 


ON 


MINER  A  L  O  G  Y 


BY 


CHARLES    UPIIAM    SHEPARD 


No.  II. 


THIRD    EDITION, 
WITH    2S7    ILLUSTRATIONS 

AND   725   IN  THE   COilPLETE  WORK. 


NEW   HAVEN: 

PRINTED    BY    E.    HAYES, 

1857. 


OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY 
OF 


Ord.  X.  Ore.) 


CUPRITE. 


241 


ORDER  X.   ORE. 
Section  A.    Colors  various.     Lustre  generally  resinous. 

Sp.  1.  CUPRITE,  Haidinger ;  Red  Oxide  of  Copper,  Phillips.     Tile  Ore. 
Zigueline. 

[H.=3'5 . . .  4'0    G.— 5'89 . . .  6'15.     Xls.  modified  cubes  and  octa- 
hedrons.    Massive,  granular  and  earthy.     Color  from  cochi- 
neal-red to  lead-grey.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  489.  Fig.  490.  Fig.  491. 


Cleavage    parallel    with    octahedral    faces,  Fig.  492. 

smooth,  but  interrupted.  Frac.  conchoidal  to 
uneven.  Surface  smooth  and  splendent.  Semi- 
transparent,  to  translucent  on  the  edges.  Lus- 
tre adamantine,  inclining  to  metallic.  Color, 
as  above.  Streak  brownish-red,  shining.  Brittle. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  in  the  inner  flame,  is  re- 
duced. In  the  forceps,  colors  the  flame  green ; 
moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid,  colors  the 
flame  blue.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  with  effer- 
vescence ;  in  hydrochloric  acid,  without  effer- 
vescence :  also  soluble  in  ammonia. 

Copper  88'79,  oxygen  11  21. 

The  earthy  variety  has  been  called  Tile  ore  and  Zigueline.  It  is  of 
a  reddish  brown  color,  in  consequence  of  the  presence  of  peroxide  of  iron. 

Occurs  in  beds  and  veins  in  granite  and  crystalline  slate  rocks,  attended 
by  redruthite,  copper,  chalcopyrite,  azurite,  malachite,  galena  and  blende. 

In  gneiss  at  Moldawa  in  the  Bannat,  in  beds  in  sandstone  at  Katheri- 
nenburg  in  Siberia,  and  at  Chessy  near  Lyons  in  France.  In  veins  of 
tin  and  copper  ore  in  Cornwall,  South  Australia,  Peru  and  Chili.  In  the 
copper  mines  of  New  Jersey  and  of  Lake  Superior. 

Sp.  2.  CHALCOTRICHITE,  Gloclcer;  Kupferbluthe,  Hausmann;  Capillary 
Red  Oxide  of  Copper. 

[In  fine  capillary  xls.  much  interlaced.    Cpj&iaeal  f»dUcrimson  red.] 
In  prisms  of  140°- 150°,  having  the  anzle^^m^fttytibk  &&es  fr&ucated 
(Kenngott).     Cleavage  rhombohedral,i|fe5^& ^  u.=5'8. 
Composition  identical  with  cuprite^ 
Rheinbreitenbach,  Moldawa,  and 

31 


242  ZINCITE. THORITE.  [Class  II. 


Sp.  3.  ZINCTTE,  Haidinger;  Sparta] ite,  Brooke  and  Miller;  Red  Oxide 
of  Zinc,  Phillips, 

[H.=4'0...4'5.  Gr.  =5-43... 5-53.  Massive:  foliated.  Color 
deep  red.  Streak  orange-yellow.] 

Primary  form  rhomboid. 

Secondary  form, '  double  six-sided  pyramid  with  truncated  apices 
(quartzoid),  and  broad  six-sided  tables. 

Cleavage  distinct,  parallel  with  truncating  faces  of  the  quartzoid. 
Massive,  often  in  broad  folia?.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  granular.  Trans- 
lucent on  the  edges.  Lustre  adamantine.  When  pure,  colorless ;  but 
almost  universally  red.  Brittle. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal  is  infusible,  phosphorescing  strongly.  With  soda, 
gives  a  sublimate  of  zinc.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  yields  the 
reaction  of  manganese.  Soluble  without  effervescence  in  nitric  acid. 
After  weathering,  becomes  slightly  coated  with  a  white  crust  of  carbonate 
of  zinc.  It  is  composed  of  zinc  8Q'26  and  oxygen  I9'74.  Some  varie- 
ties have  a  decided  trace  of  oxide  of  manganese;  and  all  those  which 
are  red,  contain  also  traces  of  peroxide  of  iron,  to  which  foreign  sub- 
stances the  color  appears  to  be  due. 

Found  with  franklinite  and  calcite  at  Stirling  Hill  and  Franklin,  Sus- 
sex Co.,  New  Jersey. 

Sp.  4.  THORITE,  Beudant. 

[H.=4'5.     G.=4'63.      Massive,      Fracture  conchoidal.      Black. 

Lustre  vitreous.] 

Streak  dark  brown.     Brittle.     B.  B.  infusible.     Easily  soluble  in  bo- 
rax, forming  a  glass  colored  by  iron  ;  on  the  addition  of  nitre,  yields  the 
reaction  of  manganese.     Before  ignition,  easily  decomposed  by  hydro- 
chloric acid ;  but  after  heating,  is  but  slightly  acted  upon  by  it. 
Analysis  by  Berzelius. 

Silica,    -----  18-98 

Thorina,      ...  -    5691 

Lime,    -            -            -                         -  2*58 

Red  ox.  iron,            -  -      3'40 

Ox.  mang.,         -                                     -  2'39 

Magnesia,    -  -      0*36 

Ox.  uranium,      -  l'6l 
Ox.  lead,      -----      0'80 

Ox.  tin,                                        -  O'Ol 

Potash,        -  -      014 

Soda,     -                                                    -  O'lO 
Alumina,     -----      0'06 

Water,   -                                       -  9'50 

Insoluble  matter,      -                         -  170 

Found  with  brown  mesotype  (bergmannite),  on  the  island  of  Lovo, 
near  Brevig,  Norway. 


Ord.  X.  Ore.]        WARWICKITE.  —  PEROFSKITE.  243 


*ORANGITE,  Bergemann. 

[H.=4'5;  G.  =5'34...  5  397.  Massive,  but  cleavable  in  one  di- 
rection. Orange  to  brown.] 

Fracture  conchoidal  to  splintery.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Streak 
yellowish-white. 

In  the  matrass,  yields  water  and  becomes  dark  brown ;  but  on  cooling, 
regains  the  orange  color.  B.  B.  infusible.  By  fusion  with  soda,  the 
silica  is  dissolved,  leaving  insoluble  yellow  fragments  in  the  bead.  With 
borax,  forms  a  glass,  which  is  yellow  while  hot,  but  colorless  when  cold. 
With  salt  of  phosphorus,  in  the  outer  flame,  yields  a  reddish  glass;  in  the 
inner  one,  a  yellowish  glass.  The  glass  in  either  case,  is  colorless  when 
cold.  With  hydrochloric  acid,  forms  a  perfectly  clear,  deep  yellow  jelly. 
After  exposure  to  a  strong  red  heat,  it  is  not  acted  upon  by  acids.  Anal- 
ysis by  C.  Bergemann  : — 

Silica,  -  17'70 

Ox.  donarium,  probably  of  thorinum,  71'25 

Garb,  acid,       -  -  4'04 

Red  ox.  iron,  ...        0'31 

Magnesia  and  ox.  mang.,  -  -  0'21 

Potash  and  soda,     -  -  -         0'30 

Water,  -  -  -  6'90 

Found  imbedded  in  feldspar  in  Langesundfiord,  near  Brevig  in  Norway. 

Sp.  5.  WARWICKITE,  (S.)     Enceladite,  T.  S.  Hunt. 

[H.— 3*0 . . .  4'0.  G.=3'18 . . .  3'29.  Xls.  slender  prismatic.  Hair- 
brown  to  iron-grey.  Metallic,  copper-red  lustre  on  face  of 
perfect  cleavage.  Opaque.] 

Prim,  form,  rhombic  prism,  apparently  oblique.  Secondary  form,  obtuse 
edges  of  prism  truncated,  and  the  acute,  bevelled.  Cleavage  in  direction 
of  longer  diagonal  very  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Lustre  vitreous  to 
pearly.  Brittle. 

In  the  tube,  yields  water  and  traces  of  hydrofluoric  acid.  B.  B.  infu- 
sible. With  salt  of  phosphorus,  gives  a  bead  which  is  orange,  while  hot, 
and  purplish-gray  and  opaque  when  cold.  Reaction  of  boric  acid.  Ti- 
tanic acid  28'20,  silica  1850,  alumina  13'84,  protox.  iron  10'59,  magne- 
sia 22'20,  lime  1  30,  water  735  (T.  S  Hunt}.  Smith  and  Brush  find  it 
to  contain  over  20  p.  c.  boric  acid.  The  large  iron-grey  crystals  were 
found  by  the  author,  rich  in  fluorine,  manganese  and  iron.  Found  dis- 
seminated through  the  spinel  limestone  at  Edenville,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y. 
First  found  at  Warwick,  N.  J. 

Sp.  6.  PEROFSKITE,  Rose ;  Perowskite,  Dufrenoy. 

[H.  =5  5.     Gr.=3  9 . . .  401 .     Xls.  small,  and  usually  cubes.    Mas- 
sive.    Color  dark  reddish-brown  to  greyish-black.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary,  cube  with  edges  and  angles  truncated. 
Cleavage  parallel  with  primary  faces,  tolerably  distinct.    Translucent 
jn  edges,  to  opaque.     Lustre  adamantine,  inclining,  in  xls.  to  metallic. 
Color  as  above.     Streak  greyish-white. 


244  TRITOMITE.  —  CER1TE.  [Class  II. 

B.  B.  infusible.  Soluble  in  borax.  With  a  very  minute  quantity  of 
the  pulverized  mineral,  the  bead  is  light  yellowish-green  while  hot,  and 
colorless  when  cold ;  with  a  larger  quantity,  the  bead  is  brown  when  cold. 
In  powder,  it  is  but  slightly  acted  upon  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

It  is  composed  of  titanic  acid  58'9,  lime  41*1. 

Analyses  by  Jacobson  and  Brooks. 

Titanic  acid,       -  58'96  -        -        -    59'00 

Lime,     -        -  -    39'20  -                         3676 

Magnesia,  -        -  trace  -        -      O'll 

Protoxide  of  iron,  -      2  06  -        -        -          479 

Found  in  a  micaceous  limestone  at  Vosburg  on  the  Kaiserstuhl,  and  in 
chlorite  slate  at  Achmatovsk,  near  Slatoust,  in  the  Ural. 

Sp.  7.  TRITOMITE,  Weibye. 

[H.=5'5.  G.=4'16...4'66.  Xls.  tetrahedra.   Dark  brown.  Opaque.] 
Prim,  form  cube.     Secondary  form,  tetrahedron.     Cleavage  not  ob- 
servable.    Fracture  conchoidal.     Translucent  on  the  edges . . .  opaque. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  metallic  on  the  surface  of  fracture.     Streak 
yellowish-brown.     Very  brittle. 

In  the  matrass,  yields  water  and  traces  of  fluorine.  B.  B.  becomes 
white  and  cracks.  With  borax,  in  the  outer  flame,  forms  a  reddish  yel- 
low glass,  which  becomes  colorless  on  cooling. .  Decomposed  by  hydro- 
chloric acid,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica.  Approximate  analysis  of  a  small 
quantity,  by  Berlin : — 

Silica,             -            -            -            •  2013 

Ox.  cerium,          -  40'36 

Ox.  lanthanium,          ...  15'11 

Lime,       .....  5'15 

Alumina,        -                                     -  2'24 

Yttria,     -                         ...  0'46 

Magnesia,       ....  0'22 

Soda,       -                         -            -  1 46 

Protox.  iron,   -            -            -            -  1'83 

Mang.,  cop.,  tin  and  tungsten,      -            -  4 '62 

Loss  by  ignition,         ...  7'86 

Near  Brevig,  Norway,  in  syenite,  with  leucophane. 

Sp.  8.  CERITE  ;  Ochroite,  Hermann ;  Cererite,  Hausmann. 

[H.=5'5.  G.— 4'9 . . .  5'0.  Massive.  Reddish-grey  to  clove- 
brown.  Fracture  uneven.] 

Rarely  in  xls.,  having  the  form  of  short  six-sided  prs.  Cleavage  in 
traces.  Opaque.  Lustre  resinous.  Streak  greyish-white.  Brittle. 

In  the  matrass,  yields  water.  B.  B.  turns  yellow,  but  is  infusible. 
With  borax,  in  the  outer  flame,  slowly  dissolves  into  a  dark  yellow  glass, 
which  grows  paler  on  cooling;  in  the  inner  flame,  shows  a  feeble  reac- 
tion of  iron.  With  soda,  melts  into  a  dark  yellow  slag.  Dissolves  in 
hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica.  Analysis  a  by  Hisinger,  b  by 
Hermann. 


Ord.  X.  Ore.] 


SPHENE. 


245 


a. 

Silica, 

18-00 

Protox.  cerium, 

68-59  - 

Ox.  lanthanium, 



Alumina, 

. 

Perox.  iron, 

2-00 

Lime, 

1  25  - 

Ox.  mang.  - 



Water,    - 

9-60  - 

b. 
16-06 

-  26-55 
3338 

-  1-68 
353 

-  3-56 
0-27 

-  9-10 

The  variety  b  is  supposed  to  have  contained  carb.  lime,  as  a  mechani- 
cal mixture. 

Bastnas,  near  Riddarhyttan  in  Westmannland,  Sweden,  forming  a  bed 
in  gneiss.  Ochroite  is  supposed  to  be  a  quartzy  variety  of  cerite. 

Sp.  9.  SPHENE.    Lederite,  (S.)  Greenovite,  Dufrenoy ;  Pictite,  Ligurite. 

[H.=5'0...5-5.  G.=3'3...3'7.  Xls.  very  oblique,  short  rh.  prs. 
generally  much  modified.  Massive,  in  very  perfectly  cleavable 
masses.  Yellow,  brown,  rarely  green.] 

Prim,  form,  oblique  rh.  prism.  M  on  M=133°  30',  P  on  M=121°  50'. 
Secondary  forms. 


Fig.  493. 


Fig.  494. 


Fig.  495. 


Arendal — Lake  George. 
Fig.  497. 


St.  Gothard. 


246 


SPHENE. 


[Class  II. 


P  on  a 

c 

& 

63 
60 

M  on  a 
b 
c 

ei 

63 
65 
I 


159°  44' 
140  52 
158  18 
154  20 
120  2 
139  30 
124  35 
86  20 
119  35 
116  42 
138  42 
151  20 


>   Phillips.    < 


on  e 
on  b 
on  c 
one?i 
on  e2 
on  e\ 
di  ondi' 
cfe  on  di' 
di  on  e4 
di  on  ea 
ei   on  ci' 
e2   on  ca' 
64  on  e4; 


120°  2' 
167  0 
139  30 
146  44 
145  18 
154  52 
113  24 

135  60 
152  30 
152  45 
175  42 

136  40 
113  50 


Fig.  498. 


Diana,  N.  Y. 


M(rfi)on  M(rfi)       113°  28' 
P  (a)     onM  (di)        114  21 
*  (e2)        141   36 
b  (c)        119  33 
M  (di)on  o  135   10 

o  on  o  110  54 

o          on  P'  109  37 

M(rfi)on  x  (c2)        151   30 
Twin  xls.,  faces  of  composition  par- 
allel; axis  of  revolution  perpendicular  to 
P,  fig.  499.     Sometimes  the  individuals  are  continued  beyond  the  face  of 
composition. 

Cleavage  often  distinct  in  the  direction  of  M,  fig.  499,  traces  parallel 
with  M.  Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal,  uneven.  Surface  b  and  M  al- 
most always  faintly  streaked,  parallel  to  the  edges  of  combination  with  d. 
The  remaining  faces  are  mostly  smooth,  and  often  possess  high  degrees 
of  lustre.  Lustre  adamantine,  sometimes  inclining  to  resinous.  Color 
brown,  yellow,  grey,  green,  and  red  (greenovite).  Streak  white.  Trans- 
lucent . . .  translucent  on  the  edges.  Exhibits  pleochroism.  Streak  white, 
light  red  in  the  red  variety.  Pyroelectric. 

B.  B.  melts  on  the  edges  with  intumescence,  into  a  dark  glass.  The 
portion  not  fused,  often  turns  yellow  when  cold.  With  borax,  yields  a 
transparent  yellow  glass.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  and  tin,  in  the  inner 
flame,  gives  a  violet  glass.  It  is  partially  decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid,  and  perfectly  so  by  sulphuric  acid,  or  by  fusion  with  six  parts  bisul- 
phate  of  potash. 

30a,  2Si,  8Ti,  silica  30'45,  titanic  acid  41  33,  lime  28'22.  Analyses, 
a  from  the  Zillerthal  by  H.  Rose,  6  of  a  red  variety  from  Passau  (green- 
ovite) by  Brooks,  c  from  St.  Marcel  by  Delesse. 


Silica, 

Titanic  acid, 
Lime, 

Protox.  iron, 
Protox.  mang. 


a 

3229 

4158 

2661 

096 


b 

30-63 
42'56 
2500 

363 


29-8 
43-0 
23-6 

2'9 


Sphene  occurs  in  imbedded  and  attached  xls.  and  massive  in  broad 
foliae,  in  granite,  syenite,  gneiss,  crystalline  slate  rocks,  limestone,  basalt, 
and  lava.  Dauphine,  St.  Gotthardt,  Dissentis  in  the  Orisons,  Val  Mag- 


Ord.  X.  Ore.]  WOHLERITE.  247 

gia  and  St.  Marcel  (greenovite)  in  Piedmont,  Pfitschthal  in  the  Tyrol, 
near  Slatoust  in  the  Ural,  Arendal,  and  near  Laurvig  in  Sweden,  Vesu- 
vius, Grenville,  Canada,  Monroe,  Diana  and  Gouverneur,  N.  Y.,  (variety 
lederite,  fig.  499,  in  which  figure  a  new  prism  is  assumed  as  the  primary 
form,  but  which  still  exhibits  the  old  lettering  along  with  the  new,)  Rog- 
ers Rock  on  Lake  George,  Bolton,  Mass.,  and  numerous  other  localities 
in  the  U.  States. 

Lignrite,  from  a  talcose  rock  in  the  Appenines,  is  referred  to  sphene, 
by  Dufrenoy. 

Sp.  10.  WOHLERITE,  Scheerer ;  Eukolite,  Scheerer. 

[H.— 5'5.  Gr.=3'0  . . .  3'4.  Xls.  tabular,  massive,  granular,  reni- 
form.  Col.  yellow-brown  to  grey.] 

Primary  form,  right  rectangular  prism. 

Secondary  form.     Primary,  with  the  edges  and  angles  much  replaced. 

Cleavage  distinct  in  one  direction.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resin- 
ous. Color  light  yellow,  wine-,  honey-,  resin-yellow,  brownish,  greyish. 
Streak  yellowish  white.  Transparent,  subtranslucent.  Fracture  more 
or  less  conchoidal  to  splintery. 

B.  B.  in  a  strong  heat,  melts  quietly  into  a  yellowish  or  yellowish-green 
glass.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  gives  the  colors  of  iron  and 
manganese.  Decomposed  by  strong  hot,  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a 
residue  of  silicic  and  pelopic  acids. 

Analysis  by  Scheerer,  of  the  yellow  crystallized  variety. 

Silica,  30-62 

Pelopic  acid,          -  -  14'47 

Zirconia,  1517 

Perox.  iron,  -  -  -  2'  12 

Protox.  manganese,      -  1'55 

Magnesia,  ...        0'40 

Lime,  -  ....  26*19 

Soda,         -  -  -  -  -        778 

Water,  -  -  0'24 

Analysis  by  the  same  chemist,  of  the  brown,  reniform  variety,  called 
by  him,  Eukolite. 

Silica, 

Metallic  acids  and  some  zirconia,   - 

Perox.  iron, 

Lime, 

Protox.  cerium, 

Soda, 

Protox.  mang.,  ... 

Magnesia,  .... 

Water, 

10037 

Brevig,  Norway,  in  syenite. 


248 


PYROCHLORE.  —  MICROLITE. 


[Class  II. 


Sp.  11.  PYROCHLORE.     Hydrochlore  and  Fluochlore,  Hermann. 

[H.=5-0 . . .  5-5.    G.=4'19  . . .  4-8.     In  small  8-dral  xls.    Dark 
reddish  brown.     L.  resinous.] 

Prim,  form  cube.     Secondary  form,  octahedron.  FiS-  4" 

Cleavage  octahedral,  and  traces  parallel  with 
the  cube.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent  on 
the  edges,  to  opaque.  Rather  brittle.  Lustre 
dull,  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous. 

B.  B.  turns  yellow,  and  melts  with  great  diffi- 
culty into  a  blackish  brown  slag.  With  borax, 
gives  a  glass  which  is  reddish  yellow  in  the  outer 
flame,  and  dark  red  in  the  inner.  Some  of  the 
varieties  yield  the  reaction  of  uranium.  The 
powder  is  decomposed  by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and  by  fusion  with 
bisulphate  of  potash. 

Aanalyses,  a  from  Miask  by  Wohler,  b  from  Brevig  by  Wohler,  c  from 
Miask  by  Hermann,  d  from  Fredericksvarn  by  Hayes. 


Tantalic  acid, 
Titanic  acid, 
Oxide  cerium, ) 
Thorina,          j 
Lime, 
Magnesia, 
Protox.  iron, 
Peroxide  iron, 
Protox.  mang. 
Yttria, 
Sodium, 
Fluorine, 
Water, 


67-38 


1315 

10-98 

1-29 


b 
67-62 


1-33 
1-69 


60-83 
490 

1523 

9-80 
1-46 
223 


d* 

53-10 
20-20 


19-45 


2'35 


4-60 


0-94 
269 
221 


0-15 
081 

3  93  ox.     >4.( 
3-23  uran.)4 
1-16          7-06 

Found  in  syenite  near  Friedricksvarn,  and  on  the  island  of  Lovo  near 
Brevig  in  Norway ;  in  granite  in  the  Ilman  Mts.  near  Miask ;  and  in 
the  Ural. 

Sp.  12.  MICROLITE,  (S.) 

[H.=5'5.    G.=5-0— 5-64.    Xls.  8-dral.     Minute.     Straw-yellow 

to  yellowish  brown.] 
Primary  form  cube.     Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  500.  Fig.  501. 


*  With  oxides  of  IT,  Mn,  Pb,  and  Sn. 


Ord.  X.  Ore.]      LIEVRITE.  —  TSCHEPPKINITE.  249 

Cleavage  octahedral,  imperfect.  Lustre  resinous.  Transparent  to 
translucent,  on  the  edges.  Streak  white,  except  where  the  color  of  the 
mineral  is  brownish  :  it  then  resembles  the  color. 

B.  B.  remains  unaltered.  It  dissolves  slowly  in  borax,  rendering  it 
yellow  while  hot.  On  cooling,  it  becomes  paler;  but  remains  transparent, 
unless  when  subjected  to  flaming.  It  then  becomes  nebulous,  and  pre- 
sents a  pale  yellow  enamel.  The  purest  crystals  consist  of  columbate  of 
lime,  with  mere  traces  of  yttria,  oxide  of  uranium  and  iron,  together 
with  a  little  hygrometric  moisture.  The  analysis  of  the  author  gave  co- 
lumbic  acid  7570,  lime  14*84 ;  that  of  Hayes,  columbic  acid  79'6,  lime 
10-87. 

Found  at  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  imbedded  in  albite  and  tourmaline. 

Sp.  13.  LIEVRITE,  Werner;  Ilvaite,  Hausmann ;  Yenite. 

[H.=5'5  . . .  6U    G.=3'9 . . .  4'0.    Xls.  right 
rhombic  prs.  of  112°,  with  4  and  6-sided 
summits.     Col.  iron-black.] 
Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M= 
112°  37'. 
Secondary  form. 

oono     =        -    ''*.*'''''    -        139°  37' 
oonooverM    -     ;  ^,    -          77  16 

Also  with  obtuse  lateral  edges  bevelled. 
Lateral  faces  striated^  vertically.     Cleavage  par- 
allel to  P  and  the  diagonals  of  the  prism,  indistinct.  Elba. 

Massive,  columnar;  rarely  compact.  Lustre  sub-metallic,  inclining  to 
resinous.  Streak  black,  inclining  to  green.  Brittle.  Fracture  uneven. 
Opaque.  Feebly  magnetic,  and  conducts  electricity. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  melts  readily  into  a  black  magnetic  globule.  With 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  gives  a  glass,  with  the  color  of  iron.  Solu- 
ble in  warm  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  when  cold,  a  yellowish  transparent 
jelly. 

Analysis  by  Rammelsberg. 

Silica,  ....  27-83 

Peroxide  of  iron,    -  -  -      24 '58 

Protoxide  of  iron,         -  -  3073 

Lime,  -  -  -       12'44 

Protox.  manganese,      -  -  1*51 

9?09 

Found  in  attached  xls.,  also  in  granular  and  fibrous  masses  at  Rio  la 
Marina  and  Cape  Calamita  in  Elba,  at  Fossum  in  Norway,  in  Siberia, 
Greenland,  the  Hartz,  and  in  the  Tyrol. 

Sp.  14.  TSCHEFFKINITE,  Hausmann. 

[H.=5'3.    G.=4'50 . . .  4'54.     Massive,  velvet-black,  opaque,  vitre- 
ous ;  fracture  flat  conchoidal.] 

In  thin  splinters,  by  transmitted  light,  brown.  B.  B.  on  the  first  appli- 
cation of  heat,  glows,  intumesces,  turns  brown ;  and  at  last,  melts  into  a 

32 


250 


A  LL ANITE . 


[Class  II. 


black  globule.  Tn  powder  with  borax,  fuses  rendily  into  a  clear  glass, 
slightly  colored  by  iron.  Before  ignition,  uehtiuizes  in  hydrochloric 
acid  Meaij  of  six  analyses  by  H.  Rose: — 

Silica,  21-04 

Titanic  acid,  -  -     21)17 

Lime,     .....  850 

Magnesia,    -  -  -       ()"22 

Protox.  m;mg.,    -  .  0'83 

Protox.  iron,  -  -  -  -      I  1'2I 

Oxides  cerium,  lanihanium,  and  didymiutn,         47"29 
Potash  and  soda,       -  -       0  12 

The  excess  of  4  38  p  c.  arises  from  the  peroxidation  of  the  cerium 
during  the  analysis.  The  silica,  when  boiled  with  carb.  soda,  left  behind 
a  remainder,  of  from  2"09,  to  4  29  p.  c.  The  titanic  acid  appears  to  con- 
tain glneina,  alumina  and  yttria.  Found  with  feldspar  in  the  Ilmen 
Mts.,  near  Miask. 

Sp.  15.  ALLANITE,  Phillips;  Orthite,  Pyrorthite,  Ural-Orthite,  Muromon- 
tite  and  Bodenite,  Kerndt ;  Cerine;  Bagrationite,  Kokscharov;  Xah- 
thorthite,  Hermann. 

[H.=6'0.  G. =3*1  ...4'2.  Xls.  right  oblique  angled  prs.,  identi- 
cal in  form  with  those  of  epidote.  Massive,  foliated  and  gran- 
ular. Black,  passing  into  brown  and  green.  Lustre  vitreous 
to  resinous.] 

Primary  form,  as  above.     Secondary  form. 
M  on  r  116°,   T  on  r  129°,  s  on  r=135°  30', 
y  on  r  109.°  1,  s  on  x  156°  45',  t  on  x  164°  30', 
y  on  x  151°,  y  on  t=\6Q°  30' 

Cleavage  parallel  to  r  and  M,  distinct.  Fracture 
imperfectly  conchoidal.  Lustre  imperfectly  metal- 
lic to  resinous.  Streak  greenish-grey.  Opaque,  or 
faintly  translucent  and  brown,  in  thin  splinters. 
Brittle. 

B.  B.  melts  with  intumescence  into  a  brown  or 
black  magnetic  glass.  Generally  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  jelly.  The  allanite  from 
Snarum  is  but  very  imperfectly  attacked  by  hydro- 
chloric acid  ;  that  from  Bastnas,  not  at  all. 

Analysis  of  a  from  Snarum  by  Scheerer,  b  variety  ortbite  from  Wer- 
choturie  by  Hermann,  c  from  Finbo  by  Berzelius,  d  var.  cerine  from 
Bastnas  by  Hisinger.  , 

a  b 

Silica,  3575  32'46 

Alumina,  15'49  18'09 

Protox.  iron,          15'19  (with  perox.)  13  84 
Protox.  cerium,  ) 

and  >  19-96 

Ox.  lanthanium,  j 

Lime,  11-25  13'18 

Magnesia,  0'77  T02 

Yttria,  1'50 

Protox.  mang.,        

Water,  3'40 


Fig.  503. 


6-77 
976 


36-25 

14' 

11-42 

17-39  ) 

4-87 

3-80 
1-36 


d 

30-17 
11-31 
2072 

28-19 
912 


Ord.X.  Ore.]  ALLANITE.  251 

The  pyrorthite  from  Kararfvet  near  Fahlun,  is  supposed  to  contain  a 
mechanical  mixture  of  carbon.  When  ignited  at  one  point,  it  burns  on, 
without  flame  or  smoke ;  after  which  it  becomes  white,  very  porous,  and 
may  be  melted  with  difficulty,  into  a  black  globule.  With  borax,  in  the 
inner  flame,  forms  a  blood-red  glass,  which  becomes  yellow  on  cooling. 
Analysis  by  Berzelius: — 

Silica,  10-43 

Alumina,   -  -            •  j          -                     3'59 

Lime,  -            -  -            -                           1*81 

Protox.  cerium,  -            %  (                      -      13'92 

Protox.  iron,     -  6'08 

Yttria,       -  ;'."^                              4'87 

Protox.  mang.,  »            -            -               I '39 

Water,       -  -                                      -      26'50 

Carbon  and  loss,  -            -                         31'4l 

The  muromontite  is  found  in  small  grains  with  bodenite,  in  oligoclase, 
at  Boden,  near  Marienberg  in  Saxony.  H.=7'0.  G.=4'265.  B.  B.  glows, 
and  is  slightly  fusible  on  the  edges.  It  is  decomposed  by  acids,  leaving 
a  jelly  of  silica.  Analysis  by  Kerndt. 

Silica,              '-  -            -         l  -            31 '09 

Alumina,  -  ,   •*-/.        -    .        ->     22* 

Glucina,            -  -         ••»'  •  :          -              5 '52 

Yttria,  ,.;£         ,  -            -            -           ,-      37'14 

Protox.  iron,     -  11  '23 

Protox.  mang.  -        ,   -            *        0'91 

Protox.  cerium,  -            -           .p  \ ,-          5'54 

Ox.  lanthanium,  -        .-'.-            •            -        3'54 

Magnesia,  -            -            » \            0'42 

Lime,         -        ,  -. .        v-            -            -        0'7l 

Soda,            r  -  •    ."  -. :''        -            \.\          0'65 

Potash,      -  -            -         *l        0-17 

Water  and  loss,  -            .            -              0'85 

The  bodenite  is  found  at  the  same  place.  It  occurs  in  long  xls.,  and 
has  in  other  respects,  the  properties  of  muromontite.  It  contains,  ac- 
cording to  Kerndt : 

Silica,  26'12 

Alumina,  ...                          -  10'34 

Protox.  iron,     ....  12'05 

Yttria,        ......  17'43 

Ox.  lanthanium,             -                         -  7'57 

Lime,                                   ...  6'32 

Magnesia,         -            -            -            -  234 

Protox.  mang.,        ....  T62 

Potash,             -            -            -            -  l'2l 

Soda, 0-84 

Water,              ....  3«82 

Allanite  is  found  at  Iglorsoit  in  Greenland,  at  Hitteroe  in  Norway,  at 
Finbo  and  Stockholm,  at  Werchoturie,  and  Minsk  in  the  Ural :  the  va- 
riety called  cerine  at  Riddarhytta  in  Sweden.  At  Sillbohle,  near  Helsing- 


252 


GADOLINITE. 


[Class  II. 


fors,  xls.  of  epidote  frequently  occur,  the  interior  of  which  consists  of 
orthite.  According  to  Breithaupt,  the  xls.  are  pseudomorphous. 

Allanite  is  found  in  albite,  associated  with  black  muscovite,  in  granite 
veins  at  Haddam,  Conn. ;  in  distinct  xls.  in  granite,  at  Royalston,  Mass. ; 
at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  near  West  Point,  and  at  Moriah  and  Monroe,  N.  Y. 

Uralorthite  (G.=3  4— 3*64)  from  the  Ilmen  mts.,  has  bitumen.  Ac- 
cording to  Hermann,  silica  35 '49,  alumina  18'21,  protox.  iron  13*03, 
protox.  cerium  10*85,  lime  9'25,  magnesia  2'06,  sesquiox.  manganese 
2*37,  protox.  lanthanium  2*37,  water  2. 

Xanthorthite.  Color  yellowish.  G.=2  78— 2*9.  Consists  of  silica 
27*59,  alumina  16*14,  protox.  iron  16*01,  protox.  cerium  1T75,  Iirne2'28, 
magnesia  4*94,  ytlria  2*12,  protox.  mang.  1*55,  water  11*46,  carb.  acid 
6*71 ;  Bahr. 


Sp.  16.  GADOLINITE. 

[H.— 6*5.     G.— 4*2 . . .  4*4.     Xls.  small,  rough,  prismatic,  amd  mas- 
sive;  in  rounded  imbedded  grains,  often  covered  with  a  yellow 
crust.     Black.     Vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.] 
Prim,  form,  oblique  rhombic  prism.    M  on  M=115°.    Secondary  forms. 


Fig.  504. 


Fig.  505. 


(Fig.  506,)  MonM=115°,  P  on  A=98°,  M  on  e^lOO0,  M  on  b= 
153°,  b  on  &'=120°,  e  on  e'^1200,  V  on  e'=130°,  common  goniometer. 
(Fig.  505,  measurements  by  Haiiy,)  M  on  J=143°  12',  M  on  r=125°  16', 
M  on  z/=:160°  32',  I  on  /=142°  8',  /  on  r=108°  50',  Ion  s=161°  11', 
r  on  s=90°,  r  on  M=144°  44'. 

Cleavage  in  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Color  dark  greenish  black. 
Streak,  greenish  grey.  Translucent  on  the  edges  . . .  opaque.  Some- 
times magnetic. 

B.  B.  exhibits  an  instantaneous  glow.  In  the  strongest  heat,  the  mass 
swells  up,  turns  greyish-green,  and  is  traversed  by  numerous  fissures.  In 
very  thin  fragments,  it  melts  with  difficulty  into  a  greyish  glass.  Some 
varieties  only  intumesce.  Soluble  readily  in  borax,  forming  a  glass  col- 
ored by  iron.  Before  ignition,  completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica. 

Analyses,  a  from  Hitteroe  by  Scheerer,  b  from  Ytterby  by  Berlin. 


Ord.  X.  Ore.]        PYROMELANE,  —  ANATASE. 


253 


Silica, 
Yttria, 
Ox.  cerium, 
Ox.  lanthanium, 
Protox.  iron, 
Glucina, 
Lime, 
Perox.  iron, 
Protox.  mang., 


2578 
45-67 
1-81  ) 

4-75  S 

n-68 

9-57 
034 
128 


2485 
51-46 

524 

1301 
480 
050 

1-11 


Found  in  granite,  gneiss,  and  syenite  at  Ytterby,  Finbo,  Broddbo  and 
Korarfvet,  Brevig  and  Hitteroe ;  in  Ceylon,  and  in  trap  near  Galway, 
Ireland.  It  occurs  in  the  U.  States,  at  Becket  in  Mass. 

Sp.  17.  PYROMELANE,  (S.) 

[H.=6'5.  G.=3'87.  In  loose,  rather  large,  somewhat  oblique 
angular  shaped  grains,  whose  surfaces  are  much  pitted,  like  the 
grains  of  chondrodite.  Reddish  to  yellowish  brown  and  black.] 

Primary  form,  unknown.  Generally,  in  what  appear  to  be  fragments 
of  crystals.  Lustre  resinous,  to  resino-vitreous.  Translucent  on  the 
edges.  Fracture,  sub-conchoidal.  Streak,  somewhat  paler  than  the  color. 
Different  shades  of  color,  sometimes  mingled  in  the  same  individual. 

B.  B.  infusible,  but  turns  black  and  becomes  opaque ;  and  hence  its 
name,  in  distinction  from  pyrochlore,  which  by  heating  becomes  greenish- 
yellow.  It  is  soluble  in  the  fluxes,  with  the  reaction  of  titanic  acid  and 
iron.  It  is  undecomposable  with  sulphuric  acid,  except  in  a  slight  de- 
gree, but  yields  to  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  potash.  It  is  essentially  a 
titanate  of  alumina  and  iron,  with  traces  of  lime  and  glucina?  It  may 
contain  zirconia  also.  It  occurs  with  zircon,  in  the  gold  washings  of 
McDowall  county,  North  Carolina ;  where  it  is  also  attended  by  rutile, 
samarskite,  monazite,  brookite,  xenotirne,  &c. 

Sp.  15.  ANATASE  :  Octahedrite,  Jameson ;  Oisanite. 

[H.=5'5. . . 6'0.     Xls.,  octahedrons,  with  square  base,  rarely,  with 
summits  deeply  truncated.     Inclination  of  upper  to  lower  pyr- 
amid, 136°  22'.] 
Primary  form,  right  square  prism.     Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  506.  Fig.  507. 


254 


B  R  O  O  K  I  T  E  . 


[Class  II. 


P  on  0=111°  17',  r  on  0=152°  27',  r  on  s=166°  30',  P  on  s=132°  5'. 

Cleavage  parallel  with  P  and  o  perfect.  Surfaces  generally  smooth  and 
bright.  Lustre  metallic  to  adamantine.  Col.,  various  shades  of  brown, 
blue,  red  and  yellow.  Streak,  white.  Brittle.  Fracture,  conchoidal 

B.  B.  phosphoresces  when  suddenly  heated,  but  is  infusible.  By  long 
continued  heating,  the  gravity  rises  to  that  of  rutile.  With  borax,  melts 
into  a  glass,  which  becomes  yellow,  and  at  last  violet-blue,  in  the  inner 
flame.  Soluble  with  difficulty  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  and  produces  the 
same  color.  It  is  not  decomposed  by  the  acids. 

It  consists  of  titanic  acid,  or  titanium  60*13,  oxygen  39'87,  with  up- 
wards of  1  p.  c.  of  peroxide  of  iron  and  traces  of  tin. 

Found  with  feldspar,  quartz,  axinite,  and  epidote,  in  granite  veins  near 
Bourg  d'Oisans  in  Dauphine,  in  mica  slate  in  the  valley  of  Maggia  in 
the  Canton  of  Tessin,  in  the  Grisons,  in  Salzburg,  at  Lichtenberg,  and 
near  Hof  in  the  Fichtelgebirge,  and  in  Cornwall,  Spain,  the  Ural;  with 
diamonds  also,  in  the  sand  of  a  brook,  near  Itabira  de  Matto  Dentro  in 
Minas  Geraes,  in  Brazil. 

Sp.  16.  BROOKITE,  Phillips ;  Arkansite,  (8.) 

[H.=6.     G.=3'85...4'17.     Xls.  small,  short  prs.,  often  flat  and 
much  striated.     Yellowish  or  reddish-brown  to  black.     Lustre 
adamantine  to  metallic;  shining.] 
Prim,  form,  right  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M=100.     Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  508.  Fig.  509. 


M  on  d=139°  55',  a  on  a=123°,  c  on  c=134°  22'. 

Cleavage,  unknown.  Fracture,  uneven.  Translucent  to  opaque. 
Streak,  yellowish-white  to  brown.  Brittle. 

B.  B.  infusible;  soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  to  which  it  imparts  a 
brownish  yellow  color.  Soluble  in  bisulphate  of  potash,  and  in  hot  con- 
centrated "sulphuric  acid.  After  ignition,  its  G.=4'19.  It  consists  of 
titanic  acid,  with  from  1  to  4  p.  c.  of  oxide  of  iron. 

Found  in  attached  xls.  with  anatase,  albite,  quartz,  and  ilmenite,  at 
Dauphine,  and  near  Chaumoni  in  Savoy ;  also  with  quartz  in  argillite,  at 
Tremadoc  in  Caernarvonshire.  The  largest  and  most  perfect  xls.  (ar- 
kansite,  fig.  508)  occur  at  Magnet  Cove,  Hot  Springs  county,  Arkansas, 
disseminated  through  a  crystallized  brown  quartz.  It  also  occurs  in 
grains.  It  is  likewise  found  in  small,  loose  xls.  in  the  gold  stream-works 
of  Rutherford  county,  North  Carolina,  and  in  those  of  Altan,  between 
Miask  and  Slatoust  in  the  Urals. 


Ord.  X.  Ore.] 


RU  TILE  . 


255 


Sp.  17.  RUTILE. 

rjj  _6-Q  .  t  (5-5.  G. =4-22 . . .  4'30.  Xls.  right  square  prs.,  often  in 
twins,  the  axes  of  the  individuals  making  with  each  other  an- 
gles of  114°  25'  and  65°  35'.  Red  to  black.  Lustre  adaman- 
tine to  metallic.] 

rig.  DlU. 


Prim,  form,  right  square  prism.    Secondary  forms. 

M  on  ^^135°  5',  M  on  61=161°  40',  M  on  c= 
122°  45',  a  on  a=:123°  15',  a  on  c=!5l°  42',  a  on  d 
—  123°  15',  e  on  d=153°  33',  a  on  a  over  summit, 
=90°,  c  on  c  over  summit,  =109°  47'  (Phillips). 


Fig.  511. 


Fig.  512. 


Crowdpr's  Mt.,  N.  C. 


Twin  xls.  very  frequent,  axis  of  revolution  perpendicular,  face  of  com- 
position parallel  to  face  a.  The  composition  produces  geniculated  groups, 
and  is  often  repeated  in  several  geniculations,  as  in  fig.  513. 

Thin  and  long  individuals,  produce  after  this  law,  a  reticulated  com- 
position. 

Cleavage  parallel  with  M  perfect,  with  d  interrupted.  Fracture  con- 
choidal,  uneven.  Surface,  a  and  c  either  smooth  or  rough,  but  both  of 
the  same  quality;  d,  e  and  M  vertically  streaked.  Lustre  metallic,  ada- 
mantine. Color,  reddish  brown,  passing  into  red,  sometimes  yellowish. 
Streak,  very  pale  brown.  Translucent . . .  opaque,  sometimes  in  a  strong 
light,  transparent. 

B.  B.  infusible.  With  borax,  yields  a  greenish  glass  in  the  outer  flame, 
and  a  dull  violet  one,  in  the  inner  flame;  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  in  the 
inner  flame,  yields  a  columbine-red  glass,  which  on  the  addition  of  tin, 
becomes  blue  or  violet.  Soluble  in  bisulphate  of  potash.  In  powder, 
with  soda,  melts  with  intumescence.  Soluble  with  difficulty,  if  in  very 
fine  powder,  in  hot  concentrated  sulphuric  acid.  Analysis  by  H.  Rose: 
— titanic  acid  98'5,  per  ox.  iron  1'5.  Ekeberg  found  chromium  in  rutile, 
from  Karing-Bricka  in  Sweden. 

This  species  is  found  very  widely  disseminated,  in  imbedded  and  at- 
tached xls.  and  massive  in  veins,  in  the  older  rocks,  with  quartz,  feldspar, 
tourmaline  and  chlorite.  It  occurs  in  acicular  xls.  enclosed  in  quartz 
and  in  net-like  aggregations,  in  Switzerland,  Savoy,  Brazil,  and  Ver- 


256 


POLYMIGNITE. 


[Class  II. 


mont:  in  implanted  xls.  in  the  Saualp,  in  Karinthia,  Stiria,  Tyrol;  in 
veins  of  quartz  in  chlorite-slate,  at  Windor,  Mass  ,  and  in  Chester  and 
Lancaster  counties,  Penn. ;  at  Crowder's  mountains,  N.  C.,  and  many 
places  throughout  New  England ;  in  pebbles  and  xls.  in  alluvium  in 
Transylvania,  Ceylon,  St.  Yrieux  in  France ;  at  Horcajuelo  in  the  province 
of  Burgos  in  Spain,  and  in  the  gold-washings  of  Georgia  and  N.  Carolina. 

Sp.  18.  POLYMIGNITE,  Berzelius. 

[H.=6"5.  G.=4"77 . . .  4'85.  Xls.  long,  slender,  right  rectangular 
prs.  with  edges  and  angles  replaced.  Col.  black.  Lustre 
bright.]  Fig.  514. 

Primary  form,  right  rectangular  prism.  Second- 
ray  form. 

Crystals  slender  and  striated  lengthwise.  Cleav- 
age parallel  with  P  imperfect.  Lustre  brilliant. 
Streak  dark  brown.  Opaque.  Fracture  con- 
choid al. 

B.  B.  infusible.  With  borax,  yields  a  glass, 
stained  by  iron.  With  addition  of  tin,  the  bead 
becomes  reddish,  inclining  to  yellow.  With  soda, 
does  not  fuse,  but  yields  the  reaction  of  man- 
ganese. Its  powder  is  decomposed  by  concen- 
trated hot  sulphuric  acid. 

Analysis  by  Berzelius. 


Titanic  acid,    - 

Zircon ia,   - 

Peroxide  of  iron, 

Lime, 

Sesquioxide  of  manganese, 

Sesquioxide  of  cerium, 

Yttria, 


46-30 

1414 

1220 

4-20 

270 

5 

11-50 

96-04 


with  traces  of  potash,  magnesia,  silica,  and  oxide  of  tin.  Found  in  zir- 
con-syenite at  Fried richs warn  in  Norway,  and  with  green  feldspar,  at 
Beverly,  Mass. 

Sp.  19.  EUXENITE,  Dufrenoy. 

[H.=6"5.     G.— 4'6.     Massive.     Brownish-black,  by  transmitted 

light,  reddish  brown.] 

Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  metallic.     Streak  reddish-brown. 
B.  B.  infusible.     In  the  outer  flame,  imparts  a  brownish  yellow  color 
to  borax.     Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Analyses  a  of  a  small  quantity  from  Jolster,  b  of  a  very  similar  mine- 
ral from  near  Tvedestrand,  both  by  Scheerer : — 

a  I 

Tantalic  acid,  with  titanic  acid,     49'66  )  _Q~ . 

Titanic  acid,         -  -  7'94  f 

Yttria,  -  -  -      25-09  28'97 

Protox.  uranium,  -  -  6'34  7'58 


Ord.  X.  Ore.]        SCHORLOMJI-E.^-MENGITE,  257 

Protox.  cerium,  3'18  2*91 

Ox.  lanthanium,     -  096 

Protox.  iron,    -  -          -  -       2'60 

Lime,        -  -         ?   ^«  2  47  

Magnesia,       ...        0'29  

Water,      -          y  -  3'97  4'04 

Jolster  in  Bergenhuus  and  Tvedestrand  in  Norway;  also  at  Arendal, 
containing  niobic,  but  no  tantalic  acid* 


Appendix  to  Section  JS. 
Spk  23.     SCHORLOMITK,    (S.) 

[H.—  7'0  . . .  75.    G.=3  78  . . .  3  80.    Incomplete  xls.  and  massive  j 

black,  vitreous,  opaque.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  form. 

B.  B.  melts  on  the  edges  with  difficulty,  into  a 
black  mass.  With  borax,  in  the  outer  flame,  forms 
a  yellow  bead,  which  becomes  colorless  on  cooling: 
in  the  inner  flame,  with  the  addition  of  tin,  yields 
a  green  boad.  With  salt  of  phosphorus,  on  char- 
coal, in  the  inner  flame  with  tin,  forms  a  violet 
bead.  Partially  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid, 
forming  a  yellow  solution,  which  on  the  addition  of  ammonia,  yields  a 
yellow  precipitate.  Analyses;  a  by  Whitney,  b  by  Rammelsberg,  and  c 
by  Crosby. 

a  b  c 

Silica,  27-89  26'09  28'36 

Titanic  acid,  2043  1736  21'56 

Red  ox.  iron,  21 '90  22'00 

Protox.  iron,  22  83 

Lime,                          30'05  31 '12  3072 

Magnesia,  155  1'25 

In  analyses  a  and  c,  the  silica  contained  some  titanic  acid  ;  and  in 
a,  the  ox.  iron  contained  a  little  manganese.  Found  in  masses  of  several 
ounces  weight,  along  with  elaeolite,  at  Magnet  Cove,  Hot  Springs  county, 
Arkansas. 

Section   B.     Black  and  heavy.     Streak  colored. 

Sp.  24.    MENGITE,  G.  Rose;  Ilmenite,  Brooke. 

[H.=5'0  . . .  5'5.     G.— 5'48.     Xls.  short  prisms,  (2  of  3  lines  in 
length,)  having  the  form  of  a  right  rectangular  prism,  termin- 
ated by  4-sided  pyramids;  black;   submetallic  and  splendent.] 
Primary  form,  right  rectangular  prism, 
Secondary  form,  as  above. 

33 


258  YTTRO-TANTAL1TE. jESCHYNITE.          [ClaSS  II. 

Cleavage  not  discernible.  Lustre  of  fracture,  subvitreous.  Fracture 
uneven. 

B.  B.  infusible,  but  becomes  magnetic.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in 
outer  flame,  gives  a  greenish,  clear  glass:  in  the  inner,  a  yellowish  red, 
which  is  deepened  by  the  addition  of  tin.  With  soda,  affords  the  test  of 
manganese. 

According  to  G.  Rose,  contains  titanic  acid,  perox.  iron  and  zir- 
con i  a. 

Found  in  albite,  in  granite  veins,  in  the  Tlmen  mountains. 

Sp.  25.    YTTRO-TANTALITE,  Berzelius. 

[H.=5  0  ...  5  5.     Gr.=5'30  . . .  5 '88.     Crystalline  plates  and  frag- 
ments of  4  to  6-sided  prs.,  but  irregular.    Black,  yellow  and 
brown.     Opaque.] 
Primary  form  unknown. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction,  more  or  less  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal 
to  uneven  and  granular.  Lustre  imperfect  metallic,  inclining  to  resinous. 
Streak  greyish  white. 

B.  B.  becomes  brown  or  yellow,  but  is  infusible.     With  borax,  forms  a 
clear  yellow  glass.     It  is  not  attacked  by  acids,  but  is  wholly  decomposed 
by  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  potash. 
Analyses  by  Berzelius. 

Tantalic  acid,  r;^  J  '  i*' '  60'12 

Tungstic  acid,        5  ^n!  <'^j       vfj),-  .     1-Q4 

Yttria,     -          ;}.^H  "•-*'-      ".'<*•  2978 

Lime,         *  *'*'       :^'  -        '  •»*' !  -    050 

Oxide  of  uranium,         -V<  -        ^  6'62 

Perox.  iron,   ,  •'          •  -            -  -     1'16 

Water,     -  -            -  4'85 

Found  in  feldspar  with  gadolinite,  at  Ytterby  Sweden,  in  the  granite 
veins  of  Finbo  and  Kararfsberg  near  Fahlun ;  and  in  the  Ilmen  Mts.  near 
Miask  in  the  Ural. 

Sp.  26.    AESCHYNITE,  Berzelius. 

[H.=5'0  . . .  6'0.  G.^4'9  . . .  5'14.  Xls.  striated  prs.  rather  im- 
perfectly terminated  at  one  extremity.  Col.  nearly  black.  Lus- 
tre dull,  submetallic.] 

Primary  form,  right  rectangular  prism. 

Secondary  form. 

Cleavage,  only  traces.  Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal  to  un- 
even. Faintly  translucent  on  the  edges  to  opaque.  Surfaces  of 
fracture,  resinous,  bright.  Streak  yellowish-brown.  Brittle. 

In  the  matrass,  yields  a  little  water  and  traces  of  hydrofluoric 
acid.  B.  B  intumesces  and  becomes  yellow,  or  brown ;  but  is 
nearly  infusible.  With  borax,  melts  into  a  bead,  which  is  yellow  while 
hot,  and  colorless  when  cold.  With  tin,  in  the  inner  flame,  becomes 
red.  With  salt  of  phosphorus,  soluble  with  more  difficulty  into  a  clear 
bead,  which  with  tin,  in  the  inner  flame,  becomes  purple.  It  is  partially 
decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 


Ord.  X.  Ore.]  SAMARSKITE.  259 

Analysis  by  Hartwell. 

Niobic  acid,    '•«"'  -            -        ' -V          33'39 

Titanic  acid,          -  *,-r          -       1194 

Zirconia,       ,;.«?•.*  •                                       17*52 

Protox.  iron,            -  *            -       17'65 

Yttria,           |  *,'  -                         -              9-35 

Ox.  Ian thanium,      -  -             ».^         -         4'75 

Protox.  cerium,  ...              2*48 

Oxide  tin,               -  ,  ^                  2'40 

Water,  with  traces  of  fluorine,               -              1*56 

Found  in  a  coarse  grained  rock,  consisting  of  feldspar,  albite  and  mica, 
near  Miask,  in  the  Ural. 

Sp.  27.    SAMARSKITE,  H.  Rose;  Uranotantal,  G.  Rose;  Yttro-ilmenite, 

Hermann. 

[H.  =5'5...  6.  G.  =5'45...  5'69.  Xls.  tabular.  Black.  Imper- 
fect metallic.] 

Primary  form,  right  rectangular  prism. 

Crystals  imperfect,  passing  into  merely  flattened  grains.  Cleavage 
indistinct.  Fracture  granular  to  subconchoidal.  Lustre  on  surface  of 
fresh  fracture,  rather  bright.  Streak  dark  and  reddish  brown.  Color 
velvet  black.  Opaque. 

By  ignition,  Gr.  is  reduced  from  57  to  5'3.  Slightly  heated  in  the  ma- 
trass, decrepitates,  yields  a  little  moisture,  glows  like  gadolinite,  and  as- 
sumes a  blackish  brown  color.  B.  B.  melts  on  the  edges  into  a  black 
glass.  With  borax,  in  powder,  fuses  easily;  and  forms  in  the  inner 
flame,  a  yellowish  glass ;  in  the  outer,  one  which  is  yellowish  green.  With 
salt  of  phosphorus,  it  gives  a  clear  emerald-green  glass.  Soluble  with 
difficulty  in  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  green  solution. 

Analyses ;  1,  by  Peretz,  under  G.  Rose ;  2,  by  Hermann ,  both  from  the 
Ilmen  mountains;  3,  by  T.  S.  Hunt,  from  North  Carolina. 

1.  2.  3. 

Metallic  acids,  56'38  5781  54'81 

Yttria,  915  18'30  1111 

Protox.  iron,  1543  1361  14'07 

Protox.  mangan.  >  n<J<>  0'31  

Lime,  I  0'50  traces 

Ox,  uranium,  14'16  1'87  1703 

Magnesia,  0'80  — —  

Titanic  acid,  5  90 

Oxides  cerium  and  lanthanium, 2'27  3  95 

The  acid  is  chiefly  the  columbic,  with  some  tungstic  and  titanic. 
Hermann's  name  for  the  species,  refers  to  the  supposed  presence  of  a 
new  metal,  called  by  him  ilmenium. 

Found  in  feldspar  with  aeschynite,  near  Miask  in  the  Ural  mountains; 
and  in  loose  crystals  and  grains,  in  the  gold  washings  of  Rutherford 
Co.,  North  Carolina. 


260  RUTHERFORDITE.  —  FERGUSONITE.          [ClaSS  II. 


Sp.  28.  RUTHERFORDITE,  (S.) 

[H.^6'0...6-5.  G.=5'58...5'69.  Xls.  irregular  prisms,  slightly 
rhombic;  massive  in  large  grains  (fragments  of  crystals).  Yel- 
lowish brown.  Resinous.  Fracture  conchoidal.] 

Primary  form,  oblique  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M  about  93. 

Secondary  form,  the  primary,  terminated  by  irregular  4-sided  pyramids, 
with  faces  inclining  to  lateral  planes. 

Surfaces  of  xls.  dull  and  rather  uneven.  Cleavage  not  visible.  Lus- 
tre of  fracture,  shining  and  resinous.  Color  often  chocolate-brown. 
Opaque. 

When  heated  in  a  tube,  flies  to  pieces,  glows  as  if  on  fire,  emits  much 
moisture,  and  turns  yellow.  By  itself,  it  is  infusible;  but  with  borax, 
dissolves  slowly  into  a  clear  yellow  glass.  Decomposed  with  difficulty, 
by  long  boiling,  in  hydrochloric  acid.  It  is  easily  attacked  by  sulphuric 
acid;  the  solution  at  first  formed,  subsequently  jetting  fall  an  abundant 
white  precipitate.  The  solution,  after  filtration  and  boiling,  immediately 
becomes  milky.  Ammonia  throws  down  no  precipitate  from  the  sulphu- 
ric solution.  Hydrochloric  acid  was  boiled  upon  the  precipitate  (pro- 
duced by  the  ebullition  of  the  sulphuric  solution)  and  the  liquid  on  being 
heated  with  a  concentrated  solution  of  sulphate  of  potash,  afforded  a  co- 
pious granular,  white  precipitate,  which  yielded  oxide  of  cerium  mingled 
with  oxide  of  uranium?  Besides  titanic  acid,  and  the  oxides  of  cerium 
and  uranium?,  lime  and  yttria  are  supposed  to  enter  into  the  composition 
of  this  mineral.  Mr.  T.  S.  Hunt  gives  the  titanic  acid  as  high  as  58  5 
p.  c.,  the  lime  at  10  p.  c. 

Found  in  very  small  quantity,  in  the  washings  of  gold  mines,  in 
Rutherford  county,  North  Carolina,  where  it  is  accompanied  by  rutile, 
brook ite,  samarskite,  monazite,  zircon,  &c. 

Rutherfordite  has  many  properties  in  common,  with  both  samarskite 
and  fergusonite;  but  in  composition,  approaches  yttro-tantalite,  except  in 
having  titanic,  in  place  of  columbic  acid. 

Sp.  29.  FERGUSONITE,  Haidinger. 

[H.=5'5 ...  6.     G.=5'S3.     Xls.  acute,  double  four-sided  pyramids, 

with  edges  of  the  oblique  base  slightly  truncated :  obtuse  angles 

of  pyramidal  faces  inclining  under  91°  59'.    Brownish  black,] 

Primary  form,  oblique  rhombic  prism? 

Secondary  form. 

Surfaces  rather  uneven.  Cleavage  only  in  traces.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Opaque.  In  thin  splinters,  transluscent.  Lustre 
imperfectly  metallic,  inclining  to  resinous.  Streak  pale  brown. 
Brittle. 

B.  B.  infusible,  but  loses  color.  With  borax,  fuses  with  diffi- 
culty into  a  glass,  which  is  yellow  while  hot.  With  soda,  de- 
composed without  solution,  leaving  a  reddish  slag,  which  affords 
globules  of  tin. 

Analysis  by  Hartwall. 

Tantalic  acid,  -  -  -  4775 

Yttria,      ...  -         41-91 

Protox.  cerium,  *.•'__>..'"- 

Zirconia,  -  -        !P»  -          3'02 


Ord.  X.  Ore.]       POLYCRASE.  —  COLUMBITE 


261 


Oxide  of  tin, 
Oxide  of  uranium, 
Protox.  iron,   - 


100 
0-95 
034 

9^65 


Found  by  Gisecke,  near  Cape  Farewell  in  Greenland,  disseminated  in 
quartz;  and  named  in  honor  of  Robert  Ferguson,  of  Caith. 

The  resemblance  between  the  crystals  of  this  species  and  those  of 
rutherfordite,  is  very  striking. 

Sp.  30.  POLYCRASE,  Dufrenoy. 

[H.=6'0.  G.— 510.  Xls.  short  six-sided  prs.  Black.  Lustre 
metallic.  Fracture  conchoidal.] 

No  cleavage  observable.  In  thin  fragments,  transluscent.  By  trans- 
mitted light,  yellowish  brown.  Streak  greyish-brown. 

In  the  matrass,  decrepitates.  Ignited,  quickly  glows,  like  gadolinite, 
and  assumes  a  light  brown  color,  but  without  any  change  of  specific 
gravity.  B.  B.  infusible.  Soluble  in  borax,  imparting  a  yellow  color  in 
the  outer  flame,  and  a  yellowish  brown  color  in  the  inner  flame.  Imper- 
fectly decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  and  completely,  by  hot  sulphuric 
acid.  According  to  Scheerer,  contains  titanic  and  tantalic  acid,  zirconia, 
yttria,  red  ox.  iron,  oxide  of  uranium  and  cerium,  a  small  quantity  of 
alumina,  magnesia,  and  perhaps  some  alkali.  Found  in  xls.  in  granite 
veins,  at  Hitteroe  in  Norway. 

Sp.  31.  COLUMBITE;  Niobite,  Haidinger ;  Baierine,  Damour ;  Torrelite, 

Thomson. 


Fig.  518. 


[H.=6.     G.=5'4 . . .  6'3.     In   rt.   rectang.   prs.     Rarely   massive. 

Greyish  black.     Often  iridescent.     Opaque.] 
Primary  form,  right  rectangular  prism. 
Secondary  form. 

T  on  v 

Ton  a 

Ton  i        -        -         112   10? 

v  on  a  -        -        -     150   10 

«on  t        -        -        162  30? 

Mona  -      Y*M;:i    140  40 

M  on  v 

P  one    - 

M  on  c 

c  on  o  -     :sv«ti>ro!&.} 

a  on  o        •* 

M  on  o   - 

e  on  e        '  *• 

a  on  e    - 

P  on  e 

P  on  o    - 
Cleavage    parallel   with 


rather  distinct,  especially  that  of  M ;  the 
cleavage  parallel  with  P,  less  obvious. 
Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal,  uneven. 


Middletown,  Conn. 


262 


TANTALITE. 


[Class  II. 


Surface,  M  and  T  vertically  streaked.  Lustre  imperfectly  metallic. 
Color,  greyish  and  brownish  black.  Streak,  dark  brownish  black,  on  the 
file,  a  little  shining.  Opaque.  Brittle. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  infusible.  With  borax,  affords  a  blackisli  green 
glass.  Composition,  essentially,  protoxide  of  iron  and  manganese  with 
columbic  acid.  Analyses :  a  from  Bodenmais  by  H.  Rose ;  b  from  Limo- 
ges by  Damour ;  c  from  Middletown  by  Hermann ;  d  from  Middletown 
by  Rose. 


Columbic  acid, 
Protox.  iron, 
Protox.  mang., 
Stannic  acid, 
Oxide  of  copper, 
Lime, 

Tungstic  acid, 
Manganese, 


a 

81-07 
1430 

8-85 
0-45 
013 
trace 


b 

78-44 

14-96 

6-52 


c 

78-22 

1406 

5-63 

040 


0-26 
0-49 


d 

7962 
1666 
4-44 
047 
0-06 
trace 


Found  in  granite,  generally  associated  with  beryl,  on  the  Raben- 
stein,  near  Twiesel  and  Bodenmais,  in  the  Ilmen  mountains,  at  Limoges 
in  France ;  but  most  abundantly  at  Middleiown  and  Haddam  in  Connec- 
ticut. At  both  the  last  mentioned  localities,  crystals  weighing  one  pound 
and  upwards,  have  occurred.  Other  American  localities  are  Goshen  and 
Chesterfield  in  Massachusetts,  and  Acworth,  New  Hampshire. 


Fig.  5 19. 


Sp.  32.  TANTALITE;  Ferro-tantalite ;  Cassitero-tantalite,  Hausmann; 
Sidero-tantalite ;  Tammela-tantalite ;  Ki  mi  to-tan  talite. 

[H.=6 . . .  6*5.  G.=7"0 . . .  8"0.  In  rt.  rectangular  prs.  and  angular 
imbedded  particles.  Iron-black.  Lustre  imperfect  metallic. 
Streak,  brown.] 

Primary  form,  right  rectangular  prism. 

Secondary  form. 

T  on  a=U8°  33',  e  on  c=126°,  o  on  o  (over  sum- 
mit) 167°  38',  c  on  c  (do.)  113°  48'. 

Cleavage  parallel  with  P  M  and  T,  all  very  imperfect. 
Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  me- 
tallic to  resinous. 

B.  B.  unchanged.     In  fine  powder,  slowly  soluble  in 
borax,  yielding  a  glass  colored  by  iron.     With  soda, 
yields  the  reaction  of  manganese,  and  traces  of  tin  in  the  inner  flame. 
It  is  not  attacked  by  the  acids. 

Analyses,  a  from  Tammela,  G.=7'264,  by  Nordenskiold,  b  from  Ki- 
mito,  G!=7'03. . .  7'3,  by  Berzelius,  e  from  Tammela,  G.=7197,  by  Ja- 
cobson,  d  from  Chanteloupe,  G.=7"65,  by  Damour. 


Tantalic  acid. 
Oxide  of  tin, 
Protox.  iron, 
Protox.  mangan., 
Lime, 
Ox.  copper, 


a 
83-49 


b 

83-2 
0-6 

7-2 
7-4 


c 

84-15 
032 

14-68 
0-90 
0-07 
181 


d 

82-98 

121 

1462 

trace 

0-42 


Ord.  X.  Ore.] 


CASSITERITE. 


263 


A  variety  from  Broddbo  has  a  black  streak,  H.=5'0 . . .  70.  G.= 6'2 
. .  .6'f,  and  has  a  part  of  the  tantalic  acid  replaced  by  tungstic  acid,  hav- 
ing 6  p.  c.  of  tungstic  acid  and  8  of  oxide  of  tin. 

Found  imbedded  in  granite,  containing  albite  or  oligoclase,  seldom 
feldspar,  in  Finland,  at  Tammela  and  Kimito.  Also  at  Finbo,  near 
Fahlun ;  and  at  Chanteloupe  near  Poitiers  in  France. 


Sp.  33.  CASSITERITE,  Beudant ;  Tin-ore,  Tin-stone,  Wood-tin, 
Stream-tin. 

[H.—  6'0..  .7*0.  G.=63...7'l.  Xls.  square  prs.  with  low  four- 
sided  summits ;  often  in  twins.  Massive;  reniform,  columnar, 
granular  and  compact.  Brown  to  black.] 

Primary  form,  right  square  prism. 

Secondary  forms. 


Fig.  521. 


Fig.  520. 


Cornwall. 


Fig.  522. 


Goshen,  Mass 


P  on  P  over  the  prism, 

67°  50' 

P 

(contiguous) 

133  50 

5  on  s 

121   35 

over  M, 

87   17 

z  on  z 

159°  6',  and 

118   16 

over  r, 

135   17 

r  on  r 

157  23 

Fig.  523. 


Cleavage  s  and  M  not  very  distinct,  traces  of 
P.  Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal,  uneven. 
Surface  M  often  uneven,  s  sometimes  irregularly 
striated  parallel  to  the  edges  of  combination  with 
P,  and  the  latter  pyramid  parallel  to  those  with  s. 
The  prisms  are  sometimes  vertically  streaked. 
Lustre,  adamantine.  Color,  various  shades  of  white,  grey,  yellow,  red, 
browr,  black.  Streak,  pale  grey  ;  in  some  varieties,  it  is  pale  brown. 
Semi-transparent,  sometimes  almost  transparent,  to  nearly  opaque.  Brittle. 
Gr.  of  a  crystal,  6'51,  of  a  columnar  variety,  7*1. 

Compound  Varieties. — Twin  xls. ;  axis  of  revolution  perpendicular, 
face  of  composition  parallel  to  one  of  the  faces  of  P.  Small  reniform, 
rarely  botryoidal  shapes;  composition  very  thin,  columnar,  divergent  from 


264  CASSITERITE. WOLFRAM.  [ClaSS  II. 

common  centre,  strongly  connected,  and  often  Fig.  524. 

forming  a  second  curved  lamellar  composition. 
Massive :  composition  granular,  sometimes  al- 
most impalpable,  strongly  connected,  fracture 
uneven.  The  wood-tin  of  the  Cornish  miners 
is  only  a  variety  of  cassiterite ;  in  the  same 
manner,  as  the  fibrous  red  hematite,  is  of  crys- 
tallized hematite. 

B.  B.  in  a  platina  forceps,  it  is  unalterable. 
Upon  charcoal,  in  a  strong  heat,  it  is  reduced 
to  the  metallic  state.  The  reduction  is  pro- 
moted by  the  addition  of  carbonate  of  soda. 
It  is  not  attacked  by  acids.  Fused  with  caustic  potash,  it  yields  a  mass, 
which  is  mostly  soluble  in  water.  Hydrochloric  acid,  added  to  the  solu- 
tion, occasions  a  white  precipitate,  which  is  again  dissolved.  Hydriodic 
acid  produces  a  yellow  precipitate. 

Composition,  tin  78'38,  oxygen  21'62.  Berzelius  found  in  a  speci- 
men from  Finbo,  tin  93*6,  columbic  acid  2'4,  perox.  iron  1'4,  sesquiox, 
mang.  0'8=98-2. 

Found  disseminated  in  various  primary  rocks,  particularly  in  granite. 
It  is  frequently  accompanied  by  wolfram,  molybdenite,  blende,  topaz, 
fluor,  and  apatite.  Stream-tin  is  the  alluvial  debris  of  stanniferous  rocks; 
and  is  separated  from  the  clay  and  gravel  by  washing.  Its  principal  lo- 
calities are  in  Saxony,  Cornwall  and  Bohemia.  It  is  found  in  consider- 
able abundance,  both  on  the  Bohemian  and  Saxon  sides  of  the  Erzge- 
birge,  disseminated  in  granite,  and  in  beds  alternating  with  it;  particular 
mines  in  this  region,  are  at  Schlaggenwald,  Altenberg,  Gezer,  Ehren- 
friedersdorf,  and  Marienberg.  Twin  xls.  abound  at  Schlaggenwald.  In 
Cornwall,  it  exists  in  veins,  traversing  granite  and  schist;  and  is  accom- 
panied by  chlorite,  fluor,  quartz,  topaz,  tourmaline,  mispickel,  wolfram 
and  blende.  At  St.  Michael's  mount,  it  is  disseminated  through  granite. 
The  ore  is  chiefly  in  the  state  of  single  crystals.  Stream  works  exist 
both  in  Cornwall  and  Saxony.  It  is  found  in  Galicia,  Spain,  in  mica- 
slate;  in  the  granite  hill  of  Puy  des  Vignes,  Haut  Vienne,  at  Vaulry  near 
Limoges,  France ;  in  the  mountain  chains  of  Fichtel  and  Reisengebirge 
in  Germany ;  in  Russia,  and  at  Broddbo  in  Sweden.  Other  reposi- 
tories of  this  species  are,  on  the  east  coast  of  Sumatra,  Siam  and 
Pegu;  also  at  the  island  of  Banca  and  Malacca,  and  in  Australia;  in 
Mexico  and  Chili,  in  alluvium.  In  the  U.  S.  it  was  first  noticed  in  a  few 
minute  xls.  at  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  in  albite  and  tourmalime.  It  was  sub- 
sequently found  by  Dr.  Hitchcock  under  similar  circumstances,  in  the 
neighboring  town  (on  the  east)  of  Goshen ;  and  more  recently,  in  Nor- 
wich (next  town  on  the  south  of  Chesterfield),  in  granite  with  spodu- 
mene,  triplite  and  beryl.  Also  at  J-ackson,  New  Hampshire,  where  it 
was  discovered  by  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson,  in  a  slate-rock,  in  such  quantity, 
as  to  justify  the  opinion  of  its  ultimately  giving  rise  to  a  profitable  mine. 

Sp.  34.    WOLFRAM. 

[H.=5'0  . . .  5'5.  G.—  7'0  . . .  7'5.  Xls.  prismatic,  resembling  those 
ofcolumbite.  Also  lamellar,  columnar  and  granular.  Brown- 
ish black.  Opaque.] 


Ord.  X.  Ore.) 


PECHURAN. 


265 


Primary  fo 
M  =101°  5'. 


form,  oblique  rhombic  prism.     M  on 


Fig.  525. 


M 


Secondary  form. 

M  on  a=140°  32'. 

P  on  a=l\7  20. 

u  on  u  over  P— 99°  12'. 

Cleavage  parallel  with  a  perfect.  Fracture 
uneven.  Surface,  M  and  a  streaked  vertically. 
P  sometimes  curved.  Lustre  metallic  adaman- 
tine, or  imperfectly  metallic.  Streak  dark  red- 
dish brown.  Not  very  brittle.  Twin  xls. :  1. 
Face  of  composition  parallel,  axis  of  revolution 
perpendicular  to  a.  2.  Face  of  composition 
parallel,  axis  of  revolution  perpendicular  to  a 

face  of  u.  In  columnar  massive  varieties,  the  individuals  are  large, 
straight  or  divergent;  and  often  strongly  coherent.  Pseudomorphoses,  in 
the  shape  of  tungsten. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  in  a  strong  heat  melts  into  a  magnetic  globule,  the 
surface  of  which  is  covered  with  crystals.  With  borax,  yields  the  reac- 
tion of  iron.  With  salt  of  phosphorus,  forms  a  bead  which  in  the  inner 
flame,  is  dark  red,  and  with  the  addition  of  tin  becomes  green.  It  im- 
parts a  green  color  to  soda.  Soluble  in  bisulphate  of  potash.  The  pow- 
der, is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  yellow  residuum. 

Composition,  tungstate  of  protoxide  iron  and  manganese.  Analyses 
of  a  from  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  G.=7'5,  b  from  Chanteloupe,  G.=7'48,  c 
from  Monroe,  Conn.,  G.=7'41,  dfrom  Trumbull,  Conn.,  G.=723,  all 
by  Kerndt. 

Tungstic  acid,  75*85          75'83          75'47 

Protox.  iron,  19'26          19  33  9'53 

mang.,  4'87  4'84          1426 


d 

7576 

974 

1450 


Found  with  cassiterite  in  Bohemia  at  Schlackenwald  and  Zinnwald  ; 
in  Saxony  at  Schneeberg,  Freiberg  and  Altenberg;  in  France  at  Limo- 
ges; in  the  Hartz,  in  veins  with  galena;  in  Cornwall  England,  Nert- 
schinsk  in  Siberia,  and  at  Monroe  and  Trumbull  in  Conn. ;  at  the  latter 
place,  often  in  pseudomorphous  crystals. 

Sp.  35.  PECHURAN,  Hausmann ;  Pitch-blende,  Phillips ;  Uranine,  Hai- 
dinger;  Pecherz,  Werner;  Nasturan,  Kobel;  Gummierz,  Pittinerz, 
Breithaupt;  Coracite,  Leconte ;  Eliasite,  Haidinger ;  Uranpecherz. 


[H.=5'5.     G.=6'4...6'71.     Rarely  in 
8-dral  xls.,  generally  massive.     Frac- 
ture conchoidal.     Black,  opaque.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 

Lustre  imperfectly  metallic.      Color  greyish 

black,  to  iron-black  ;   also  greenish  black  and 

brownish  black.     Streak  black,  a  little  shin- 

jng.    Brittle.    Sometimes,  reniform;   composi- 

ion,  curved  lamellar,  and  columnar. 

34 


Fig.  526. 


Middletown,  Conn. 


266  PECHURAN.  [Class  II. 

B.  B.  infusible.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  yields  a  yellow 
globule  in  the  outer  flame,  and  a  green  one  in  the  inner  flame.  Forms  a 
yellow  solution  in  hot  nitric  acid. 

Composition,  oxide  of  uranium,  with  from  20  to  24  p.  c.  of  the  oxides 
of  lead,  bismuth,  iron,  arsenic  and  hydrated  intermixtures  of  silica,  lime 
and  magnesia. 

Analysis  from  Joachimsthal  by  Ebelmen, 

Oxide  of  uranium,  ....  75'94 

Lead,     -                                <<U   '  4-22 

Protox.  manganese,        ,^           -        ^-,  0'82 

iron,     -            -v,                     -  3'10 

Sulphur,               ,^         ,  -%7  0*60 

Lime,  5'24 

Magnesia,           .' ,- '". .      ,  •         ,t-t,.         -  2*07 

Silica,    -       , ...../'        ..T,     •  r          '-'  .  3'48 

Water,                 ""*-            -            -         .'  „  T85 

Soda,       .        -  0-25 
Carbonic  acid,       -            -         -ff  »^.        ,-,;  .    3'32 

The  pittinerz  has  an  olive  green  streak.  H.— 3'0  . .  3'5.  G.— 4'8 . . .  50. 
The  gummierz  has  H.=2'5  . . .  3'0.  G.=3'9  . . .  4'18.  Color  hyacinth 
red,  yellowish  and  reddish  brown,  and  resembles  gum.  Besides  contain- 
ing traces  of  phosphoric  acid,  it  has  15  p.  c.  of  water.  Coracite  is  black 
and  compact.  H.=3'0.  Accord  ing  to  Whitney,  it  is  composed  of  ox. 
uran.  7260,  ox.  lead  6'56,  lime  5'99,  perox.  iron  2'74,  alumina  1'10, 
water  5 '68,  silica  5'33.  Eliasite  occurs  in  flattened  pieces,  half  an  inch 
thick.  H.=3'5.  G.=4'0  . . .  4'23.  Lustre  greasy  to  subvitreous.  Color 
dull  reddish  brown,  inclining  to  hyacinth  red,  on  thinnest  edges.  Streak 
dull,  wax-yellow  to  orange.  Subtranslucent. 

Analysis  by  F.  Ragsky. 

Ox.  uranium,    -  61 '33 

Alumina,  -                         -  1*17 

Perox.  iron,      -        •••*'**•      &&$     rg****>  6*63 

Protox.  iron,        $**«         -            -            -  1'09 

Lime,  -            -                         -  3'09 

Magnesia,                           -            -         7"-":  220 

Ox.  lead,           ....  4'62 

Silica,        -         !&<4J                  tettorsj;     ,  &?.i  513 

Carbonic  acid,             .<*«£;     ;K*  t"         -  2'52 

Phosphoric  acid,     ...            -  0*84 

Water,                                       -  10'68 

Arsenic,     -             -            -                          -  traces 

Found  in  the  Elias  mine  at  Joachimstahl. 

Pechuran  is  chiefly  found  in  silver  veins,  attended  by  various  ores  of 
silver  and  lead.  Its  chief  localities  arc  Johanngeorgenstadt,  Marienberg, 
Annaberg  and  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  and  Joachimsthal  and  Fribus  in  Bo- 
hemia. It  occurs  in  the  tin-mines  of  Tincroft  and  Tolcarn  in  Cornwall, 
and  at  the  China-stone  quarry  in  Middletown,  Conn.,  along  with  colum- 
bite.  At  the  latter  place,  it  has  been  found  not  only  massive,  but  in  crys- 
tals, and  in  a  condition  resembling  the  pittinerz. 

Pechuran  affords  rich  orange  and  black  colors  in  porcelain  painting. 


Ord.  X.  Ore.] 


CHROMITE. 1LMENITE. 


267 


Section    C.      Semi-heavy,   black  when  in  crystals, — a  few  species, 
brown  and  red-brown,  if  massive. 

Sp.  36.  CHROMITE,  Haidinger.     Chrome-Iron,  Chromate  of  Iron. 


Xls.  8-draI. 


Iron  black.    Opaque.] 
Fig.  527. 


[H.=5'5.     G.=4'32...456. 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  form. 

Cleavage  octahedral,  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoi- 
dal  to  uneven  Lustre  imperfectly  metallic.  Color 
between  iron-black  and  brownish  black.  Streak 
brown.  Brittle.  Massive :  composition  granular. 

B.  B.  alone,  infusible ;  but  acts  upon  the  magnetic 
needle,  after  having  been  exposed  to  the  reducing 
flame.  It  is  soluble  with  difficulty  in  borax,  to  which, 
it  imparts  a  beautiful  green  color.  Bare  Hills & Hoboken. 

Composition,  one  atom  of  protox.  iron  to  one  of  sesquiox.  chromium, 
with  a  partial  substitution  of  magnesia  for  the  former,  and  of  alumina  for 
the  latter.  Analyses;  a  from  Baltimore  by  Abich,  b  from  the  same  lo- 
cality by  Rivot.  c  from  Siberia  by  Laugiers,  d  from  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  by 
Seybert. 


a 

20-13 

7-45 

60-04 

1185 


b 
30-04 


c 
24-00 


d 
35-14 


Protox.  iron, 
Magnesia 

Sesquiox.  chromium,   60'04          63'37          5300          51 '56 
Alumina,  11'85  1'95          ll'OO  972 

Silica,  1-00  2-90 

Protox,  mang.,  1" 

Found  mostly  in  serpentine,  embraced  in  irregular  veins  and  beds.  It 
was  first  noticed  in  the  department  of  du  Var,  in  France.  It  occurs  in 
Stiria,  in  the  Gulsen  mountains  near  Kraubat.  Other  localities  are 
Portsoy  in  Banffshire,  and  in  Buchannan  in  Stirlingshire,  in  Scotland ; 
at  Unst  and  Fetlar  in  the  Shetland  isles,  in  Silesia,  Bohemia,  in  Asia 
Minor,  and  in  the  Ural  mountains.  It  is  still  more  abundant  in  the  U.  S., 
existing  at  Bare  Hills,  near  Baltimore,  Md.  (where  it  is  mined  to  the  ex- 
tent of  above  1000  tons  annually);  in  Montgomery  Co.,  six  miles  north 
of  the  Potomac ;  at  Cooptown,  Harford  Co.,  and  in  the  north  part  of 
Cecil  Co.,  Md. ;  in  West  Goshen,  Pa.,  Nottingham,  Mineral  Hill,  and 
elsewhere ;  and  very  abundantly  at  Texas,  Lancaster  Co. ;  very  frequent 
in  the  western  counties  of  North  Carolina;  at  Milford  and  West  Haven, 
Conn. ;  in  Chester  and  Blanford,  Mass. ;  in  New  Fane,  Jay,  Troy,  and 
Westfield,  Vt. ;  and  in  the  gold  sands  of  California. 

Used  for  extracting  the  oxide  of  chromium,  which  is  employed  either 
alone,  or  in  various  combinations,  both  for  painting  on  porcelain,  and  for 
painting  in  oil. 

Sp.  37.  ILMENITE,  Kupffer;  Crichtonite,  Bournon;  Titanate  of  Iron, 
Menaccanite,  Kibdelophan,  Basanomelan,  Kobel;  Hystitite,  Mohsite, 
Levy;  Washingtonite,  (S.) 

[H. =5-0... 6U  G.=45...5'0.  Xls.  mostly  tabular,— the  hex- 
agonal form  preponderating.  Cleavage,  terminal.  Massive, 
in  thin  plates,  and  granular,  in  loose  grains.  Iron-black.] 


ILMI2NITE 


[Class  II. 


Primary  form,  rhomboid  of  86°. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  528. 


Fig.  529. 


Westerly,  R.  I.,  and 
Guildford,  Vt. 


Fig.  530. 


Litchfield,  Conn. 
Fig.  531. 


122°  23' 
128     1 


a  on  a  =         120°  00' 


Cleavage  imperfect  parallel  to  P,  and  rarely  in  traces,  with  a.  Frac- 
ture, chonchoidal.  No  cleavage  parallel  to  o  except  from  interlamina- 
tion  of  quartz,  or  composition.  Surfaces  rarely  smooth ;  P  and  o,  the 
most  so.  Lustre,  imperfectly  metallic.  Color,  dark  iron-black.  Opaque. 
Brittle. 

Twin  xls. :  axis  of  revolution  perpendicular,  face  of  composition  par- 
allel to  o;  angle  of  revolution  =60°.  These  compositions  are  not  quite 
regularly  formed.  It  also  occurs  massive,  columnar,  and  granular,  the 
latter  giving  rise  to  loose  grains  and  sand. 

B.  B.  infusible ;  but  changes  to  a  greyish  black  color.  Unmagnetic 
before,  and  after  ignition.  With  borax,  it  fuses,  with  effervescence,  into 
a  clear,  green  glass,  having  a  shade  of  yellow.  With  salt  of  phosphorus, 
it  dissolves,  forming  an  opaque,  orange-yellow  glass,  which  on  cooling, 
passes  to  an  opaque  pearl-white.  Its  powder  is  decomposed  by  long  boil- 
ing in  hydrochloric  acid ;  an  abundance  of  titanic  acid  separates  from 
the  solution,  and  the  clear  fluid,  after  neutralization  by  ammonia  and  pre- 
cipitation by  succinate  of  ammonia,  yields  with  carbonate  of  potash,  a 
slight  precipitate  of  carbonate  of  manganese. 

Composition,  perox.  titanium  and  perox.  iron,  in  somewhat  variable 
proportions.  The  following  table  by  Dana,  exhibits  these  proportions  as 
the  result  of  20  analyses  by  different  chemists. 


Tl 

Anal.  1,      5 

4    (G.  ^4-66)  =53-6  perox. 

Ti  to  46'4  perox.  Fe. 

"    2,      1 

1    (       4-727)^48-1     " 

"       51-9     "       " 

"    3-5,4 

5    (        477)=425    " 

tt       5?.5     tt 

"    6-9,2 

3    (        4-74)^38-2    " 

tt       61.g     tt 

"  11,      1 

3    (        4-93)^23-6    " 

tt       ?6.4     tt 

"  14,      1 

4    (    "   4-96)^18-8    " 

tt       81.2    tt 

"  15,      1 

6    (    "   4,78)—  13'4    " 

tt       86.6    tt 

"  17,      1 

8                     -=10-4    " 

"       896    " 

"  20,      1 

10    (    "   5-127)=  8'5    " 

"       91'5    "       " 

Ord.  X.  Ore.] 


IRITE  . IS  ER1NE. 


H.  Rose  supposes  that  the  titanic  acid  and  protoxide  of  iron  found  in 
the  analyses  of  ilmenite,  arise  from  an  oxidation  of  the  titanic  oxide,  at 
the  expense  of  the  perox.  iron,  during  the  process.  The  ilmenite  of 
Egersund  gave  H.  Rose  the  following  result : — titanic  acid  43'73,  perox. 
iron  42  70,  protox.  iron  13'57. 

Found  with  dolomite  in  talc,  at  Gastein  in  Salzburg,  Lappach  in  the 
Tyrol,  in  miascite  on  Lake  Ilmen  near  Miask,  in  Norway  at  Tvedes- 
trand,  Friedrichswarn  in  zircon-syenite,  Arendal  in  beds  of  magnetite, 
Bourg  d'Oisans  in  Dauphine  in  drusy  cavities  with  albite,  quartz,  anatase 
and  brook ite,  in  isolated  grains  in  alluvium  at  Iserwiese  in  the  Kiesenge- 
birge,  in  the  gold  stream-works  at  Ohlapian  in  Transylvania,  and  in  the 
U.  States,  at  Washington  and  Litchfield,  Conn,  in  quartzy  mica-slate,  at 
Westerly,  R.  Island  in  granite,  at  Guildford,  Vermont,  at  Canton,  Cher- 
okee Co.,  Georgia,  at  several  places  in  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  and  in  New 
Jersey  in  connection  with  spinel  and  serpentine,  in  limestone. 


Sp.  38.  IRITE,  Hermann. 


Fig.  532. 


[Gr.— 6'506.    Xls.  8-drons.    Black,  shining.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  form. 

Structure  thin  foliated.     Magnetic. 
Analysis  by  Hermann. 

Perox.  iridium,  62  86 

Protox.  osmium,         -          **•         "  10'30 

Protox.  iron,       -  -         ^*w  '  12"50 

Perox.  chromium  with  traces  of  manganese,  1370 

99-36 
Found  in  the  Ural  with  platinum,  ilmenite,  iridosmine  and  zircon. 

Sp.  39.  ISERINE. 
[H.=6'0  . . .  6'5.     Gr.=4'85 . . .  51.     In  cubic  xls.,  also  in  grains. 


Iron-black,  metallic.] 
Primary  form,  cube.      Secondary  forms. 
Fig.  533.  Fig.  534. 


Fig.  535. 


Streak  black.     Brittle.     Magnetic. 

Analyses ;  a,  by  Rammelsberg ;  6,  by  Rhodius ;   c,  by  Walterhausen. 

a  b  c 


Sesquiox.  titanium, 
Sesquiox.  iron, 
Protox.  iron, 


11-51 
48-07 
39-16 


8-69 
6127 
31-80 

10176 


1114 

58-86 
30-00 

100-06 


270 


MAGNETITE. 


[Class  II. 


Variety  a,  from  Unkel,  Rhine,  has  been  called  slag-like  magnetite.  It 
is  found  in  basalt,  in  Bohemia,  Saxony,  Calabria,  and  near  Puy-de-dome  in 
France. 

Sp.  40.    MAGNETITE,  Haidinger;  Oxydulated  Iron,  Magnetic  Iron-ore. 

[H.=55...6'5.  G.=4'9  . . .  5'2.   Xls.  8-dral,  rarely  12-draI.    Mas- 
sive, granular.     Iron  black,  magnetic.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  537.  Fig.  538. 

Fig.  536. 


Fig.  539. 


Fig.  540. 


Fig.  541.        Frnnconia,  N.  H. 
Fig.  542. 


Amherst,  N.  H.  Zillertbal. 

Haddam,  Conn. 

The  faces  usually  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  a.     Faces 
of  the  galenoid  (fig.  540)  curved,  though  smooth.  Cleav-         Fig.  543. 
age  octahedral.     Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven     Also, 
in  irregular  forms  arid  grains.    Lustre  metallic ;   in  some 
varieties  imperfect.      Color  iron-black.      Streak  black. 
Opaque.    Brittle.    Compound  varieties.     Twin  crystals : 
axis  of  revolution  perpendicular,   face  of  composition, 
parallel  to  a  face  of  the  octahedron. 

B.  B.  infusible;  but  assumes  a  brown  color.  After  intense  heating, 
loses  its  magnetic  properties.  In  the  oxydizing  flarne,  with  borax,  fuses 
to  a  dull  red  glass,  which  becomes  clear  on  cooling,  and  afterwards  as- 
sumes a  yellow  tint.  In  the  reducing  flame,  it  becomes  bottle-green.  It 
is  soluble  in  hot  hydrochloric  acid.  It  may  be  obtained  crystallized  by 
fusing  it ;  and  crystals  are  likewise  often  produced  in  the  process  of  roast- 
ing the  ore  which  contains  this  mineral ;  also  in  pyritous  rocks,  during 
spontaneous  fermentation,  as  at  Green  River,  Henderson  Co.,  N.  C. 

Composition,  Fe£e,  or  iron  72'4,  oxygen  27'6.  The  talkeisenstein  of 
Breithaupt,  said  to  be  from  Sparta,  New  Jersey,  contains  magnesia.  Its 
Gr.=4  41  . . .  4'42. 

Occurs  in  beds  in  primary  rocks,  as  gneiss,  greenstone,  talcose  and 
chloritic  slate,  rarely  also  in  limestone.  Immense  masses  of  magnetite 
exist  in  Norway,  near  Arendal,  at  the  Taberg  in  Smaland  in  Sweden,  at 
Dannemora  in  Upland,  the  island  of  Uto,  near  Norberg  in  Westmanland, 


Ord.  X.  Ore.]       DIMAGNETITE.  —  HEMATITE.  271 

Philipotan  and  Normark  (in  dodecahedral  crystals)  in  Wermeland,  in 
Lapland,  in  the  Ural  in  Wissokaja  Gora,  near  Nischne-Tagilsk ;  in  the 
Hartz,  Saxony,  Bohemia,  Stiria,  Moravia,  Silesia  and  Corsica.  Magnetite 
abounds  in  the  northeastern  counties  of  New  York,  where  it  exists  in 
beds  in  granitic  gneiss  and  syenitic  granite,  as  at  Crown  Point  in  Essex 
county;  also  in  Orange  (at  Monroe  in  cubes,  and  other  forms),  Putnam 
and  Herkimer  counties,  also  in  the  mountainous  districts  of  New  Jersey 
and  Pennsylvania,  at  Franconia,  New  Hampshire,  likewise  in  the  north- 
ern portions  of  Union,  Spartanburg  and  York  districts  of  South  Carolina, 
and  in  the  contiguous  counties  of  North  Carolina.  Native  magnets  of 
great  strength  have  been  found  at  Suckasunny  mine  in  New  Jersey,  and 
near  Magnet  Cove  in  Arkansas.  The  most  celebrated  native  magnets 
are  from  Siberia  and  the  Hartz.  Large  beds  of  this  species  abound  in 
Canada  West  at  South  Crosby,  Marmora  and  Madre. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  all  the  ores  of  iron,  for  giving 
(with  charcoal)  a  tough  bar-iron,  and  particularly,  one  suited  to  the  fabri- 
cation of  steel. 

Sp.  41.    DIMAGNETITE,  (S.) 

[H.=5'5  . . .  6'5.  G.=5  0.     In  slender  rhombic  prs.  of  110  to  115°, 

one  to  two  inches  in  length.     Black ;  magnetic.] 
Primary  form  right  rhombic  prism,  as  above.     Secondary  form,  the  pri- 
mary, with  its  obtuse  lateral  edges  bevelled.     Fracture  subchoncoidal,  to 
even.     Lustre  feebly  shining.     Brittle. 

B.  B.  same  as  magnetite  :  and  composition  the  same,  it  being  dimor- 
phous with  that  species. 

Found  singly  and  in  fascicular  groups,  on  crystals  of  magnetite,  at 
Monroe,  Orange  Co.  N.  Y. 

Sp.  42.  HEMATITE;  Specular  Iron,  Iron-glance,  Oligiste  Iron,  Red 
Iron-ore,  Red  Hematite,  Micaceous  Iron-ore,  Red  Clay  Ironstone, 
Red  Ochre,  Iron-Foam. 

[H.=5.5  .  . .  6'5.  G.=4'5  . . .  5'3.  When  in  crystals,  generally  in 
rhomboids,  much  modified,  often  tabular  ;  but  mostly  massive, 
granular,  micaceous  or  columnar;  when  the  latter,  the  color  is 
red,  otherwise  black.  Streak  red.] 

Primary  form,  rhomboid.     P  on  P=85°  58'  to  86°  107. 

Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  544.  Fig.  546. 

Fig.  545. 


Vesuvius. 

Framont. 


272 


HEMATITE. 


[Class  II. 


Fig.  547. 


Fig.  548. 


Elba. 


Fig.  549. 


Fig.  550. 


Framont. 


Elba. 

Fig.  544.  Primary,  with  summits  truncated.  P  on  0=122°  40'.  Fig, 
545.  Primary,  with  the  summits  replaced  by  three  planes,  which  if  ex- 
tended, would  lead  to  an  obtuse  rhomboid,  s  on  s  =142°  56.'  Fig.  546, 
the  same  with  545,  but  having  the  upper  edges  of  the  rhomboid,  bevelled 
by  planes  n.  nonw=128°.  Fig.  547,  n  on  o  =119°  34'.  Fig.  548. 
P  on  b  =113°  22',  o  on  z  =90°.  Fig.  549,  P  on  #  =  166°  25'. 

Cleavage  parallel  with  P  and  o.  Fracture  conchoidal,  uneven.  Sur- 
face s  is  horizontally  streaked,  sometimes  so  deeply  that  it  appears 
rounded ;  P  is  sometimes  streaked  parallel  to  the  edges  of  combination 
with  n ;  y  is  uneven  and  often  curved. 

Lustre  metallic.  Color  dark  steel-gray,  iron  black.  Streak  cherry- 
red,  reddish-brown.  Surface  frequently  tarnished ;  generally  with  the 
exception  of  0,  which  may  be  useful  in  finding  the  position  of  the  crystals 
when  they  become  complicated.  Opaque ;  very  thin  laminae  are  faintly 
translucent,  and  then  of  a  deep  blood-red  color.  Brittle.  Sometimes 
feeble  action  upon  the  magnetic  needle. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals.  1.  Axis  of  revolution  perpen- 
dicular; face  of  composition  parallel  to  o;  the  individuals  are  continued 
beyond  the  face  of  composition.  (Altenberg  Saxony.)  2.  Axis  of  revo- 
lution perpendicular,  face  of  composition  parallel  to  a  face  of  P. 

Globular,  reniform,  botryoidal,  and  stalactitic  shapes:  surface  gen- 
erally smooth,  composition  more  or  less  thin  columnar,  sometimes  even, 
impalpable ;  in  this  case  the  lustre  becomes  imperfectly  metallic,  and  the 
color  red;  fracture  of  impalpable  compound  varieties,  even,  flat  con- 
choidal, or  uneven.  Compound  varieties  often  join  in  a  second  and  third 
composition,  which  are  curved  lamellar  and  granular ;  the  junction  of 


Ord.  X.  Ore.] 


HEMATITE. 


273 


granular  masses  produces  frequently  very  smooth  faces,  while  the  reni- 
form  surface  of  the  curved  lamellar  compositions  is  rough,  and  obtained 
with  more  difficulty  by  separating  the  particles,  than  the  first.  Massive: 
columnar,  granular,  and  often  impalpable,  when  their  lustre  decreases, 
their  color  becomes  red  and  the  fracture  even,  uneven,  or  flat  conchoidal. 
When  the  structure  is  lamellar,  and  the  cohesion  amonjj  the  particles  is 
diminished,  it  becomes  scaly  and  glimmering;  when  it  is  granular,  it 
becomes  earthy  and  dull.  Pseudomorphoses  in  the  shape  of  calcite, 
fluor  and  pyrites. 

Owing  to  a  want  of  attention  to  the  simple  and  compound  state  of 
the  contents  of  the  present  species,  arose  its  subdivision  formerly  into 
two  species,  specular  iron-ore  and  red  iron-ore.  Specular  iron  contained 
all  the  simple  varieties,  and  those  of  the  compound  ones  which  had  not 
lost  their  metallic  appearance  by  the  too  small  size  of  their  component 
individuals.  Those  in  thin,  lamellar  compositions  were  called  micaceous 
specular  iron,  while  the  rest  formed  the  common  specular  iron.  Those 
varieties  which  had  lost  their  metallic  appearance,  were  included  within 
tl.e  red  iron-ore ,  divided  into  fibrous  red  iron  or  rtd  hematite,  which  oc- 
curs in  reniform  and  other  imitative  shapes,  and  consists  of  columnar 
particles  of  composition  ;  into  compact  and  ochrey  red  iron,  which  are 
massive,  and  consist  of  impalpable,  granular  individuals,  more  or  less 
firmly  connected ;  and  into  scaly  red  iron,  or  red  iron-foam,,  consisting 
of  very  small  scaly  particles,  which  in  most  cases  are  but  slightly  cohe- 
rent. This  variety  is  in  immediate  connexion  with  the  micaceous  specu- 
lar iron,  between  which  and  the  crystallized  specular  iron,  there  exists  an 
uninterrupted  transition.  Among  the  varieties  of  clay  iron-ore,  the  fol- 
lowing may  be  considered  as  an  appendix  to  the  present  species,  all  of 
which  are  of  a  red  color,  but  more  or  less  impure,  and  mixed  with  earthy 
substances.  Reddle  possesses  an  earthy,  coarse  slaty  fracture;  it  soils 
and  writes,  and  may  be  used  as  a  drawing  material.  Jaspery  clay  iron- 
ore  has  an  even  or  large  flat  conchoidal  fracture,  and  a  hardness  which  is 
considerable,  if  compared  with  other  minerals  of  a  simiUr  formation. 
Columnar  and  lenticular  clay  iron  ore  are,  distinguished,  the  first  by  the 
columnar  form,  the  latter  by  the  flattish  granular  form  of  its  particles  of 
composition. 

Infusible  before  the  blow-pipe,  but  melts  with  borax,  and  forms  a  green 
or  yellow  glass,  like  pure  oxide  of  iron.  It  is  likewise  soluble  in  heated 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Analyses. 


Analysts. 

Varieties  and 
localities. 

Ox.  of  1   Ox.  ( 

iron.    mang. 

Silica. 

Lime. 

Alu- 
mina 

Water. 

Total. 

BUCHOLZ. 

Micaceous  iron  ore. 

IOUOO    0-0 

o-oo 

o-o 

0'0(> 

o-o 

100-00 

D'AUBISSOX. 

Red  hematite.  Framont. 

90-00     tr. 

2-00 

1-0 

o-oo 

30 

96-00 

It 

t<           «                « 

94  00;   tr. 

2-00 

tr. 

000 

2-0 

98-00 

BUCHOLZ. 

Compact  red  iron. 

10000    O'O 

o-oo 

o-o 

000 

o-o 

100-00 

LAMPAUIUS. 

»<         «      « 

65-40    27 

2070? 

o-o 

9-3 

o-o 

98-10 

BUCHOLZ. 

Red  iron-foam. 

10000    0-0 

000 

00 

o-o 

00 

10000 

HENRY. 

U             it                   «( 

94-50    00 

4-25? 

00 

1-25 

o-o 

10000 

The  clay  iron-ores,  being  more  or  less  mixed  with  earthy  substances, 
vary  in  their  contents  ;  and  several  of  their  properties  are  dependent  upon 
the  nature  of  these  admixtures.  Thus  lenticular  clay  iron-ore  is  very 
rich,  while  the  columnar  variety  contains  but  little  iron,  and  is  produced 
from  nodules  of  common  clay,  which  have  been  converted  by  the  influ- 

35 


274  HEMATITE.  [Class  II. 

ence  of  heat  from  burning  coal  seams,  the  one  into  columnar  clay  iron- 
ore,  the  other  into  porcelain-jasper. 

It  occurs  most  commonly  in  beds  and  veins  in  ancient  rocks,  as 
gneiss,  granite  and  porphyry.  Clay  iron-ore  forms  either  by  itself  beds 
in  secondary  mountains,  or  it  is  included  in  beds  of  clay  in  the  shape  of 
nodules  or  irregular  masses.  Specular  iron-ore  occurs  in  crystals  among 
the  rocks  ejected  by  Vesuvius,  and  lining  the  cavities  and  fissures  of 
lava,  where  it  seems  to  be  a  product  of  sublimation.  In  beds,  it  is  gen- 
erally accompanied  by  other  ores  of  iron,  several  species  of  earthy  mine- 
rals, as  epidote,  hornblende  and  pyroxene,  calcite  and  quartz.  It  occurs 
moreover  as  one  of  the  original  constituents  of  mica-slate,  or  of  gneiss 
rock, — taking  the  place  of  mica  or  of  feldspar  or  even  of  both  ;  when  it 
sometimes  forms  more  than  half  the  bulk  of  the  formation,  and  in  rare 
instances,  as  at  the  Pilot  Knob  Mt.  in  Missouri,  it  excludes  even  the 
quartz,  and  becomes,  over  extensive  areas,  a  stratified  and  regularly  jointed 
hematite*rock. 

The  most  beautiful  crystals  of  the  species  are  fonnd  at  Elba,  along 
with  quartz  and  pyrites,  at  St.  Gothard,  Caravatti  in  the  Grisons,  and  some 
other  places  in  the  Alps.  Other  localities  are  Framont  in  the  Vosges, 
the  vicinity  of  Vesuvius,  the  island  of  Strornboli,  Capao  in  the  Brazils, 
Altenberg  in  Saxony,  Thurnberg  in  Salzburg,  Cumberhead  in  Lanark- 
shire. Micaceous  iron-ore  is  very  common  in  beds  of  chalybite  in 
Stiria  arid  Carinthia;  also  in  the  Fichtelgebirge  in  Hungary,  Reichenau 
in  Bohemia,  Golnitz  in  Hungary,  in  mica-:?late  in  Brazil,  and  in  Siberia. 
Red  iron  ore  abounds  in  Saxony,  the  Hariz  and  in  Lancashire,  England; 
jaspery  clay  iron-ore  occurs  in  Lower  Austria,  the  columnar  variety  in 
the  north  of  Bohemia,  and  the  lenticular  clay  iron-ore  forms  a  bed  in  the 
transition  district  of  Central  Bohemia,  in  the  counties  of  Pilsen,  Be- 
ratin,  &c. 

The  iron  mountain  region  of  Missouri,  situated  about  fifty  miles  to  the 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  ninety  to  the  southwest  of  St.  Louis, 
presents  the  most  remarkable  development  of  the  present  species,  any 
where  known.  It  here  spreads  with  some  interruption,  over  a  space  of  10 
or  15  miles  in  extent,  situated  in  a  red  porphyry  formation,  through  which 
it  rises  in  nlmost  mountain  masses,  as  in  the  Pilot  Knob,  the  Iron  and  the 
Shepherd  Mountain.  The  former  of  these  elevations  is  about  600  feet 
high,  while  the  latter  are  between  2  and  300  feet.  The  ore  is  almost  ab- 
solutely pure,  massive,  and  iron-black  in  color  A  somewhat  similar 
variety  occurs  in  powerful  beds  in  several  mountainous  counties,  upon  the 
borders  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  in  particular  near  the  Chero- 
kee ford,  in  York  and  Union  districts  of  the  latter  state.  The  micaceous 
variety  is  found  at  Hawley  in  Mass.,  at  Plymouth,  Vt.,  and  Piermont,  N.  H. 
Red  hematite  abounds  in  the  counties  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Jefferson, 
N.  Y. ;  while  the  lenticular  argillaceous  ore  exists  extensively  in  the  upper 
Silurian  rocks,  in  Oneida,  Herkimer,  Madison  and  Wayne  counties  of 
of  the  same  state,  in  Michigan  near  Green  Bay,  and  in  Canada  West. 

On  the  whole,  it  may  be  said  to  be  a  species  of  the  highest  com- 
mercial importance,  since  it  yields  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  iron 
annually  made  in  different  quarters  of  the  globe.  The  variety  with  a 
black  color  and  metallic  lustre,  requires  a  greater  degree  of  heat  to  smelt, 
than  those  which  are  red  and  dull  ;  but  the  iron  obtained  is  of  good  qual- 
ity. The  compact  red  iron-ore  when  in  powder,  is  used  as  a  polisher  of 


Ord.  X.  Ore.)        MARTITE.  —  FRANKLINITI. 


275 


metals ;  and  a  soft  variety,  much  intermixed,  with  clay,  (reddle)  is  cm- 
ployed  as  a  writing  material. 

Sp.  43.    MARTITE,  Breithaupt. 

[H.=6.    G.=4'65...5'33.     Xls.  modified  8-dra.    Iron  black.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  551.  Fig.  552.  Fig.  553. 


Facrs  a  striated,  parallel  to  their  edges.  Cleavage  parallel  with  octa- 
hedral faces,  indistinct.  Color  black,  sometimes  with  a  bronzed  tarnish. 
Streak  purplish  brown  Fracture  uneven  to  conchoidal.  Not  magnetic. 
Opaque. 

Composition  and  behavior  before  blow  pipe,  same  as  hematite 
Found  in  Peru,  Brazil,  Auversne,  and  in  the  U.  S.  at  Monroe,  N.  Y., 
with  dark  green  hornblende,  red  feldspar  arid  quartz,  and  at  Plymouth, 
Vt,  (imbedded  in  micaceous  hematite). 

Sp.  44.     FRANKLINITE,  Berlhier. 

[H.=5'5  . . .  6'5.  G.— 5'09.  Xls.  octahedral,  and  in  irregular  forms. 

Iron-black,  metallic.    Brittle.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  form.  Fig.  554. 

Cleavage  parallel  with  octahedral  faces,  but  imper- 
fect. Fracture  conchoidal.  Surface  of  all  its  faces 
smooth.  Streak  dark  brown.  Opaque.  Acts  slightly 
upon  the  magnetic  needle. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  it  presents  the  appearance  of 
magnetite.  With  soda,  it  emits  the  white  smoke  of 
zinc,  and  becomes  green  when  heated  with  the  same 
reagent,  upon  platinum  foil,  in  the  oxidation-heat  of 
the  instrument.  With  borax,  it  gives  the  reaction  of 
manganese. 

Analyses:    1.    by  Berthier  ;  2.    by  Thomson  ;    3.  by  Abich. 

1.    "  2.  3. 

66'  66-10  6688 

16'  14-79  1817 

17-  1743  1081 

It  is  said  to  occur  in  a  nearly  compact  state,  at  Altenberg,  near  Aix 
la  Chapelle;  but  its  great  repository  is  at  Hamburg  in  New  Jersey;  at 
which  place  it  is  closely  associated  with  zincite,  in  a  granular  limestone 
formation.  Garnet,  willemite  (troostite,)  fowlerite  and  pyroxene  (jeffer- 


Peroxide  of  iron, 
Sesquioxide  manganese, 
Protoxide  zinc, 


276  TURGITE.  —  LIMONITE.  [ClaSS  IL 

Mr  . 

sonite)  also  occur  sparingly  intermingled  with  the  franklinite  and  zincite, 
particularly  at  Stirling  Hill,  which  is  in  the  same  neighborhood. 
It  has  been  used  as  an  ore  of  iron. 


Section    D.      Color  red  brown. 
Sp.  45.     TURGITE,  Hermann. 

[H.=5  . . .  G.=3'5  . . .  3'6.     Massive  ;  brownish-red ;  fracture  con- 

choidal,  streak  blood-red.] 
Opaque,  dull. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  B.  B.  becomes  darker,  but  undergoes 
no  father  change.  The  reactions  with  fluxes  are  the  same,  as  those  of 
pure  peroxide  of  iron.  Analysis  by  Hermann, 

Peroxide  of  iron,  -  -  -    85'34 

Water,  -  -  -  531 

Oxides  copper  and  lead,  -  -  -  1'85 

Silica  and  insoluble  matter,  •  7'50 

Occurs  in  the  Turginsk  copper  mines  in  the  Ural,  and  in  those  of  Sof- 
otuschenskoi  in  the  district  of  Kolywan  in  the  Altai. 

Sp.  46.     LIMONITE,    Beudant ;    Limnit,    Glocker ;    Brown   hematite, 
Brown  iron-ore,  Bog  iron-ore. 

[H.— 5'0  . . .  5'5.  G.— 34  . . .  3'95.  Massive,  generally  in  globu- 
lar and  sialactitic  shapes  which  are  fibrous  within.  Color  vari- 
ous shades  of  brown.] 

Streak  yellowish  brown.     Brittle.     Conducts  electricity. 

Composition  columnar  ;  individuals  very  delicate,  to  impalpable.  Some- 
times the  particles  are  so  slightly  coherent,  that  the  mass  is  earthy  or  dull. 
Occasionally  in  pseudnmorphoses  after  calcile,  quartz,  fluor,  blende,  py- 
rites and  marcasite.  Various  names  have  been  applied  to  the  varieties  of 
limonite.  Thus,  we  havej?6row.s,  or  brown  hematite,  embracing  the  reni- 
form  and  stalactitic  shapes;  compact  brown  iron- ore  when  the  compositioa 
is  no  longer  observable  ;  ochrcy  brown  iron-ore,  or  bog-ore  when  the 
structure  is  friable,  or  earthy  ;  and  granular  and  pisiform  clay  iron-ores, 
when  the  structure  is  granular  or  pea-shaped,  owing  to  the  admixture  of 
other  minerals  with  the  species. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  B.  B.  becomes  black  and  magnetic.  With 
borax,  in  the  inner  flame,  melts  into  a  green  glass.  It  is  soluble  in  warm 
hydrochloric  acid,  frequently  leaving  a  residue  of  gelatinous  silica. 

It  consists  of  peroxide  of  iron  85*56,  water  14'44,  usually  with  a  slight 
admixture  of  silica  and  phosphoric  acid. 

Limonite  occurs  in  beds  and  veins.  When  in  beds,  it  is  generally 
accompanied  by  spathic  iron,  sometimes  also  by  baryte,  calcite,  ara- 
gonite  and  quartz.  These  beds  are  included  both  in  ancient  and  in 
secondary  rocks,  the  latter  of  which,  though  very  thick,  do  not  extend  to 
a  very  great  distance.  When  in  veins,  this  species  is  frequently  attended 
with  some  of  the  ores  of  manganese.  Those  varieties  of  clay  iron- none 
which  belong  to  the  present  species,  either  form  beds  by  themselves  in 
secondary  rocks,  or  they  are  imbedded  in  strata  of  clay,  in  the  shape  of 


Ord.  X.  Ore.j  LIMONITE.  —  GOTHITE.  277 

larger  or  smaller  globular  concretions,  some  of  them  belonging  to  the  coal 
formation,  others  to  various  kinds  of  sandstone. 

Limonite  is  very  plentiful  in  some  countries.  It  occurs  in  beds  in 
gneiss,  along  with  granular  limestone,  at  Friesach,  at  Huttenberg,  and  in 
the  valley  of  Lavant  in  Carinthia,  at  Turrach  and  Eisenerz  in  Stiria. 
Other  localities,  under  similar  circumstances,  in  Europe,  are,  Torotsko, 
in  Transjlvania ;  Dobschau,  Szirk,  &,c.,  in  Hungary;  Schneeberg  in 
Saxony  ;  Kamsdorst  and  Saalfield,  in  Thuringia  :  though  at  some  of  these 
places  it  is  said  to  occur  in  newer  rocks.  It  is  found  in  veins  in  various 
parts  of  Saxony,  Nassau,  the  Hartz,  &,c.  Rich  varieties  of  the  clay  iron- 
ore  occur  in  Bohemia,  in  Silesia,  at  Wehrau  in  Lusatia,  and  in  West- 
phalia. The  kidney  shaped  variety  is  met  with,  nearTeplitz  in  Bohemia, 
Tarnowitz  in  Silesia,  in  Poland,  in  several  districts  of  Lower  Stiria,  &c. 
The  pisiform  cluy  iron-ore  is  found  in  Swabia,  Franconia,  Hessia,  and  in 
the  district  of  Ayrshire  in  Scotland. 

Limonite  is  one  of  the  most  widely  diffused  mineralogical  species  of 
the  United  States.  Powerful  beds  of  the  fibrous  brown  hematite,  accom- 
panied by  the  ochery  iron-ore,  exist  at  Salisbury  and  Kent,  in  Connecti- 
cut, contained  in  mica-slate.  In  the  neighboring  towns  of  Beekman  and 
Amenia,  (N.  Y.,)  similar  deposits  are  met  with.  Farther  north,  under 
the  same  circumstances,  at  Richmond  and  Lenox,  (Mass.)  the  like  varie- 
ties of  the  present  species  occur.  The  mica-slate,  which  embraces  the 
foregoing  varieties,  contains  also  beds  of  dolomite.  At  Hinsdale,  the 
fibrous  variety  occurs  as  a  cement  to  a  fragmentary  quartz  rock.  The 
nodular  variety  occurs  at  Gill,  in  the  slate  of  the  coal  formation  ;  it  is  also 
abundant  on  Nantucket  and  Martha's  Vineyard.  Limonite  is  abundant 
at  Bennington,  Monkton,  Pittsford,  Putney  and  Ripton,  in  Vermont;  at 
all  of  which  places,  it  is  more  or  less  associated  with  ores  of  manganese. 
The  argillaceous  varieties  are  common  in  Pennsylvania,  near  Easton,  and 
throughout  the  Lehigh  range,  in  Fayetfe  county,  at  Armstrong,  Upper 
Dublin,  and  in  Washington  county.  Nodular  argillaceous  iron,  in  hollow 
balls  from  one  inch  to  one  foot  in  diameter,  occur  at  Bladensburg,  (Mary- 
land). Argillaceous  iron-ore  exists  on  mount  Alto,  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  at 
Hugh's  mine,  in  Shenandoah  co.  (Va.) ;  and  in  Chatham  and  Nash  coun- 
ties in  North  Carolina.  Nodular  fragments  which  are  perfectly  compact 
and  hard,  occur  disseminated  through  gravel-hills,  near  Marietta,  in  Ohio. 

Limonite,  when  pure,  yields  an  excellent  quality  of  metal ;  and  on  the 
whole,  affords  a  considerable  portion  of  the  iron  annually  produced  in 
the  different  parts  of  the  globe.  The  pig-iron,  obtained  from  melting 
its  purer  varieties  with  charcoal,  may  be  easily  converted  into  steel. 
The  hard  and  compact  nodular  variety  is  much  esteemed  as  a  burnisher, 
in  the  polishing  of  metallic  buttons. 

Sp.  47.  GOTHITE,  Beudant;  Pyrrhosiderite,  Hausmann ;  Onegite,  Lepi- 
dokrokite,  Samrnetblende,  Stilpnosiderite,  Rubinglimmer,  Eisenrutil, 
Chileite. 

[H.=5f  . . .  5'5.     G.=4'0  . . .  4*4.      In  slender  prisms,  and  fibrous. 

Color    yellowish,  reddish,   in    scales,   and    blackish  brown; 

blood-red,  by  transmitted  light.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.     M  onM=  130°  40'. 
Secondary  form. 


278 


GOTHITE. STILPNOSIDERITE. 


[Class  II. 


M'  on  Moverel30°40'- 


c     on  M' 


120°  42' 


o  on  o2' 

-  135  5 

o   on  b1 

-  121  45 

o   on  M' 

-  117  50 

a'\  on  al 

-  125  30 

o2  on  #2' 

-  149  24 

6   on  b1 

-  117  30  J 

c  on  6  or  b' 
b  on  a2  or  ) 
&'  on  <&'  } 
al  on  M 
02  on  M 
a2  or  a2'  on  c 

135  20 
131  25 

129  30 
153  25 
147  00 

PHILLIPS. 


The  crystals   are   compressed,  parallel   with   the  FlS-  555- 

shorter  diagonal  of  the  prism,  so  as  to  give  an  undue 
extension  to  the  planes  o  o  of  the  above  figure. 
Hence  the  xls.  are  often  in  thin  plates.  Cleavage, 
distinct  parallel  to  o.  Surface  deeply  striated  length- 
wise of  the  prism.  Lustre,  adamantine.  Color  yellow- 
ish ;  hair  and  clove-brown.  Streak  yellowish  brown. 
Semi-transparent,  with  a  blood-red  tint.  Massive, 
reniform  and  in  scales. 

In  the  matrass,  yields  water  and  turns  red.  B.  B. 
in  the  outer  flame,  becomes  brownish-red  ;  in  the  in- 
ner, black  and  magnetic.  Fusible,  with  great  diffi- 
culty. With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  affords 
the  reaction  of  iron.  It  is  easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  with  a 
residue  of  silica.  Composition,  peroxide  of  iron  S9'89,  water  lO'll. 

The  variety  called  lepidokrokite  from  Oberkirchen  is  in  minute  radia- 
ting crystals,  in  thin  scales,  or  feathery  groups,  upon  fibrous  hematite  with 
quartz.  The  rubinglimmcr  of  Eiserfeld  occurs  in  the  county  of  Nassau, 
A  capillary  variety,  sammetblende  (or  Przibramite,)  is  found  at  Przi- 
bram  and  elsewhere.  That  called  onegite  occurs  at  Lake  Onega  in  Si- 
beria, and  the  chileite  is  from  Chili.  The  most  perfectly  crystallized 
specimens  are  from  Lostwithiel  and  Botallack  in  Cornwall.  Other  local- 
ities are  near  Bristol  in  England,  at  Spring  Mills  in  Montgomery  Co., 
Pa.,  and  Greenfield,  near  Turner's  Falls,  Mass.  At  this  latter  place,  it 
is  found  in  powdery  scales,  and  along  with  the  chalcopyrite  in  a  thin 
vein,  at  the  junction  of  the  sandstone  and  trap. 


Sp.  48.     STILPNOSTDERITE,    Ulmann ;    Pitchy  iron-ore,  Eisenpecherz, 
Compact  brown  iron-stone,  Iron-stone  glance. 

[H.=4'5  ...  5.    G.— 3'6  . . .  3'8.     Compact,  in  coatings  and  drops, 

blackish-brown,  pitchy.] 

Fracture  uneven  to  splintery;  rarely,  it  possesses  an  opal-like  lustre 
and  fracture.     Streak  yellowish-brown. 

B.  B.  yields  water,  and  in  other  respects  behaves  like  peroxide  of  iron. 
Composition ;  the  variety  from  Amberg,  according  to  Kobell,  contains 

86-24 


Peroxide  of  iron, 
Water,     - 
Silica, 
Phosphoric  acid, 


Found  at  Salisbury,  Conn. 


1068 
2 

1'08 

ioo-oo 


Ord.  X.  Ore.] 


PYROLUSITE. 


279 


Section    E.      Semi-hard  and  heavy;  streak  black. 

Sp.  49.     PYROLUSITE.     Gray  manganese,  Weichmangan,  Weichbraun- 

stein. 


[H.=2'0  . . .  2'5.     G. -=4'8  . . .  4  97.      Xls.  short  rhombic  prisms ; 
columnar  and  granular.    Black.    Streak  black.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism,  M  on  M  —  93°  40'. 

Secondary  form. 

Cleavage  parallel  to  M  and  b.     Lustre  metallic.  Fig.  556 

Color  iron-black  ;  in  very  delicate  columnar  com- 
positions, the  color  becomes  bluish,  and  the  lustre 
imperfectly  metallic.  Streak  black.  Opaque. 
Rather  sectile. 

Compound  varieties.  Reniform  coats.  Both 
columnar  and  granular  composition  is  often  met 
with,  particularly  the  former;  the  individuals  often 
radiating  from  common  centres.  If  the  individu- 
als are  very  delicate,  the  masses  will  soil  the  fingers,  and  write  on  paper. 

B.  B.  it  gives  the  customary  reaction  of  manganese-ores. 

Analysis  by  Turner. 


M 


Red  oxide  of  manganese, 

Oxygen,      - 

Water, 

Silica, 

Baryta, 

Lime, 


85-617 
1 1  599 
1566 
0553 
0665 
trace. 


Pyrolusite  is  very  often  the  product  of  decomposition  from  chaly- 
bite, —  the  carbonate  of  iron  being  converted  by  natural  agents,  into  the 
hydrate  of  the  peroxide,  while  the  lime,  which  it  occasionally  contains, 
is  deposited  in  the  shape  of  calcite,  or  aragonite  ;  and  the  pyrolusite 
is  often  found  covering  the  surface  of  decomposed  rhomboids  of  the 
original  species,  in  the  shape  of  minute  crystals.  In  this  manner,  it 
occurs  in  the  mines  of  decomposed  chalybite,  in  beds  in  gneiss, 
at  Huttenberg  in  Carinthia,  at  Schwalkalden  in  Hessia,  and  other 
places.  It  is  likewise  found  in  this  manner  in  the  counties  of  Sayn, 
Siegen,  Salm,  and  Hamm  in  Prussia,  in  the  veins  of  chalybite  tra- 
versing clay  slate,  which  are  decomposed  in  the  upper  levels,  and  then 
contain  much  lirnoniie.  One  of  the  varieties  from  Horhausen  is  partic- 
ularly remarkable  for  the  delicacy  of  the  fibres,  which  are  disposed  in 
srnfill  tufts,  within  the  geodes  of  limonite,  and  which  greatly  resemble 
the  fibrous  varieties  of  antimonite.  Weyer,  in  the  county  of  Wied- 
Runkel,  Hirschberg  near  Ahrensberg,  and  Beodorf  on  the  Lower  Rhine, 
are  likewise  quoted  as  localities  of  superb  specimens  of  pyrolusite.  The 
finest  crystals  of  pyrolusite,  occur  at  Schimmel  and  OsWfreude  near  Jo- 
hanngeorgenstadt,  and  at  Hirschberg  in  Westphalia.  These  are  chiefly 
short  thick  prisms,  terminated  on  their  extremities  in  numerous  fibres. 
Large,  flattish  crystals,  of  great  beauty,  terminating  in  sharp,  elongated 
pyramids,  with  curved  faces,  occur  at  Maeskamezi,  near  Maggar  Lapos, 


280 


ROLUSITE. MANGANITE. 


[Class  II 


south  of  Kapnik  in  Transylvania,  in  geodes  of  limonite,  and  associated 
with  crystals  of  quartz.  Cleavable  individuals,  of  considerable  size, 
are  found  near  Goslar  in  the  Hartz,  in  a  mountain  called  Girigelsberg 
imbedded  in  small  veins  of  quartz  and  calcite,  in  clay  slate.  Dis- 
tinct, though  small  crystals,  are  met  with  in  many  of  the  mines  in  the 
west  of  Germany.  A  variety  occurs  at  the  mine  of  Antonio  Pereira  near 
Villa  Ricca  in  Brazil  along  with  limonite  and  psilornelane.  Small  gran- 
ular pyrolusite  occurs  in  Dalecarlia,  Sweden.  But  the  individuals  are 
often  much  smaller,  and  appear  in  the  form  of  a  black  sooty  substance. 
Such  are  frequently  found  in  the  iron  mines  of  Raschau,  and  other  places 
in  Saxony.  The  pyrolusite  is  rarely  found  without  psilomelane  ;  and  is 
also  very  generally  associated  with  limonite.  In  some  varieties  from 
Berge,  in  the  county  of  Salm,  thin  stalactites  of  limonite  are  uniformly 
covered  with  a  stratum  of  pyrolusite.  Pyrolusite  occurs  at  numerous 
places  in  England. 

It  is  very  abundant  in  the  United  States.  It  occurs  at  Bennington, 
Monkton,  Chittenden,  and  various  other  places  in  Vermont,  crystallized 
arid  granular,  and  associated  with  psilomelane  ;  in  Massachusetts,  at  Con- 
way,  in  a  vein  of  quartz;  at  Winchester,  (N.  H.);  in  Connecticut,  at 
Salisbury  and  Kent,  in  thin  velvety  coatings,  upon  limonite. 

Sp.  50.     MANGANITE,  Gray  manganese  (in  part),  Acerdese,  Beudant ; 
Newkirkite,  Thomson. 

[H.=  4'0.    G.  4'2  . . .  4'4.     Xls.  elongated,  deeply  striated  (lengt  h 

wise)  prisms.     Lustre  metallic  ;  blackish  steel-gray.] 
Primary  form. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  557.  Fig  .  558. 


M 


g  on  g  - 
c  on  c  - 
n  on  n  - 


-  172°  36 

-  115 

-  95 


2°  36'  \  ( 

5   17  >  HAIDINGER.  < 
5    4  j  ( 


m  on  m 
/on  I 
r  on  r 


-  112°  35' 

51   18 

-  134   14 


Cleavacje  parallel  with  /,  highly  perfect,  and  easily  obtained  ;  with  M, 
also  perfect,  but  less  easily  obtained  ;  traces  of  r.  Fracture  uneven,  sur- 
face of  the  vertical  planes  streaked  parallel  to  their  common  edges  of  in- 
tersection. In  general,  the  faces  are  smooth,  and  possess  pretty  high  de- 
grees of  lustre. 


Ord.  X.  Ore.] 


MANGANITE. 


281 


Lustre  imperfectly  metallic.  Color,  dark,  brownish  black,  inclining  to 
iron-black.  Streak,  reddish  brown.*  Opuque  in  large  masses;  when 
broken  or  cleaved  in  the  direction  of  /  and  exposed  to  the  light  of  the 
sun,  minute  splinters  are  often  observed,  which  by  transmuted  light,  ap- 
pear of  a  bright,  brown  color.  Brittle. 

Compound  Varieties.  Twin-crystals.  1.  Face  of  composition  paral- 
lel to  /,  axis  of  revolution  perpendicular  to  it. 


Fig.  560. 


Fig.  561. 


A  repetition  of  this  law  produces  thick  prisms,  terminated  perpendicularly 
upon  their  axis  by  a  rough  face,  which  consists  of  the  apices  of  numer- 
ous individuals,  or  rather  of  numerous  particles  of  two  individuals,  alter- 
nating with  each  other.  2.  Axis  of  revolution  perpendicular,  face  of  com- 
position parallel  to  a  plane  of  the  pyramid. 

Massive :  composition  granular,  or  columnar, — the  latter  more  fre- 
quently. 

It  is  infusible  B.  B.,  and  colors  glass  of  borax,  violet-blue.  It  is 
insoluble  in  nitric  acid.  In  heated  sulphuric  acid,  it  disengages  chlo- 
rine. Also,  B.  B.,  or  alone,  in  a  strong  heat,  it  gives  out  oxygen. 

Analysis  by  Turner. 


Protoxide  of  manganese, 

Oxygen, 

Water, 


80-92 

8-98 

1010 


Manganite  occurs  in  abundance,  and  great  beauty,  at  Ihlefeld  in  the 
Hartz,  and  at  Oehrenstock,  near  Ilmenau  in  Thuringia. 


*  In  the  description  given  above,  the  streak  of  the  crystals  is  stated  to  be  reddish 
brown.  It  is  very  often  the  case  however,  that  crystals  are  met  with,  and  still  more 
frequently  compound  varieties,  consisting  of  columnar  individuals,  which  actually  af- 
ford a  black  streak.  The  hardness  of  these  varieties  is  much  inferior  to  that  of  the 
crystals  which  present  a  brown  streak,  being  generally  between  2 -5  and  3-0  ;  and 
sometimes  in  fibrous  varieties,  it  is  so  inconsiderable  as  to  soil  the  lingers  and  write 
upon  paper.  On  the  contrary,  their  specific  gravity  is  higher,  and  often  approaches 
to  4'7.  It  is  important  to  observe,  that  the  exterior  strata  of  large  crystals  some- 
times afford  a  black  streak,  and  show  low  degrees  of  hardness,  while  the  interior 
parts  still  offer  the  characters  indicated  in  the  preceding  description.  It  would 
seem,  therefore,  that  the  difference  in  several  of  these  properties,  is  owing  to  a 
change  or  decomposition  of  the  substance  itself,  which  does  not  affect  the  regular 
form. 

36 


282 


CREDNERITE. HAUSMANN1TE. 


[Class 


Sp.  51.     CREDNERITE,  Rammelsberg ;   Mangankupferoxyd,  Hausmann; 
Mangankupfererz,  Crtdn.tr. 

[H.=4'5.  G.— 4'9  ...51.  Foliated,  Lustre  metallic,  iron-black. 
Streak,  brownish-black.] 

Crystalline.  Cleavage  very  perfect  in  one  direction,  and  less  distinct 
in  two  others.  Opaque. 

In  the  matrass,  exfoliates  and  loses  its  lustre.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  yields 
a  malleable  bead  of  copper.  With  borax  in  the  outer  flame,  forms  a  vio- 
let glass ;  in  the  inner,  a  green  one,  which  at  last  becomes  red  and  opaque. 
In  nitric  acid,  the  oxide  of  copper  is  dissolved,  leaving  a  black  residue. 
It  is  readily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  extrication  of  chlorine, 
forming  a  green  solution.  Analysis  by  Creduer,  gave  oxide  of  copper, 
43  85,  and  oxide  of  manganese  55*73. 

Occurs  with  pyrolusite  and  hausmannite  at  Friedrichsrode  in  Thuringia. 

It  is  prone  to  decomposition,  whereby  the  cleavages  become  more  dis- 
tinct, the  color  changes  to  a  blackish  blue,  and  the  hardness  falls  to  25 
and  gravity  to  4'71. 

Sp.  52.     HAUSMANNITE,    Haidinger ;    Black  manganese,    Red  oxide 
manganese. 

[H.^5'0  . . .  5'5.       G.=47  . . .  4'8.      Xls.  acute   octahedra  with 
square  bases  ;   inclination  of  upper  to  lower  pyramid  =117°  30'. 
Color  brown-black  ;  streak,  brown.] 
Primary  form,  right  square  prism. 
Secondary  form. 

Fig.  562.  Fig.  563. 


a  on  a  =  139 


Cleavage  parallel  to  the  base  of  the  primary,  perfect ;  interrupted 
parallel  with  P  of  the  figure.  Fracture  uneven.  Lustre  imperfectly 
metallic.  Opaque.  Twin-crystals.  Common  octahedral  hernitrope; 
also  repeated  a  second  time.  Pseudomorphoses,  after  manganite  and  cal- 
cite.  Massive,  granular,  and  firmly  connected.  Conducts  electricity 
feebly. 

B.  B.  infusible.  Imparts  the  characteristic  color  of  manganese,  to  bo- 
rax. Soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid,  with  extrication  of  chlorine. 
Concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  to  which  it  has  been  added  in  powder,  as- 
sumes a  bright  red  color.  It  consists  of  protoxide  manganese  30'89, 


Ord.  X.  Ore.]      PSILOMELANE.  —  BRAUNITE,  283 

sesquioxide  of  manganese  69'02,   and  oxygen  6*98.     Traces  of  baryta 
silica  and  water  are  also  present. 

Occurs  in  porphyry,  associated  with  manganite  at  Oehrenstock,  near 
Ilrnenau  in  Thuringia,  and  at  Ihlefeld  in  the  Hartz.  Said  to  have  been 
found  at  Lebanon,  Pa. 

Sp.  53.     PSILOMELANE,  Holding  pr ;  compact  manganese,  Black  hema- 
tite, Schwarzmanganerz,  Hartmanganerz. 

[H.— 5*0  . .  .  6'0.   G.=3*7  . . .  4*3.     Botryoidal,  compact,  black.] 
Massive  ;  fracture  even,  to  sub-conchoid al,  with  occasional  traces  of  a 
fibrous  structure,  as  in  calcedony.     Lustre  imperfectly  metallic.     Color 
bluish  black,  greyish  black  to  dark  steel-grey.     Streak,  brownish  black, 
shining.     Opaque.     Brittle. 

B.  B.  yields  water,  gives  a  violet  tint  to  borax,  and  affords  chlorine  with 
hydrochloric  acid.  Composition  rather  various,  some  varieties  being 
nearly  anhydrous,  while  others  have  6  p.  c.  of  water,  some  being  desti- 
tute of  baryta,  while  others  include  16  p.  c.  of  that  earth. 

Analysis  a  from  Ilrnenau,  by  Clausbruch,  b  from  Gy,  by  Ebelmen,  and 
c  from  near  Heidelberg,  by  Rammelsberg. 

a                         b  c 
Protox.  manganese, 

Oxyaen,          -             -  77*23                  70*60  70*17 

Potash,      -  1582                  14*18  15*16 

Lime,              -  529                    4*05  262 

Magnesia,               -  105  0*21 

Baryta,            -             -  0*12                    6*55  8*08 

Ox.  copper,  0*40  0*30 

Protoxide  iron,  0'77 

Ox.  cobalt,                     •  0*54 

Silica,                      -  0*52                    060  0*00 

Water,                        ^^  1*67  1*43 

Occurs  in  beds  with  limonite,  pyrolusite  and  manganite,  and  in  veins 
with  chalybite  ;  likewise  in  new  red  sandstone.  It  is  a  common  ore  of 
manganese,  abounding  in  Devonshire,  Cornwall,  the  northern  islands  of 
Scotland,  in  the  Hartz,  in  Thuririgia  and  Saxony,  Silesia  and  Bohemia. 
It  is  abundant  throughout  the  gold  region  of  the  southern  United  States, 
and  exists  very  commonly  with  pyrolusite  at  Bennington,  and  farther  to 
the  north  in  Vermont,  in  that  part  of  the  Green  Mountain  range  which 
contains  pyrolusite,  as  at  Chittenden  and  Brandon. 

The  name  is  derived  from  y^og,  smooth,  and  petes,  black, 


Sp.  54.    BRACNITE,  Haldlngtr ;    Marceline,  Hartbraunstein,  Hausmann* 

[H.=6'0  . . .  6*5.    G.=4*ftl.     Xls.  very  acute  8-dra,  and  granu- 
lar ;   tough.     Color  dark  brownish  black.] 
Primary  form,  right  square  prism. 
Secondary  forms. 


284 


Fig.  564. 


BRAUNITE.  —  POLIAN1TE. 


Fig  565 


[Class  IL 


Fig.  566. 


Cleavage  distinct  parallel  with  P  with  angles.  Fracture  uneven.  Sur- 
face o,  less  lustre  than  P,  and  faintly  streaked  parallel  to  the  edges  of  com- 
bination with  P.  Faces  P  often  a  little  rounded  ;  faces  s  uneven,  rough 
and  horizontally  streaked  ;  faces  x  smooth  and  even.  Lustre  imper- 
fectly metallic.  Streak  like  color.  Individuals  strongly  coherent  in  the 
granular  variety. 

B.  B.  alone,  infusible.  With  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid  evolves 
chlorine,  and  the  variety  from  St.  Marcel,  gelatinizes. 

Composition,  manganese  69'68  oxygen,  38"32.  It  consists  of  one 
atom  protoxide  and  one  of  hinoxide  of  manganese,  with  traces  of  lime, 
magnesia,  baryta,  peroxide  of  iron  and  silica.  The  marceline,  according 
to  Dainour,  has 


Binoxide  of  manganese, 

Protoxide 

Lime, 

Peroxide  iron, 

Silica, 

Gangue, 


67-37 
1917 
122 
145 
771 
272 


Found  in  small  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  and  in  granular  masses 
in  porphyry,  with  other  ores  of  manganese  and  baryte  at  Oehrenstock, 
Eglershurg  and  Friedrichrode  in  Thuringia,  at  Schmalkalde  and  Leim- 
bach  in  Mannsfdd,  and  Streitberg,  near  JNeuenkirchen  in  Westphalia,  and 
at  Mt.  Marcel  in  Piedmont. 


Sp.  55.     POLIANITE,  Breithaupt. 

[H.=r6-5  ...  7.     G.=4'83  .  . .  4'88.      Xls.  like  pyrolusite.     Color 

light  steel-grey.] 

Primary  and  secondary  forms  same  as  pyrolusite.    According  to  Hai- 
dinger,  it  is  pseudomorphous  braunite,  in  the  form  of  that  species. 

Chemical  characters,  the  same  as  those  of  pyrolusite.     Analysis,  from 
Maria  Theresa  mine,  near  Platten,  by  Planner, 


Red  oxide  manganese, 

Oxygen, 

Red  oxide  of  iron  and  alumina, 

Water,     ... 

Silica, 


87-27 

1211 

017 

032 

0-13 


Ord.  X.  Ore.]       APPENDIX   TO   ORDER   ORE. 


286 


Besides  the  locality  in  Bohemia,  above  cited,  it  occurs  in  the  Adam 
Heher  mine  at  Schneeberg,  Tannenbaum  Stolln,  near  Johanngeorgen- 
stadt,  Spitzleute,  near  Schneeberg,  Hirsch,  near  Geyer  in  Saxony,  the 
Eiserne  Hartz  in  Siegen. 


APPENDIX    TO     ORDER    ORE. 

Azorite,  Teschemacher.  Pale,  yellowish  green  octahedral  xls.  (1^  lines  in  diam- 
eter) with  the  vertical  axis  somewhat  shorter  than  in  the  regular  octahedron  :  angle 
of  pyramid  (by  reflective  goneometer)  =123°  15'.  Basal  edges  of  truncated  and 
prismatic  planes  inclining  to  the  pyramidal  under  133°  40',  (which  is  near  to  zircon). 
Cleavage  none.  H.=4'0  . ..  4'5.  Translucent  to  opaque.  Lustre  vitreous. 

B.  B.  infusible.  Smaller  xls.  become  opaque  white  ;  the  larger  ones  reddish,  if 
heated  in  the  outer  flame,  but  light  yellow  if  in  the  interior  flame.  With  borax,  on 
platinum  wire,  dissolved  with  extreme  slowness  to  a  transparent  globule,  sometimes 
faintly  greenish  ;  with  more  borax,  opaque  on  flaming.  With  salt  of  phosphorus 
dissolves  slowly,  producing  a  faint  green  color.  According  to  A.  A.  Hayes,  it  is  a 
columbate  of  lime ;  and  in  composition  therefore,  approaches  microlite.  From  the 
Azores ;  in  an  albite  rock,  along  with  black  tourmaline  and  pyrolusite. 

Bodenite,  Kerndt.  In  long  prismatic  xls.  apparently  rhombic  (of  110°  to  112°). 
H.=6'0  . . .  6'5.  Brown,  reddish  brown  to  black.  Lustre  somewhat  greasy.  B.  B. 
glows  like  gadolinite.  In  platinum  forceps,  fuses  only  on  the  edges,  after  long  heat- 
ing, and  gives  to  the  flame,  the  yellow  color  of  soda  in  the  outer  flame.  Analysis 
by  Kerndt. 

Silica,        -  -     26-12 

Alumina,        -  10-34. 

Protox.  iron,  -     12-05 

Yttria,  17-43 

Oxide  cerium,        -  -    10-46 

Oxide  lanthanum,        -  7*57 

Lime,        -  6-32 

Magnesia,        -  2*34 

Protox.  Mang.,      -  -       162 

Potash,  1-21 

Soda,        -  -       0-84 

Water,  382 

100.00 

Occurs  with  oligoclase,  at  Boden,  near  Marienberg,  in  the  Saxon  Erzeberge. 
Eumanite,  (S.).     In  very  small,  thin  blackish  brown  xls.,  (with  color  and  lustre  of 
cassiterite).     Translucent.     Color  by  transmitted  light,  deep  garnet-red.    Primary 
form,  right  rhombic  prism  of  123°  (or  a  right  rectangular  prism). 
Secondary  form.    The  crystal  figured,  weighed  less  than  one  grain. 
Surface  of  M  rather  imperfect  and  possessed  of  a  high  lustre.    The  other  faces 
very  brilliant. 

M  on  M          =  123°  Fig.  567. 

a  118°      to  118°  30' 

c  136° 

c          c  151  30 


159  30 
127  30 

127  40 
144  20 

128  20 
156  30 


H.  =  above  6.  Only  two  or  three  specimens  were 
found ;  attached  to  albite  at  the  tourmaline  locality  in 
Chesterfield,  Mass.  It  appears  to  approach  mengite 
more  nearly  than  any  other  known  species.  Named 
from  £o  and  jiav<}$  rare,  from  its  supposed  scarcity. 


286  APPENDIX    TO    ORDER    ORE,  [Class  II, 

KaUpMte,  Ivanoff.  Supposed  to  he  a  mixture  of  limonite,  pyrolusite  and  cala- 
mine  with  lime.  From  Hungary. 

Keilhauite,  Erdmann  ;  Yttrotitanite,  Scheerer.  In  xla.  whose  form  and  angles  are 
almost  identical  with  those  of  ephene  (fig.  488)  and  in  twins.  Also  massive  and 
highly  crystalline,  with  perfect  cleavages  in  two  directions,  leading  to  a  prism  of 
about  122°  30' ;  and  traces  of  a  third,  oblique  to  the  other  two.  Lustre  on  the  most 
perfect  cleavage,  vitreous.  Fracture  uneven  to  small  conchoidal,  and  exhibiting  a  re- 
sinous lustre.  Color  brownish  black ;  by  transmitted  light,  brownish-red.  Streak 
light  greyish  brown.  H.  =6-5.  G.  =3-69. 

B.  B.  melts  easily  with  ebullition,  into  a  bright  black  slag.  Soluble  in  borax,  to 
which  it  imparts  the  color  of  iron.  In  the  inner  flame,  the  bead  becomes  blood-red. 
With  soda,  shows  the  presence  of  manganese.  In  fine  powder,  it  is  wholly  decom- 
posed by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analyses  by  Erdmann  :— 

Silica, 30-00  24-45 

Tiramcacid,     -            -           .           .  2901  2814 

Alumina,    -             ....  6-09  590 

Peroxide  iron.    ....  6  35  6  48 

Oxide  mntiaanese,               -  0  67  0  86 

Oxide  cerium,               -                        -  0  32  0  63 

Yttria, 962  974 

Lime      .                       ...  18-92  18-68 

Occurs  at  Buon,  not  far  from  Arendal,  Norway, 

Malacone,  Scheerer.  Supposed  to  be  altered  zircon  xls.  The  faces  of  the  pyra- 
mid incline  under  angles  of  from  124°  40'  to  124°  67'.  H.  =66.  Gr.  =3  9 ...  4  04. 
Brown,  lustre  vitreous  to  sub-resinous.  Powder  red-brown,  to  uncolored.  B.  B.  like 
zircon,  except  it  affords  moisture.  Analyses  :  a  from  Hitteroe,  by  Scheerer  6  from 
Chanteloube,  Haute  Vienne  by  Damour ;  c  from  Umen  Mts.  by  Hermann. 

a  b  e 

Silica,           -  -           -         31-31  30-87  31-87 

Zirconia,  -           -                 6340  61-17  59-82 

Peroxide  iron,  041  367Protox.  3'11 

Yttria,     -  •                             0'34  

Lime,            -  -            -           0-39  0-08  

Magnesia,  -            -                   0-11                  Mn    1-20 

Water,         -  -                        3-03  309  4- 

Mosandrite,  Erdmann.  In  large  flattened  prisms,  often  much  elongated ;  their 
edges  sometimes  replaced,  but  the  xls.  rather  indistinct  from  partial  decomposition. 
Cleavage  in  one  direction  distinct ;  traces  in  several  others.  In  thin  fragments,  trans- 
lucent. Lustre  resinous,  on  the  plane  of  distinct  cleavage,  inclining  to  vitreous. 
Color  dark  red-brown;  by  transmitted  light,  bright  red.  Streak,  greyish-brown. 
H.=4.  Gr.=293. 

B.  B.  melts  easily  with  ebullition  into  a  brownish  green,  dull  bead.  Easily  solu- 
ble in  borax,  forming  a  violet  bead,  which  becomes  yellow,  or  nearly  colorless,  in  the 
inner  flame.  With  soda,  yields  the  reaction  of  manganese.  It  is  completely  decom- 
posed by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analysis  by  Berlin : — 

Silica,           -           -           -           t-J  -           -           -    29-93 

Titanic  acid,       -           -           -A  990 

Oxides  of  cerium,  lanthanum  )  or-=,fi 

and  clidymium,  $ 

Peroxide  iron,     -  -                        1-83 

Lime,                        .  v                   .  1907 

Magnesia,           -           -                        -  -                         0-75 

Soda,            ....  .                   287 

Potash, 052 

Water,         -  -                  8-90 

10033 

Occurs  in  syenite  on  the  island  of  Lamansskaret,  near  Brevig,  Norway. 
Muromontite,   Kerndt.     In  pea-sized  grains,  without   apparent  crystallization. 
H.  =7.    Gr.  =4*26.     Color  black,  or  slightly  greenish  by  reflection.      Lustre  vitre- 


Ord.  X.  Ore.]      APPENDIX    TO    ORDER    ORE. 


287 


ous  or  slightly  resinous.  Semi-translucent.  Streak  grey.  B.  B.  it  glows,  and  ia 
slightly  fusible  on  the  edges.  It  is  decomposed  by  acids,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica. 
Analysis  by  Kerndt: 


Silica,        •  • 

Alumina,        .-  . 

Glurina.  . 

Yttria, 

Protox.  iron,       - 

Protox.  mang., 

Protox.  cerium, 

CKide  lanthanum,     - 

Magnesia, 

Lime, 

Soda,         .. 

Potash,  .. 

Water,      . 


31-09 

2-sJ4 

5-.V2 

37-14 

11-23 

5  54 
3-54 
0-42 
071 
0-65 
0-17 
0-85 


Found  with  bodenite  in  oligoclase  at  Boden,  near  Marienberg  in  Saxony. 

Ocrytedite,  Forchammer.  Like  calyptolite  and  malacone,  supposed  to  be  altered 
zircon.  It  is  found  at  Arendal,  Norway.  Form  of  xls.,  same  as  zircon.  Translu- 
cent. Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Color  yellowish  brown.  H.  =  5  5. 
G.  =23-62.  In  the  matrass,  yields  water.  Infusible.  With  borax,  melts  with  diffi- 
culty to  a  colorless  glass.  Analysis  by  Forchammer  : 


Silica. 

Zireonia  and  titanic  acid, 

Magnesia, 

Lime, 

Protox.  iron, 

Water, 


1971 
68-96 
205 
261 
1-14 
5-53 


Tachyaphaltite  is  supposed  by  Dana  to  be  an  altered  zircon. 

'    Parathorite,  (£).     In  minute  pitchy  black  xls.,  having  the  form  of  a  right  square 
prism,  with  lateral  edges  truncated,  and  a  flat  four-sided  summit. 

-     135°  Fig.  568. 


M  on  c 
M 

a 
a 


on  a 
on  a 
on  e 


130 

98 

160 


All  the  faces  with  the  exception  of  e,  bright  and 
shining.  Cleavage  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven  to 
conchoidal.  Lustre  resinous.  Opaque.  H.=  5'0 
. . .  6-0.  Heated  B.  B  in  an  open  tube,  it  decrepit- 
ates slightly,  emits  abundance  of  moisture,  posses- 
sing an  acid  reaction.  Heated  in  a  platinum  for- 
ceps, it  turns  brownish  red,  does  not  suffer  fusion, 
but  presents  at  the  point  where  most  heated,  a 
semi-fused  aspect.  With  borax,  it  easily  fuses  to 
a  glass  colored  by  iron.  Occurs  at  Danbury,  Conn., 
in  oligoclase,  along  with  danburite.  Named  in  allu- 
sion to  its  supposed  resemblance  to  thorite. 

Paracolumbite,  (8.).  Massive ;  diffused  in  grains,  and  short,  irregular  seams.  Color, 
iron-black,  sometimes  with  a  faint  tinge  of  purple.  Lustre  imperfectly  metallic. 
Fracture  sub-conchoidal,  opaque,  streak  black.  Hardness  about  50. 

In  an  open  tube,  decrepitates  slightly,  and  evolves  a  little  moisture,  which  pos- 
sesses a  feebly  acid  reaction ;  but  the  heated  mineral  does  not  change  color.  Heated 
in  platinum  forceps,  or  on  charcoal,  it  fuses  readily  into  a  black  glass,  which  is  not 
magnetic.  With  borax,  it  dissolves  rapidly,  and  yields  a  glass,  which  is  yellowish- 
brown  while  hot,  but  becomes  paler  on  cooling.  When  decomposed  by  sulphuric 
acid  in  a  glass  tube,  the  glass  is  corroded  by  hydrofluoric  acid.  The  mineral  is  ea- 
sily attacked  by  sulphuric  acid ;  and  a  heavy  white  precipitate  (unmixed  with  silica) 
is  easily  obtained.  A  portion  of  its  filtered  solution  was  not  rendered  milky  by 
boiling ;  nor  did  the  white  precipitate  evince  a  tendency  to  traverse  the  filter  on  the 
affusion  of  hot  water.  A  portion  of  the  filtered  solution  was  decomposed  by  am- 


288  APPENDIX     TO     ORDER      ORE. 

monta,  and  the  precipitate  of  mixed  oxides  of  iron  and  uranium  was  treated  with 
carbonate  of  ammonia,  which  dissolved  the  latter,  and  showed  its  proportion  to  be 
small,  when  compared  with  the  former.  From  these  experiments  the  mineral  seems 
to  be  composed  of  the  oxides  of  iron  and  uranium,  in  combination  with  a  metallic 
acid,  which  is  not  the  titanic. 

Occurs  about  one  mile,  in  a  south-westerly  direction  from  the  village  of  Taunton 
in  Massachusetts ;  disseminated  in  exceedingly  minute  quantities  through  a  very 
large  boulder  of  granite,  lying  in  a  field  contiguous  to  the  highway.  The  granite  is 
almost  wholly  made  up  of  a  peculiar  greenish-white  feldspar. 

Is  named  from  its  resemblance  to  columbite. 

Pyrrhite,  G.  Rose.  In  octahedral  xls.  not  exceeding  three  lines  in  diameter. 
Cleavage  not  observable.  Color,  orange-yellow.  Lustre  vitreous.  Sub-translucent. 

B.  B.  infusible.  Small  splinters  blacken,  and  color  the  flame  deep  yellow.  In 
powder,  it  dissolves  easily  in  borax  or  salt  of  phosphorus ;  adding  largely  of  the 
fluxes,  it  forms  a  clear  glass,  which,  with  still  more  of  the  flux,  becomes  yellowish 
green,  but  with  less,  the  glass  remains  colorless. 

Occurs  in  drusy  cavities  of  feldspar,  containing  also  tables  of  lithia  mica,  crystals 
of  albite  and  white  topaz  at  Alabaschka,  near  Mursinsk.  The  name  is  from  n-ujfor, 
yellow. 

A  similar  mineral,  found  with  albite  at  the  Azores,  and  described  by  Teschema- 
cher,  was  discovered  by  Hayes  to  consist  of  .columbate  of  zirconia,  colored  appa- 
rently by  oxides  of  iron,  uranium  and  manganese.  ? 

Calyptolite,  (&).  Very  minute  dark  brown  xls.,  having  the  form  of  zircon,  (fig. 
450);  but  with  a  rather  dull,  adamantine  lustre.  H.  =fi-5,  and  Gr.  =4  3.  Heated 
in  an  open  tube,  they  turn  pale  yellow,  yield  moisture,  exhibit  an  acid  reaction,  and 
with  sulphuric  acid,  slightly  corrode  the  surface  of  the  tube.  B.  B.  it  turns  nearly 
white,  but  does  not  fuse.  With  borax,  dissolves  slowly  into  a  glass  which  is  yellow 
while  hot,  but  colorless  on  cooling.  It  occurs  diffused  through  an  aggregate  of 
beryl,  chrysoberyl,  grey  feldspar,  quartz,  automolite  and  garnet,  at  Haddam,  Conn. ; 
and  probably  is  an  altered  zircon,  somewhat  like  malacone  and  oerstedite. 

Tenorite,  Semmola.  In  small  hexagonal  ?  tables  ^  to  -fa  inches  in  diameter, 
and  scales.  Lustre,  metallic.  Color,  dark  steel-grey.  Streak,  black  Thin  folia 
translucent  and  brown.  Composition,  copper  79  85,  oxygen  19'85.  Found  on  lava, 
associated  with  salt,  at  Vesuvius.  It  may  belong  to  the  species  melaeonite;  in  which 
case,  that  species  should  be  removed  from  ochre  to  the  present  order. 

Xantho&iderite,  Schmid.  In  fine  radiating  fibres,  or  in  concentric  coats,  with  a 
silky  lustre  and  a  golden-brown  color.  H.=2'5.  Analysis  by  Schmid. 

Yellow  variety.  Brown. 

Perox.  iron,           ....              74-96  75-00 

Alumina,         -                                                            132  1-51 

Oxide  mang.,        ....                  1 82  1-33 

Silica,              ....                        1-51  502 

Water,      -                                              -                15-67  14-10 

96^28  96-96 

With  traces  of  carbonate  lime  and  manganese,  alkalies,  antimony  and  lead  or  bis- 
muth. 

Occurs  with  ores  of  manganese  at  Ilmenau, 


Order  XT.  Metal] 


MERCURY.  — LE  AD 


289 


ORDER  XI.     METAL. 


Sp.  1.     MERCURY. 

[H.— 0.  G.=13'5.  Amorphous.  Liquid.  Lustre  metallic.  Color, 
tin-white.] 

B.  B.  entirely  volatile,  wholly  taking  the  form  of  vapor  at  662°  :  be- 
comes solid  at  -39°,  and  crystallizes  in  8-dron«.  Dissolves  readily  in 
nitric  acid.  It  is  sometimes  alloyed  with  a  trace  of  silver. 

Occurs  with  cinnabar  in  small  drops,  at  the  well  known  localities  of 
Idria  in  Carniola,  and  Alrnaden  in  Spain:  more  rarely  also  at  Woltstein 
and  Morsfeld  in  the  Palatinate,  and  at  some  places  in  Carinthia,  Hungary, 
and  at  Peyrat  le  Chateau,  department  of  Haute  Vienne.  It  has  likewise 
been  observed  in  California. 

Sp.  2.     LEAD. 

[H.=1'5.    G.=11'45.     In  thin  plates  and  globules.] 
Primary  form,  cube.     Massive.     Fracture  hackly.      Color   lead-grey. 
Lustre  metallic.     Odor  disagreeable  by  friction. 

B.  B.  melts  easily,  and  is  gradually  dissipated  in  fumes,  leaving  a  yel- 
low powder  upon  the  charcoal.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  in  which  sulphuric 
acid  occasions  a  white  precipitate. 

Found  in  thin  sheets  with  minium,  near  a  basaltic  dyke  in  Ireland,  in 
lava  at  Madeira,  in  the  mines  of  Carthagena,  Spain,  at  Zomelahuacan  in 
Vera  Cruz,  in  the  Altai,  in  carboniferous  limestone  near  Bristol,  Eng- 
land, and  at  Anglaise  river  in  Michigan  in  galena,  through  the  joints  of 
which,  it  is  diffused  in  thin  leaves. 

Sp.  3.      SYLVANITE,   Haidinger ;   Graphic   Tellurium,  Graphic  Gold, 
Schrifterz,  Schrift-tellur,  Aurotellurite,  Mullerite,  Weisstellur. 

[H.=r5.     G.=5'72 . . .  8'2.    Mostly  in  twin-xls,  the  slender  prisms 
intersecting  at  60°   and   120°.      Lustre  metallic ;   color 
steel-grey.] 

Primary  form.     Right  rhombic  prism. 
Secondary  form. 

141°  30' 

129    12 

151 

136 

132 

126 


pure 


M  on  M  =  107°  44'. 


Pon  a  I 
Pon  o2 
Pon  dor  el' 
P  on  c2orc2' 
P  on  c3  or  c3' 
Mon  h 
/on  h 


PHILLIPS. 


90 


Fie  569. 


J!L 


Cleavage  parallel  with  M  highly  perfect ;  with  P  perfect,  though  not  so 
easily  obtained.  Fracture  uneven.  Secondary  surfaces  of  the  prism  ver- 
tically streaked  ;  M  fused-like  ;  the  remaining  faces  smooth. 

37 


290  SYLVANITE. NAGYAGITE.  [Class  II. 

Very  sectile.     Hardiiess=1'5  .  . .  2'0.    Sp.  gr.— 5723. 

Compound  varieties.  Regular  composition  of  acicular  crystals,  nearly 
at  angles  of  00°  and  120°,  in  one  plane:  frequently  repeated,  and  im- 
jnrimg  to  the  whole  the  appearance  of  certain  characters  for  writing. 
Massive;  cotn|>osition  imperfectly  columnar  or  granular,  small,  but  not 
impalpable. 

The  present  species  presents  many  varieties  of  crystalline  forms,  which 
being  generally  very  much  engaged  among  themselves,  and  moreover 
modified  by  regular  composition,  have  not  yet  been  satisfactorily  developed. 

B.  B.  it  melts  easily  into  a  dark  grey,  metallic  globule,  and  covers 
the  charco  >l  with  a  white  oxide,  which  changes  into  a  green,  or  bluish 
green,  when  the  reduction  flame  is  directed  upon  it.  After  having  con- 
tinued the  blast  for  some  time,  a  ductile  metallic  metal,  of  a  light  yellow- 
color,  remains. 

Composition.  Analyses,  a  by  Klaproth  from  Offenbanya,  6  by  Petz, 
in  xls.,  color,  white,  G.— 8'2,  c  do.  yellow  color,  G.=  8"3. 

a  b                       c 

Tellurium,    -          -            -    601)0  5539  51  52 

Gold,    -            -            -          30-00  24-89  27  10 

Silver,                      -            -    lO'OO  14'68                 7'47 

Antimony,          -             -  2"50                  5"75 

Lead,           -             -             -  2'54                  8  16 

It  yet  remains  to  be  explained  how  an  amalgam  of  the  above  composi- 
tion should  possess  a  sp.  gr.  of  only  5*723,  when  the  artificial  preparation 
would  mount  as  high  as  10. 

Graphic  gold  occurs  at  Offenbanya  in  Transylvania,  in  very  narrow, 
but  quite  regular  veins,  which  traverse  porphyry,  several  of  them  at  a 
short  distance  from  each  other,  and  parallel.  It  is  accompanied  by 
gold  and  quartz;  and  is  occasionally  found  with  nagyagite.  at  Nagyag  in 
Transylvania.  It  has  been  detected,  according  to  Genth,  at  Gold  Hill, 
Rowan  Co.,  N.  Car. 

It  is  a  valuable  ore,  on  account  of  its  richness  in  gold  and  silver. 

Sp.  4.    NAGYAGITE,  Haidingcr ;  Elasmose,  Beudnnt;  Black  Tellurium, 
Foliated  Tellurium,  Tellurium  Glance,  Blattererz. 

[H.=  1'0...  I'S.     G.=7'08.     In  highly  flexible,  thin,  black   lam- 
inae, also  granularly  massive.] 
Primary  form,  right  square  prism. 
Secondary  form. 

zonz    -         -        -        -        90°  00'  Fig.  570. 

son  x1  -  -  -  -  135  00 
Pona  -  -  -  -  118  37 
Pone  -  -  .  -  111  4 

Cleavage  parallel  with  P,  perfect.    Fracture  not 
observable.      Surface  P  smooth. 

Lustre  metallic.     Color,  blackish  lead-grey.     Streak  unchanged. 

Compound  varieties.  Massive  :  composition  granular,  of  various  sizes 
of  individuals,  sometimes  longish. 

B.  B.  upon  charcoal,  it  melts  easily,  emits  white  fumes,  which  are  de- 
posited upon  the  charcoal,  and  give  a  metallic  globule.  With  borax,  it 


Ord,  XI.  Metal,]    TETRADYMITE.  —  BISMUTH.  291 

gives  a  bead  of  gold,  containing  a  little  silver.     It  is  easily  soluble  in 
nitric  acid. 

Analysis  by  Klaproth  : 

Tellurium,  -            -  32'20 

Lead,          -                                       -         /-  54'00 

Gold,     -                                                "> ';  9-00 

Silver,                                   -                       "  *  0'50 

Copper,                          -             -          "•  :  1-30 

Sulphur,                                                      ,'.  300 

It  has  been  found  only  in  veins  with  gold,  galena,  blende  and  diallogite. 

Its  chief  locality  is  Nagyag  in  Transylvania,  from  whence  it  obtained 
its  old  name  of  Nagiakw-Erz.  It  is  found  also  with  sylvanite,  at  Oifen- 
banya  in  the  same  country. 

•'•"  ,'    .    ;   '•'  :  v.    <       •   '  •    .       -   A  ;   •»      ^,         .7    t*fo 

Sp.  5.  TETRAUYMITE,  Telluric  Bismuth,  Tellurwismut,  Bornite. 

[H  =1-5  ...  2'0.    G.— 7'2  . . .  8*4.     In  small  twin-xls.  consisting  of 
four  individuals  in  a  group,  in   thin   leaves  and   in  granular 
masses.     Lead-grey  to  reddish  steel-grey.     Lustre  metallic.] 
Primary  form,  rhomboid  of  66°  40',  to  68°  10'.    Xls.  often  tabular,  with 
perfect  basnl  cleavage.     Not  very  sectile.     Laminae  elastic.    Soils  paper. 
Streak  unaltered. 

In  the  open  tube  melts,  emits  white  fumes  and  deposits  a  fusible  subli- 
mate of  tellurous  acid,  and  ri^ar  to  the  assay,  a  red  sublimate  of  seleni- 
um, recognisable  by  the  smell.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  melts  easily  into  a 
bright  metallic  globule,  with  smell  of  sulphur  and  selenium,  arid  impart- 
ing a  blue  color  to  the  flame.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  with  the  exception 
of  the  sulphur. 

Analyses;  a  from  Schubkau  by  Berzelius,  b  from  Fluvanna  Co.  Va., 
by  Fisher,  c  from  Whitehall,  Va.,  by  Jackson,  d  from  Davidson  Co.,  N. 
Car.,  by  Genth,  e  from  Brazil,  by  Damour,/from  Deutsch-Pilsen,  Hun- 
gary, by  Wehrle. 

a  b  c  d  e  f 

Tellurium,     36'05      3577      35-05      3384      1592  2974 

Bismuth,        58-30      51 '65      58'80      6135       7915  6I'15 

Sulphur,          432(Fel25)        3'65        527        315  233 

Selenium,  6'8l  1 '48  (silica)  2'07 

The  sulphur,  selenium  and  traces  of  silver,  are  supposed  to  be  acci- 
dental; while  the  isomorphism  of  bismuth  and  tellurium  make  it  proba- 
ble that  they  are  capable  of  crystallization  together,  in  many  proportions. 
Occurs  at  several  gold  mines  in  North  Carolina  and  Virginia,  at  Tel- 
lemark  in  Norway,  and  Bastnaes  in  Sweden,  Cumberland  England, 
and  numerous  other  localities. 

Sp.  6.     BISMUTH. 

[H.=2'0   . . .  2f5.      G.— 972.      Massive,  foliated,    dendritic   and 

granular.     Color,  silver-white,  feebly  reddish.] 
Primary  form,  rhomboid,  87°  40'. 

Cleavage  basal,  perfect.  Lustre  metallic.  Streak  like  color.  Subject 
to  tarnish.  Opaque.  Fracture  not  observable.  Sectjle, 


292  SCHAPBACHITE. PETZITE.  [ClaSS  II. 

When  heated,  it  quickly  begins  to  lose  its  brittleness,  and  to  become 
slightly  malleable.  Melts  at  264°,  frequently  with  the  smell  of  arsenic. 
Crystallizes  readily  from  fusion,  in  forms,  scarcely  distinguishable  from 
cubes,  though  they  are  rhomboids,  often  with  slight  truncations  of  their 
angles.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  deposits  a  sublimate  of  oxide,  which  is  yel- 
low while  hot.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  the  solution  letting  fall  a  white  pre- 
cipitate on  dilution  with  water. 

Occurs  in  veins  in  gneiss  and  clay-slate,  accompanied  by  various  ores 
of  silver,  cobalt,  tin.  Its  chief  localities  are  several  of  the  Saxon  and  Bo- 
hemian silver  and  cobalt  mines  at  Armaberg,  Marienberg,  Johanngeorgen- 
stadt,  Joachimstahl,  &,c.,  Modum  in  Norway,  Fahlun,  Sweden,  the  Pyre- 
nees, Witiiohen  in  Baden,  Cornwall,  Harz,  Monroe  Conn.,  Brewer's 
mine  in  Chesterfield,  S.  Car. 

Sp.  7.      SCHAPBACHITE,  Kerwgott ;    Bismuthic   Silver,   Silberwismuth- 
glanz,  Wismuthsilbererz, 

[Soft.     Acicular  xls.  and  massive,  amorphous.     Tin-white  to  grey.] 
Lustre  metallic.     Subject  to  tarnish.     Fracture  uneven  ;  sectile. 
B.  B.  fuses  readily  to  a  silver-button,  covering  the  charcoal  with  the  ox- 
ides of  Jead  and  bismuth,  and  giving  fumes  of  sulphur.     Analyses,  a  by 
Doweyko,  b  by  Klaproth. 

a  b 

Silver,      -  -     60-1  15- 

Bismuth,        -  -  -  10-1  27' 

Copper,    -  -       7-8  09 

Arsenic,  -  -  2-8  (sulphur  16-3 

Gangue,  -  -  -     19*2 

Lead,  -  -  3-3 

Iron,     }.^   ,'         -  •  4-3 

Occurs  at  Schapbach,  Baden,  Mansfeld,  Thuringia,  and  near  Copiapo, 
Chili. 

Sp.  8.     PETZITE,  Haidinffcr ;  Hessite,  Frobel;  Tellurgoldsilber,  Haus- 
mann;  Tilluric  Silver,  Tellursilber. 

[H.r=2  0  . . .  3'5.     G.=8'3  . . .  8'9.     Massive,  granular.    Lustre  me- 

tHllic.     Color,  lead  to  steel-grey.] 
Slightly  malleable.     Opaque. 

B   B.  on  charcoal,  fuses  to  a  black  globule  which  on  cooling,  after  the 
action  of  the  reducing  flame,  presents  points  of  silver  on  its  surface. 
Uhen  heated  in  a  glass  tube,  it  melts  and  gives  a  yellow  color  with  glass; 
with  soda,  a  globule  of  pure  silver  is  obtained. 
Composition,  tellurium  37  2,  silver  62'8. 
The  variety  from  Nagyag,  G.=8'7  . . .  8'83,  yielded  to  Petz, 

Tellurium,  -  -  34  98 

Silver,  -  -  -  46-76 

Gold,  -        18'16 

with  traces  of  iron,  lead  and  sulphur. 

Occurs  in  the  mine  of  Savodinski  in  Siberia,  in  a  talcose  rock  with 
pyrites,  chalcopyrite  and  blende.  Specimens  in  the  Museum  of  Barnaul 
on  the  Ob,  measure  a  cubic  foot  in  dimensions. 


Ord.  XL  Metal.] 


COPPER. 


293 


Sp.  9.    COPPER. 

[H.— 25  .  .  .  3'0    G.=89.     In  xls.  cubo-8-dral  and  massive  com- 
pact and  dendritic,  hackly.     Copper-red.] 
Primnry  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 


Fig.  571. 


Fig.  572. 


Fig.  573. 


Cornwall. 


Nelsoe. 


Nelsoe. 


Cleavage,  none.  Fracture  hackly.  Surface  generally  not  very  smooth, 
but  nearly  of  the  same  quality  in  all  the  forms,  excepting  the  dodecahe- 
dron, which  is  sometimes  streaked  parallel  to  its  edges  of  combination 
with  the  cube.  It  is  subject  to  tarnish.  Lustre  metallic.  Color,  copper- 
red.  Streak  unchanged,  shining.  Ductile. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals  very  frequent,  composed  parallel 
to  a  face  of  the  octahedron.  If  the  form  of  the  individuals  is  the  icosite- 
trahedron,  and  the  compound  crystal  flattened  in  the  direction  of  the  axis 
of  revolution,  isosceles  six-sided  pyramids  are  formed,  which  at  first  sight 
appear  incapable  of  derivation  from  the  cube.  Small  crystals  aggregated 
in  rows;  arborescent  and  filiform  shapes.  Massive:  composition  not 
recognizable.  Plates  often  consisting  of  distinct  crystals.  Superficial 

B.  B.  it  melts  pretty  easily,  but  on  cooling  is  covered  with  an  oxidized 
coat.  It  is  easily  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  and  yields  under  the  influence  of 
light  and  air,  a  blue  solution  in  ammonia.  It  crystallizes  from  fusion. 
Dentiform  and  capillary  crystals  are  often  produced  in  the  vesicular  cav- 
ities of  copper  slags. 

Composition,  copper,  with  traces  of  silver,  which  sometimes  amounts 
to  7  or  8  p.  c.,  particularly  at  the  Lake  Superior  mines  and  in  Chili. 

It  is  found  in  beds  and  veins,  and  is  associated  with  various  other  ores 
of  copper,  and  sometimes  with  ores  of  iron  ;  also  loose  in  the  soil,  and  in 
water-worn  fragments. 


294 


SILVER 


[Class  II. 


Copper  has  been  more  frequently  met  with,  than  any  of  the  other 
metals  in  their  pure  state.  It  occurs  in  beds  at  Herrengrund,  Schmol- 
nitz  and  Gollrietz  also  at  Moldawa,  Saska  and  Orawitza,  in  the  Bnnnat 
of  Temeswar ;  probably  in  the  same  manner  in  Siberia,  from  whence  the 
largest  and  most  distinct  crystals  of  the  general  shape  of  the  cube  have 
been  brought,  engaged  in  granular  limestone.  It  occurs  likewise  in  beds, 
in  bituminous  marl-slate,  at  Kamsdorf  in  Thuringia,  and  in  the  county  of 
Mansfield,  and  in  Chessy  near  Lyons.  In  veins,  it  is  met  with  in  consid- 
erable quantities,  in  many  of  the  mines  near  Redruth  in  Cornwall. 
Copper,  crystallized  in  beautiful  icositetrahedrons,  occurs  in  amygda- 
loid, accompanied  by  chabasite  in  Nelsoe,  one  of  the  Faroe  Islands. 
Copper  has  often  been  found  in  detached  masses,  throughout  North 
America,  particularly  in  Illinois,  Michigan  and  the  North  Western  Ter- 
ritory. About  thirty  miles  south  of  Lake  Superior,  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  river  Ontonawgaw,  near  Keweenaw  Point,  it  exists  in  a  trap  and  sand- 
stone formation,  where  are  found  imbedded  masses  of  great  size, 
amounting  to  hundreds  of  tons,  giving  rise  to  the  most  profitable  mines 
of  copper  in  the  United  States.  It  has  particularly  abounded  through- 
out the  greenstone  trap  and  red  sandstone  formation  of  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut  and  New  Jersey  ;  having  been  found  at  Schuyler's  mine, 
(N.  Jersey,)  at  Cheshire,  near  New  Haven,  (Conn.)  and  at  Deerfield, 
(Mass). 

What  has  been  called  copper  of  cementation,  is  the  metal  precipitated 
from  its  solution  in  sulphuric  acid,  by  metallic  iron.  It  is  produced  at 
Herrengrund  and  Schmolnitz  in  Hungary,  and  in  Cornwall  and  Wales. 

Copper,  in  its  uses,  is  too  well  known  to  require  an  enumeration  of 
them. 

Sp.  10.  SILTER. 

[H.  =2'5...  3'0.     G.^10'47.     In  cubo-8-dral    xls.,  and  massive. 

Hackly  ;  silver  white.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms.    , 

Fig.  578. 


Fig.  577. 


Fig.  579. 


Kongsberg. 


Mexico. 


Cleavage,  none.  Fracture,  hackly.  Surface,  the  octahedron  striated 
in  a  triangular  direction,  parallel  to  its  edges  of  combination  with  the 
cube.  The  remaining  faces  often  rough,  but  even.  Lustre  metallic. 
Color,  silver-white,  more  or  less  subject  to  tarnish.  Streak  shining. 


Ord.  X.  Metal.]          SILVER.  —  AMALGAM.  295 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals;  compound,  parallel  to  one  of 
the  faces  of  the  octahedron.  Dentiform,  filiform  and  capillary  shapes, 
also  reticulated,  arborescent,  and  in  plates.  Often  the  individuals  are 
still  discernible,  but  frequently  also  their  extent  can  no  longer  be  ascer- 
tained. In  the  latter  case,  the  surface  of  the  dentiform  and  filiform 
shapes  is  longitudinally  streaked.  Massive  :  composition  rarely  observa- 
ble, fracture  hackly.  Plates  formed  in  fissures,  also  superficial  coatings. 

Fordyce  found  28  p.  c.  gold  in  one  variety  ;  Jahn  detected  antimony, 
copper  and  arsenic  in  that  from  Johanngeorgenstadt.  The  Copiapo 
silver  had  16  p.  c.  bismuth,  and  the  Kongsberg  contains  traces  of  mer- 
cury. 

Silver  has  been  divided  into  common  and  auriferous  native  sil- 
ver. It  is  at  present  impossible  to  decide,  whether  the  latter  ought  to 
be  united  as  a  variety  with  the  former,  or  whether  it  forms  a  spe- 
cies of  its  own,  as  we  are  not  yet  sufficiently  acquainted  with  all  its 
physical  properties,  by  which  alone  this  question  can  be  decided.  Spe- 
cific gravity,  and  the  yellowish  color  form  the  distinctive  marks  between 
them  ;  but  as  these  may  arise  from  the  mere  juxtaposition  of  the  two  met- 
als, they  are  not  alone  sufficient  for  the  purpose. 

Silver  is  soluble  in  cold  nitric  acid,  but  in  the  sulphuric  acid, 
only  with  the  assistance  of  heat.  It  crystallizes  from  fusion  before  the 
blowpipe,  if  the  globule  is  not  too  large, — forming  while  crystallizing,  a 
single  individual,  in  which  the  faces  of  the  octahedron,  the  cube  and  the 
dodecahedron,  are  distinctly  seen. 

Silver  occurs  principally  in  veins,  traversing  gneiss,  clay-slate, 
and  other  primitive  and  transition  rocks.  It  is  accompanied  by  numer- 
ous species  of  pyrites,  glance  and  blende,  as  well  as  by  quartz,  calcite, 
&c.  The  auriferous  native  silver,  though  it  is  found  in  the  same  reposito- 
ries, is  far  more  scarce.  The  formation  of  black  silver,  a  black  friable 
substance,  which,  is  very  rich  in  silver,  seems  to  depend  chiefly  upon 
the  presence  of  native  silver. 

Silver  is  found  in  the  mining  districts  of  Saxony  and  Bohemia, 
also  in  Norway  and  Siberia,  but  particularly  iu  Mexico  and  Peru ; 
also  in  Cornwall  and  in  Siberia. 

One  specimen  from  Kongsberg  Norway,  now  in  the  Royal  Museum  at 
Copenhagen  weighs  upwards  of  5  cwt.,  one  from  Balopilas,  Mexico 
weighs  400  Ibs.,  and  another  from  Huantaya  in  Southern  1'eru,  exceeded 
8  cwt.  During  the  first  18  years  of  this  century,  more  than  8,180,000, 
marks  of  silver  were  afforded  by  the  mines  of  Guanaxuato  (Mexico) 
alone. 

Found  in  the  U.  States  at  the  copper  mines  of  Lake  Superior,  and  at 
Kings  mines,  Davidson  co.  N.  Car.,  where  it  presents  itself  in  thin  leaves 
and  in  filiform  masses. 

The  employment  of  silver  in  coinage,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  plate 
and  articles  of  luxury,  is  well  known. 

Sp.  11.  AMALGAM. 

[H.^3'0  . . .  3'5.    G.— 1375.     XI s.  from  the  cube,  also  massive. 

Lustre  metallic  ;  color,  silver-white.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 


296  AMALGAM.  —  GOLD.  [Class  II. 

Fig.  580.  Fig.  581. 


Fig.  582. 


Fig.  583. 


P  on  a    -    -     135°  00'  PHILLIPS.      P  on  k    - 
Ponfe    -    -     154    00  a  on  6     - 

P  on  i     -    -     150    00        "  ionk    • 


-  160°  40'  PHILLIPS. 

-  161     2 

-  169     5 


Cleavage,  very  indistinct  traces  parallel  to  the  dodecahedron.  Frac- 
ture conehoidal,  uneven.  Surface  smooth  and  shining.  Lustre  metallic. 
Color,  silver-white.  Streak  unchanged.  Brittle ;  it  emits  a  grating  noise 
when  cut  with  a  knife. 

Compound  varieties.  Massive  ;  individuals  scarcely  discernible,  frac- 
ture conehoidal,  uneven. 

Two  kinds  of  amalgam  have  been  distinguished,  in  reference  to  the 
solid  or  fluid  statR  in  which  it  is  found.  The  fluid  varieties  must  be 
considered  as  solutions  of  the  solid  ones  in  fluid  mercury. 

B.  B.  the  mercury  is  driven  off,  and  a  globule  of  pure  silver  is  ob- 
tained. 


Analysis  by 
Silver, 
Mercury,  - 


KLAPROTH. 
348 
65'2    - 


By  CORDTER. 

27-50 
72-50 


It  is  found  accompanied  by  other  ores  of  silver  and  mercury,  and 
by  pyrites,  at  Moschellandsberg  in  the  Palatinate,  and  at  Rosen  a  u  in 
Hungary.  It  is  said  also  to  have  been  met  with  in  France,  Spain  and 
Sweden. 

Sp.  12.     GOLD. 


[H.=2'5  . . .  30.  G.=14837. 

Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 


Color,  gold-yellow.] 


GOLD. 


297 


Kg.  586. 


Fig.  587. 


Siebenbergen 


Siberia. 


California. 


Matto  Grosso,  Brazil. 

Cleavage,  none.  Fracture  hackly  ;  the  cube  often  hollow  ;  the  octa- 
hedrons either  rough  or  smooth,  in  combinations,  generally  the  latter ; 
the  icosi tetrahedrons  streaked  parallel  to  the  edges  of  combination  with 
the  cube  and  the  octahedron.  These  differences  in  most  cases  are  not 
distinctly  marked.  Edges  of  crystals  often  salient. 

Lustre  metallic.    Color,  various  shades  of  gold-yellow.    Streak  shining. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals ;  face  of  composition  parallel, 
axis  of  revolution  perpendicular,  to  a  face  of  the  octahedron  ;  pretty  fre- 
quent, particularly  in  the  icositetrahedrons,  as  represented  in  fig.  588. 

Fig.  588.  Fig.  589. 


If  this  variety  (fig.  588)  be  compressed  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of 
revolution,  fig.  589  is  formed.  Filiform,  capillary,  reticulated  and  arbo- 
rescent shapes;  also  leaves  and  membranes.  Sometimes  the  individuals 
are  still  discernible.  Surface  drusy,  striated  or  smooth.  Massive  :  com- 
position not  observable,  fracture  hackly.  Plates,  superficial  coatings, 
rolled  masses. 

Analyses  of  gold  : — 1,  by  Rose  ;  2,  by  Boussingault ;  3,  by  Awdejew ; 
4,  by  Boussingault ;  5,  by  Rose  ;  6,  by  Rose ;  7,  by  Hunt;  8,  by  Rose; 
9,  by  Rivot ;  10,  by  Rose  ;  11  by  Darcet ;  12,  by  Kerl. 


Gold.  Silver. 

1.  Altai,            - ,          -     60-08  39'38 

2.  Columbia,  (G=12'6)      73  45  26'48 

3.  Katherinenb'g  (G=16')  79'69  19  47 

4.  Trinidad,            -           82  40  17'60 

5.  Nischne  Tagilisk,           83'85  16'15 

6.  Near  Miask,  -            -    87'40  12'07 

7.  Chaudiere,  Canada,        8673  13  27 

8.  Near  Miask,                   89'35  10'65 

38 


Copper. 

033 


Iron. 


Co,  Fe  and  loss    0*8 


298 


G  OLD. 


ANTIMONY. 


[Class  II. 


9.  California,  (G.— 14'6) 

10.  Beresof, 

11.  Brazil,     - 

12.  Australia, 


Gold. 

907 
918 
94' 

95-48 


Silver. 

8-80 
8-03 
5'85 
359 


Copper. 
002 


Iron. 

038 


The  California  gold  averages  T8<j7«j5<y  to  -f^fyths  m  g°^,  that  from  Aus- 
tralia f&fc  to  j^oihs. 

Gold  is  so  minutely  disseminated  in  several  rocks,  that  its  presence  can 
be  discovered  only  alter  pounding  arid  washing.  It  occurs  frequently  in 
beds,  in  small  nodules  imbedded  in  quartz,  along  with  pyrites,  antimo- 
nite  and  wolfram  :  rarely  also,  it  is  found  in  crystals  in  these  situations: 
in  veins  also,  with  the  same  minerals,  and  with  blende,  calcite,  silver,  &-c. 
Gold  is  often  found  in  the  sand  of  rivers,  in  valleys  and  plains,  into 
which  it  has  been  carried  from  its  original  repositories,  in  the  shape  of 
larger  or  smaller,  generally  flat  pebbles,  often  mixed  with  quartz. 

The  great  sources  of  gold  are  California,  Asiatic  Russia,  Australia, 
Brazil,  the  southeastern  United  States,  Africa,  the  East  India  Islands, 
and  Bohemia  and  Transylvania  in  Europe.  It  also  occurs  in  the  sands 
of  the  Rhine,  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Pennine  Alps,  in  Piedmont, 
Spain,  Wales,  Scotland,  and  at  Wicklow  in  Ireland,  in  Canada,  Cuba, 
Mexico  and  Peru. 

The  Russian  mines  yielded  between  the  years  1725  and  1841,  30,000 
Ibs.  troy  of  the  precious  metal.  In  1842,  they  gave  42,000  Ibs.  troy,  half 
of  which  was  from  Siberia,  east  of  the  Urals. 


In  1843  they  gave  60,000  Ibs.,       - 
1845, 

1846,  -  -  -    76,353  Ibs.     - 

1851,         .... 


$13,000,000 
13,250,000 
16,500,000 
15,000,000 


The  annual  yield  of  the  rest  of  Europe  is  not  above  $  1,000,000.  Af- 
rica gives  about  the  same  quantity.  The  mines  of  Mexico  and  South 
America  scarcely  afford  $10,000,000.  Those  of  the  Southern  U.  States 
(the  best  deposits  of  which  are  in  S.  and  N.  Car.,)  scarcely  produce  above 
$1.000,000  annually  ;  but  those  of  California  probably  do  not  fall  short 
of  $60,000.000:  while  Australia  is  said  to  give  for  the  two  first  quarters 
of  the  present  year,  at  the  rate  of  $100,000,000.  It  is  probable  that  the 
gold  produce  of  the  globe  now  reaches  $200,000,000  per  year. 

Among  the  large  lumps  of  gold  which  have  been  noticed,  may  be 
mentioned  the  following :  one  from  Cabarras  Co.,  N.  C.,  weighing  37 
Ibs. ;  one  from  California  of  20  Ibs. ;  one  from  Paraguay  of  50  Ibs. ;  one 
from  Taschku  Targanka  in  the  Urals,  (and  now  preserved  in  the  Mining 
School  of  St.  Petersburg)  of  100  Ibs.,  and  finally  the  enormous  mass  of 
134  Ibs.  7  oz.,  lately  found  in  Australia,  and  which  sold  for  ,£5,532. 


Sp.  13.     ANTIMONY,  Spiesglas,  Werner. 

&?£'••  '  *•  ^  Isj  >'  ••'•; '    -     >       '•* '0*"  •  ••'  •'••ji.  '• 

[H.=  3...3'5.     G.=  6'6  . . .  7*0.    Massive,  granular,  individuals 

easily  separated.  ] 

Primary  form,  rhomboid  of  117°  15'. 
Secondary  form. 


Order  XI.  Metal.]     ANTIMONY. — ALLEMOATITE.  299 

Cleavage  parallel  with  o  highly  perfect,  and  Fig.  590. 

possessing  a  strong  lustre  ;  parallel  with  P  dis- 
tinct, and  easily  obtained,  but  showing  a  less 
degree  of  lustre  ;  parallel  with  x,  obtained 
with  difficulty,  and  interrupted;  faint  traces 
parallel  with  u.  The  surface  of  o  is  triangu- 
larly streaked,  of  P  in  a  horizontal  direction, 
and  parallel  with  its  edges.  Fracture  not  ob- 
servable. Lustre  metallic.  Color,  tin-white. 
Streak  unchanged. 

Compound  varieties.  Reniform  :  surface  ren- 
iform  or  uneven  ;  composition  of  flat  grains,  collected  into  curved  or 
lamellar.  Massive  ;  composition  granular,  of  various  sizes  of  individu- 
als, easily  separated  ;  faces  of  composition  striated  agreeably  to  the  faces 
of  cleavage. 

B.  B.  it  melts  quickly  into  a  globule,  and  continues  to  burn  when 
heated  to  redness,  even  if  the  blast  is  suspended.  It  emits  copious 
white  fumes,  which  are  deposited  round  the  globule  ;  first  yellowish-white 
octahedrons,  probably  of  antirnonious  acid,  are  formed,  and  then  snow- 
white  prismatic  crystals  of  oxide  of  antimony,  with  which  at  last  the 
whole  globule  is  covered.  Some  of  the  varieties  leave  a  globule  of  silver 
when  the  contents  of  antimony  have  been  entirely  volatilized.  It  crystal- 
lizes readily  from  fusion. 
'Analysis  by  Klaproth. 

Antimony,  ....     9S'00 

Silver,  -  ,  -  -  -  I'OO 

Iron,       -  -  ...      0-25 

Antimony  is  found  in  veins  traversing  ancient  rocks,  and  is  principally 
accompanied  by  other  species  that  contain  antimony.  The  valentinite, 
which  occurs  with  it,  seems  to  be  the  product  of  decomposition. 

The  present  species  was  first  discovered  at  Suhlberg,  near  Sahla  in 
Sweden,  and  afterwards  at  Allernont  in  Dauphiny,  (where  it  occurs  in 
curved  lamellar,  compound  varieties,  which  consist  of  granular  ones,)  and 
at  Andreasberg  in  the  Hartz.  It  is  likewise  found  in  primitive  moun- 
tains, attended  by  antimonite  and  galena;  at  San  Han  Huetamo,  and 
Cuencame  in  Mexico. 

Sp.  14.     ALLEMONITE,  Arsenical  Antimony,  Arsenikantimon,  Antimon- 
arsen,  Naumann. 

[H.— 3'5.  G.=6'l  .  . .  6'2.  Massive,  granular.  Color  tin-white 
to  red -grey.] 

In  reniform  masses.  Structure  curved  lamellar.  Lustre  metallic,  or 
occasionally  splendent,  sometimes  dull.  Often  tarnished  brownish-black. 

B.  B.  emits  fumes  of  arsenic  and  antimony,  and  fuses  to  a  metallic 
globule,  which  takes  fire  and  burns  away,  leaving  oxide  of  antimony  on 
the  charcoal. 

Analysis  by  Rammelsberg,  arsenic  62'15,  antimony  537'8o. 

Occurs  at  Allemonf  in  Dauphiny,  also  at  Przibrarn  in  Bohemia,  where 
it  is  associated  with  blende,  antimony  and  chilybile  :  likewise  at  Schl  id- 
ming  in  Styria  and  Andreasberg  in  the  Hariz. 


306  ARSENIC. ALTAITE. DISCRASITE.         [Class  II. 


Sp.  15.    ARSENIC. 

[H.=3'5.  G.=5'7  . . .  5*8.  Rarely  in  xls. :  massive  in  reniforrn 
masses.  Color,  tarnished  dark  grey.] 

Primary  form,  rhomboid  of  114°  26'. 

Cleavage  imperfect.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  tin-white,  a  little  inclin- 
ing to  lead-grey,  very  soon  tarnished  dark-grey  on  being  exposed  to  the 
air.  Streak  unchanged,  rather  shining. 

Compound  varieties.  Reticulated,  reniform  and  stalactitic  shapes ; 
composition  granular,  small  and  often  impalpable ;  it  is  sometimes 
columnar,  forming  a  second  curved  lamellar  composition  j  the  in- 
dividuals being  generally  impalpable,  and  the  faces  of  the  second  com- 
position reniform  or  uneven.  In  columnar  particles  of  composition, 
a  cleavage  in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  individuals,  is 
observed. 

Upon  ignited  charcoal,  or  before  the  blowpipe,  it  emits  a  strong  smell 
of  garlic,  and  copious  white  fumes:  and  at  last  disappears  altogether.  It 
is  the  volatilized  metal,  and  not  the  white  fumes  of  arsenious  acid,  which 
possess  the  odor  of  garlic. 

Analysis  by  Jahn. 

Arsenic,*-  -    96'00    -  ;*  -    97*00 

Antimony,        -  -  3'00  2*00 

Oxide  of  iron  and  water,  I'OO    -  -       I'OO 

It  is  not  uncommon  in  several  of  the  mines  of  Annaberg,  Schneeberg, 
Marienberg  and  Freiberg  in  Saxony :  also  «t  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia, 
at  Andreasberg  in  the  Hartz,  in  the  Black  Forest,  in  Alsace,  at  Allernont 
in  Dauphiny,  in  Kongsberg  in  Norway,  at  Kapnik  in  Transylvania,  and 
in  beds  at  Orawitza  in  the  Bannat  of  Temeswar. 

It  is  variously  employed  in  metallurgical  processes  :  it  enters  into  the 
composition  of  certain  kinds  of  glass,  and  of  many  colors ;  and  has  been 
introduced  even  among  the  pharmaceutical  preparations.  It  is  a  violent 
poison. 

Sp.  16.    ALTAITE,  Haidinger;  Tellurblei. 

[H.=3'0  . . .  3'5.    G.=8'15.     Rarely  in  cubes :    usually  massive. 

Color  like  antimony,  with  a  yellow  tarnish.] 

Primary  form,  cube.  Cleavage  cubic.  Lustre  metallic.  Color,  tin- 
white.  Sectile.  B.  B.  volatilizes  in  the  reducing  flame,  excepting  a  mi- 
nute bead  of  silver.  Colors  the  flame  blue.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid.  Com- 
position Pb  Te.  Analysis  by  Rose;  tellurium  38'37,  lead  60*35,  silver 
1-28. 

Occurs  with  petzite  at  Savodinsky,  in  the  Altai. 

Sp.  17.  DISCRASITE,  Frobel ;  Antimonial  silver,  Silber-Spiesglanz. 

[H.=3'5.  G.=9'4  . . .  9'8.     Mostly  granular*;  silver-white.] 
Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism  of  120°. 
Secondary  form. 


Order  XI.  Metal.]      DISCRASITE.  —  IRON.  301 

Cleavage  parallel  to  o  and  P  distinct;  Fig. 591. 

cleavage  parallel  to  M  imperfect.  Fracture 
uneven.  Surface  in  general,  smooth.  Lus- 
tre metallic.  Color  silver-white,  inclining 
to  tin-white.  Streak  unchanged. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals  like 
those  of  anigonite  and  cerussite.  Massive  : 
composition  granular,  individuals  of  various 
sizes,  and  easily  separated. 

Pseudomorphic  six-sided  prisms. 

B.  B.  it  yields  a  globule  of  silver,  while  the  antimony  is  driven  off. 

Silver,  •  -  -  76'5 

Antimony,  -  -  -  -  235 

It  is  found  accompanied  by  silver,  arsenic,  galena  and  various  other 
species.  Its  localities  are  Altwolfach  in  Furstenberg,  and  Andreasberg 
in  the  Hartz. 

The  arsenical  silver  is  considered  as  a  more  or  less  intimate  mechan- 
ical mixture  of  arsenic,  or  of  mispickel,  with  discrasite.  It  possesses  the 
color  of  silver,  but  is  commonly  tarnished  externally,  of  a  blackish  color. 
It  occurs  in  small,  curved  lamellar  compositions,  consisting  of  very  thin 
crystalline  coats.  It  is  harder  than  discrasite  B.  B.  the  arsenic  and 
antimony  are  for  the  most  part,  volatilized,  leaving  a  globule  of  impure 
silver,  surrounded  by  a  slag.  A  specimen  from  Andreasberg  afforded 
Klaproth, 

Arsenic,  -                         -                                    35'00 

Antimony,  -                                                          4 '00 

Silver,  -          .,»•           -            -            -            12'75 

Iron,  -            -          '-«KA      <;*A                  44 '25 

Its  localities  are  the  same  as  those  mentioned  for  discrasite,  and  in 
addition,  it  comes  from  Guadalcanal  in  Estrernadura  in  Spain. 
It  is  valuable  for  the  extraction  of  silver. 

Sp.  18.    IRON  (exclusive  of  meteoric  iron). 

[H=4'5.  G.  7'3  ,  . .  7'8.     Massive,  granular,  usually  fine-granular. 
Color  steel-grey  to  iron-black.     Magnetic.] 

Fracture  hackly.  It  is  almost  pure  iron,  or  only  contains  a  small  admix- 
ture of  other  metals,  but  always  without  nickel.  Sometimes  carbon  is 
present,  in  which  case  it  confers  upon  the  iron  a  steel-like  property  of 
brittleness.  It  has  been  found  in  a  thin  vein  at  Oulle  near  Allemont  in 
Dauphine,  at  Vesuvius  and  Graveneire  in  Auvergne,  in  thin  flexible  leaves. 
In  the  iron-stone  conglomerate  near  Itabira  do  Matto  Dentro  in  the  Bra- 
zils. A  mass  described  by  Klaproth,  was  found  with  magnetite  at  Gross 
Kamsdorf  near  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia,  in  which  he  found  iron  93'5,  lead 
6'0,  copper,  1'5:  and  according  to  Dr.  Andrews  of  Belfast,  it  is  a  com- 
mon constituent  of  many  igneous  and  of  some  metamorphic  rocks,  being 
diffused  through  them,  in  exceedingly  minute  quantity.  To  detect  its 
presence,  the  rock  is  moistened  with  a  solution  of  acid  sulphate  of  cop- 
per, when  a  film  of  metallic  copper  is  deposited.  He  found  the  largest 
indications  of  iron  in  a  glassy  basalt,  which  forms  the  entire  mass  of  Slieve 


302  PLATINUM.  [Class  II. 

Mish  in  Antrim.  It  occurs  however,  in  other  basaltic  rocks  in  the  north 
of  Ireland,  and  in  the  indurated  lias  of  Port  Rush,  also  in  a  specimen  of 
trachyte  from  Auvergne. 

Sp.  19.    PLATINUM,  Platin,  Haidinger  ;  Polyxen,  Hausmann. 

[H.^4'0...  4'5.    G.=  16'0  ...   19'0.      In   grains   and   irregular 

lumps.] 

Primary  form,  cube.  Mostly  in  irregular  forms  and  grains.  Cleavage 
none.  Fracture  hackly.  Lustre  metallic.  Color,  perfect  steel-grey. 
Streak  unchanged,  shining. 

It  is  very  refractory,  and  soluble  only  in  nitro-muriatic  acid. 
Analysis  by  Berzelius. 

Fr.  Nischne-Tagilsk.       Fr.  Goroblagodat.      Fr.  the  Ural. 

Plntinum,   -        -  7894  73'58  86'50  8430 

Iridium,      -         -       477  235  000  146 

Rhodium,  -         -      086  1*15  1  15  346 

Palladium,           -      028  0'30  T10  106 

Iron,                   -  1104  1293  832  531 

Copper,      -        -      0'70  5'20  045  074 

Osmium  and  iridium,  T96  )  o~ft  (  1'40  TOSosmium. 

Earthy  substances,     O'OO  ]  \  O'OO  072 

The  original  repositories  of  platinum  are  not  known,  it  having  hitherto 
been  found  only  in  pebbles  and  grains,  generally  small,  but  sometimes 
upwards  of  a  pound  and  a  half  in  weight.  It  is  accompanied  by  zircon 
and  some  other  gems;  also  by  magnetite,  gold,  iridium  and  palladium. 

It  has  been  chiefly  brought  from  the  provinces  of  Choco  and  Barbacoas 
in  South  America,  also  from  IVhtto-Grosso  in  Brazil.  It  has  likewise 
been  found  in  St.  Domingo,  and  in  Siberia.  In  the  mine  of  Nischne- 
Tagilsk,  (which  is  also  rich  in  gold,  iridosmine,  rutile,  and  even  con- 
tains diamonds,)  several  large  masses  of  platinum  have  been  found,  weigh- 
ing from  seven  to  fifteen  pounds.  M.  Schwetzaw  describes  two  varieties 
in  the  Russian  platina  from  Nignotaguilsk  in  the  government  of  Perme. 
1.  Common  platinum.  Color  platinum-grey.  Grains  angular  and  bristled, 
seldom  blunt-edged  ;  also  in  cubical  crystals  and  grouped.  Hardness  = 
hornblende.  Malleable.  Sp.  gr.— 17. . .  17'6.  2.  Ferruginous  platinum. 
Color  darker  than  the  preceding.  Surface  tarnished,  sometimes  like  me- 
teoric iron.  Grains  and  crystals  have  the  same  form  as  common  plati- 
num. Hardness  =  feldspar,  and  rather  higher.  Less  malleable  than  the 
first.  Sp.  gr.  14'6  . . .  157.  It  is  magnetic,  and  in  some  grains  not  only 
attracts,  but  repels.  It  contains  a  large  proportion  of  iron. 

Russia  affords  an  annual  produce  of  about  half  a  ton  of  platinum,  which 
is  ten  times  the  amount  obtained  from  all  other  localities.  It  is  found  also 
in  Borneo,  the  sands  of  the  Rhine,  the  county  of  Wicklow,  Ireland,  in 
the  gold  region  of  North  Carolina  and  California,  and  at  St.  Francois 
Beauce  in  Canada  East. 

The  refractory  powers  of  this  metal  when  heated,  and  the  circum- 
stance that  it  is  not  acted  upon  by  the  greater  part  of  the  chemical  re- 
agents, render  it  extremely  valuable  in  the  construction  of  philosophical 


Order  XI  .  Metal.]     PALLADIUM.  —  IRIDOSMINE.  303 

and  chemical  apparatus.  It  is  used  also  for  covering  other  metals,  for 
painting  on  porcelain,  for  coin;  and  like  gold  and  silver,  for  various  other 
purposes. 

Sp.  20.     PALLADIUM. 


[H.=4;5  .  .  .  5'0.  G.^11'8  .  .  .  12  44.  In  minute  8-drons  and  in 
grains,  sometimes  made  up  of  diverging  fibres.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  form,  minute  octahedrons.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  steel- 
grey  to  silver-white.  Opaque. 

Alone  B.  B.  infusible  ;  but  melts  easily,  when  sulphur  is  added.  By 
continuing  the  heat,  the  sulphur  is  driven  off,  and  a  globule  of  palladium 
obtained.  Composition,  palladium  alloyed  with  a  little  platinum  and 
iridium. 

Occurs  with  platinum  in  Brazil.  It  has  been  employed,  when  purified, 
in  the  manufacture  of  balances,  mathematical  and  surgical  instruments. 

Sp.  21.     IRIDOSMINE,  Native  Iridium,  Osmium,  Iridium,  Neujanskite, 
Haidinger;   Sisserskite,  Haidinger. 

[H.=6'0...  7-0.     G.=193...  2M2.      In   irregular,  flattened 

grains,  rarely  in  6-sided  prisms.] 

Lustre  metallic.  Color  tin-white  to  light  steel-grey.  Opaque.  Mal- 
leable with  difficulty. 

Analysis  a  from  Katharinenburg  by  Berzelius,  b  from  Nischne-Ta- 
gilsk  by  Rose. 

a  b 

Iridium,  4677  1986 

Osmium,    -  4935  8024 

Iron,  -  -  -  074 

Rhodium,  -  -        315 

a  had  a  H.=7.  G.=19'38  and  a  tin-white  color.  It  is  the  Neujans- 
kite of  Haidinger.  b  had  a  H.=7  and  a  G.—  2T11,  and  is  the  sissers- 
kite  of  the  same  author.  At  a  high  temperature,  the  latter  gives  out 
osmium,  undergoing  no  further  change.  The  neujanskite  does  not  emit 
the  odor  of  osmium,  unless  heated  with  nitre;  when  a  mass  soluble  in 
water  is  obtained,  from  which  nitric  acid  throws  down  a  green  precipitate. 
It  is  frequent  in  the  gold  formation  of  California,  and  has  been  detected 
in  the  gold-washings  of  the  rivers  du  Loup  and  des  Plantes  in  Canada. 

Sp.  22.    SVANBERGITE  (S.)t  Platiniridium,  Svanberg  ;  Native  Iridium. 

[H.=6'0  .  .  .  7'0.    G.=22  6  .  .  .  23'1.     In  small  grains  and  rarely  in 
what  appear  to  be  cubes,  with  truncated  angles.    Color,  white.] 
Analysis  by  Svanberg. 

Irid.  Pint.  Pallad.        Rhod.     Fe      Cu 

1.  N.  Tagilsk,      -         76-80       1964        089  178 

2.  Brazil,       -          -    2779       55  44        0'49       6'86  4'14  3  30 

It  is  brought  of  late,  in  considerable  quantity,  from  California,  mixed 
with  the  fine  gold. 


304  APPENDIX     TO     ORDER    METAL 


APPENDIX  TO  ORDER  METAL. 


Arquerite,  Berthier,  is  an  amalgam  of  silver  from  the  mines  of  Arqueros  near 
Coquimbo.  Crystallized,  and  according  to  Domeyko,  has  the  composition,  of  silver 
86'49,  mercury  13'51. 

Bismuthaurite,  or  Bismuthic  Gold  (£).  In  grains,  the  largest  not  weighing  above 
•jSrtlis  of  a  grain.  Structure  hackly,  or  sub-fibrous.  H.=2  5  . .  3'0.  G  — 12  44 . .  12'9. 
Color  that  of  palladium.  Malleable,  but  when  thinned  out  under  the  hammer,  it  be- 
comes brittle.  Scarcely  acted  upon  by  nitric  acid,  or  by  hydrochloric  silone  ;  but  in  the 
two,  slowly  dissolves  save  traces  of  a  heavy  white  precipitate.  Rented  B.  B  on  char- 
coal, it  melts  as  soon  as  touched  by  the  flame,  into  a  globule  which  gives  off  a  white 
smoke,  at  the  same  time  coloring  the  support  of  a  bright  yellow,  while  the  charcoal 
remains  hot,  but  turning  white,  when  cold.  If  allowed  to  coo],  the  globule  crystal- 
lizes beautifully,  with  a  coarsely  indented  surface,  and  has  its  color  changed  from 
greyish  white,  to  a  distinct  golden  yellow  tinge.  By  continuing  the  heat,  the  globule 
gradually  wastes  away  to  less  than  half  its  original  bulk,  crystallizes  less  distinctly, 
grows  less  fusible,  and  finally  puts  on  the  appearance  of  pure  gold. 

Elektrum,  the  name  sometimes  given  to  gold,  when  it  contains  above  20  p.  c.  of 
silver. 

Gold  Amalgam,  Schneider.  In  small  white  grains,  as  large  as  a  pea.  Fragile. 
Composition,  mercury  57'40,  gold  38'39,  silver  6*0.  Occurs  in  the  platinum  region  of 
Columbia,  along  with  platinum.  It  is  said  also  to  exist  near  Mariposa  in  California. 

Iron-Platinum,  Eisenplatin  of  Svanberg.  The  platinum  from  Nischne-Tagilsk, 
having  a  H.=6  and  a  G.=  14'6  to  15'8,  and  which  contains  12  p.  c.  iron,  has  received 
this  name. 

Porpezite,  Palladium  gold.  From  Porpez  in  Brazil  It  afforded  Berzelius,  gold 
85-98,  palladium  and  silver,  417. 

Rhodium-gold  has  G.— 15'5  . .  .  16'8.  Brittle,  and  contains,  according  to  Del  Rio, 
34  to  43  p.  c.  of  rhodium.  Mexico. 

Tin,  reported  as  found  in  small,  greyish  white,  metallic  grains,  along  with  gold 
from  Siberia.  Composition,  according  to  Hermann,  tin  with  some  lead. 


Ord  XII.  Pyrites.] 


BORNITE 


306 


ORDER  XII.    PYRITES. 

Sp.  1.  BORNITE,  Haidinger;  Purple  Copper,  Phillips;  Variegated  Cop- 
per-ore; Buntkupfererz,  Hausmann;  Purple  Copper ;  Erubescite,  Dana. 

[H.=3.  G.=4'4...5U  Crystallizations  imperfect.  Color  pinch- 
beck-brown to  copper-red ;  highly  prone  to  assume  a  purplish 
tarnish.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  592.  Fig.  593.  Fig.  594. 


a  on  a  —  70°  32' 
P  on  a  —  54  44 


Bristol,  Conn. 


Bristol,  Conn. 


Cleavage,  traces,  parallel  with  P.  Fracture  small  conchoidal,  uneven. 
Surface,  generally  rough,  particularly  P,  nnd  often  curved.  Much  sub- 
ject to  tarnish.  Lustre  metallic.  Streak  pale  grayish  black,  a  little 
shining.  Rather  sectile.  Often  in  twins.  Massive,  composition  fine 
granular,  strongly  connected.  Fracture  conchoidal  and  uneven.  Brittle. 
Acquires,  when  exposed  to  a  moist  atmosphere,  an  iridescent  tarnish,  in 
which  purple  tints  prevail. 

Heated  in  the  open  tube,  yields  sulphurous  acid,  but  no  sublimate. 
B.  B.  on  charcoal,  turns  black,  and  afier  cooling,  red.  After  long  expo- 
sure to  the  flame,  fuses  into  a  steel-gray,  brittle,  magnetic  globule.  With 
borax  and  soda,  yields  a  globule  of  copper.  After  roasting,  shows  with 
fluxes,  the  reactions  of  oxides  of  copper  and  iron.  Partially  soluble  in 
concentrated  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  the  greater  part  of  the  sulphur. 

Composition,  (Fe  €u)  S,  or  sulphur  237,  copper  62'5,  iron  13*8. 
Analyses: — 

Cu 

61-63 

5676 

57-89 

62-73 


S 

1.  Siberia,  21 '65 

2.  Cornwall  (xls.)  28'24 

3.  Redruth  (xls.)   26'84 

4.  Bristol,  Conn.,  2570 


The  massive  varieties  often  contain 


Fe 

1275    quartz  3'5    Brandes. 
14-84  Planner. 

14-94  Chodnew. 

11-64  Boderaann. 

a  mechanical  mixture  of  chalco- 


pyrite. 

Occurs  in  beds  and  veins  in  granite,  gneiss,  and  in  new  red  sandstone. 
The  chief  localities  are  Orawitza  in  the  Banat,  Arendal  Norway,  in  bi- 
tuminous marl-slate  at  Saalfeld  and  Kamsdorf  in  Thuringia,  in  veins  in 

39 


306 


CHALCOPYRITE. 


[Class  II. 


iron-stone  in  Sipgen,  in  gneiss  at  Annaberg  and  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  in 
veins  in  granite  near  Redruth  and  St.  Day  in  Cornwall,  where  it  is  some- 
times called  "horse-flesh-ore"  by  the  miners;  but  the  finest  specimens, 
both  massive  and  crystallized,  have  been  afforded  by  the  Bristol,  Conn, 
mine.  It  also  occurs  (cubic  xls.)  in  the  Connecticut  river  sandstone, 
at  Cheshire',  Conn.,  associated  with  malachite,  redruthite,  and  baryte 
It  is  a  valuable  ore  of  copper. 

Sp.  2.  CHALCOPYRITE,  Beudant;  Copper  Pyrites,  Yellow  Copper  Pyrites, 
Kupferkies,  Towanite,  Brooke  and  Miller. 

[H.=3'5 . . .  4'0.    G.=4'l . . .  4'3.    Generally  massive.    Color  brass- 
yellow.     Streak  greenish  black.] 
Primary  form,  right  square  prism. 
Secondary  form. 

Fig.  595.  Fig.  596. 


PonZ 
I  on  I 

I'  on  I'" 
P  on  P" 


141°  15'  Phillips. 
110   00 
71    10 
125   30 


Fracture  conchoidal,  more  or  less  perfect.  Surface,  P  streaked,  par- 
allel with  the  base;  the  alternating  faces  enlarged,  faces  of /are  irregu- 
larly streaked.  The  remaining  faces  are  almost  all  smooth,  and  often 
possess  a  high  lustre.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  brass-yellow.  Streak 
greenish-black,  a  little  shining.  Rather  sectile. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals:  face  of  composition  perpendicu- 
lar to  a  face  of  P,  similar  to  the  common  hemitrope  in  the  regular  octa- 
hedron. Globular,  reniform,  hotryoidal,  stalactitic,  and  other  imitative 
shapes:  surface  generally  rough,  sometimes  also  smooth,  composition 
impalpable,  fracture  flat  conchoidal.  Massive:  composition  granular,  of 
various  sizes  of  individuals,  often  impalpable,  and  strongly  coherent, 
fracture  uneven  or  flat  conchoidal. 

Upon  charcoal,  B.  B.  it  becomes  black,  but  turns  red  on  cooling.  It 
melts  into  a  globule,  which  becomes  magnetic  if  kept  in  the  blast  for 
some  time.  With  borax,  it  yields  a  glohule  of  copper.  It  is  partly 
soluble  in  dilute  nitric  acid ;  the  solution  is  green,  and  the  undissolved 
part  consists  of  sulphur.  Composition,  <3uS-j- Fe2  SB,  or  sulphur  34'9, 
copper  34 '6,  iron  30'5;  but  these  proportions  are  liable  to  vary  from 
admixture  of  pyrites.  Analysis  by  Rose,  sulphur  35'37,  iron  29'82, 
copper  34 '81. 


Orel.  XII.  Pyrites.]     MILLERITE.  —  NICOPYRITE.  307 

Found  in  veins  and  beds,  and  is  attended  by  other  ores  of  copper, 
blende,  galena  and  chalybite.  It  is  the  principal  ore  of  the  Cornish 
mines,  which  yield  it  annually  to  the  amount  of  160,000  tons.  It  exists 
abundantly  in  Wales  at  Anglesea,  in  Ireland  at  the  Wicklow  mines,  at 
Fahlun  in  Sweden,  in  the  Hartz,  at  Freiberg,  in  Thuringia,  Hungary, 
in  Tuscany,  and  in  South  Australia.  The  hest  mines  of  chalcopyrite  in 
the  United  States  are  those  of  Bristol,  Conn.,  the  Hiawassee  mines  of 
Tennessee,  and  the  Maculloch  mines  near  Greensboro',  N.  Carolina.  It 
exists  also  in  promising  quantity  in  the  Canton  mine  in  Cherokee  Co.,Ga. 
in  the  extensive  system  of  mineral  veins  near  N.  Hampton,  Mass.,  where 
the  primitive  meets  the  secondary  rocks  of  the  Connecticut  valley,  as  at 
Greenfield  (Turner's  falls),  Leverett,  and  Southampton,  and  again  at 
Middletown  and  Bristol,  Conn.;  other  deposits  exist  at  Pheriixville,  Pa., 
at  Stafford  and  Schrewsbury  in  Vermont,  in  numerous  gold  mines  in  Ca- 
barras  and  Rowan  counties  in  North  Carolina,  and  particularly  at  Gold 
Hill.  The  probability  is  strong  that  many  of  the  pyritic  veins  at  present 
yielding  gold,  will,  when  worked  in  depth,  turn  into  valuable  deposits  of 
the  present  species. 

It  is  a  very  valuable  ore  for  the  production  of  metallic  copper  ;  and  is 
said  to  afford  from  10  to  12,000  tons  of  this  metal  annually.  Much  of 
the  ore  of  the  Cornish  mines  is  so  largely  intermixed  with  pyrites  that 
it  yields  only  5  to  7  p.  c.  of  metallic  copper.  The  copper-ores  of  all  kinds 
smelted  in  Great  Britain  during  J855,  yielded  copper,  worth  £2,867,207. 

I  Sp.  3.    MILLERITE,   Haidinger;   Native  Nickel,   Phillips;   Haarkies, 
Mohs;  Nickelkies,  Hausmann. 

[H.  =3'5.     G.=5'2 . . .  5*3.     In  delicate  brass-yellow  acicular  xls.] 
Primary  form,  rhomboid,  144°  8'. 

Cleavage  rhombohedral,  perfect.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  brass-yel- 
low, inclining  to  bronze-yellow,  with  a  gray  iridescent  tarnish.  Streak 
bright.  Brittle. 

In  the  open  tube,  yields  sulphurous  acid.  B.  B.  melts  readily  to  a 
black  magnetic  globule.  With  borax,  gives  the  characteristic  reaction 
of  nickel.  With  aqua  regia,  yields  a  green  colored  solution.  Analyses, 
a  by  Rammelsberg,  b  by  Arfvedson. 

a  b 

Sulphur,  -        -        -        34-26        ,,-\        35'79 
Nickel,        -        -        -    64-35  »  -     61-34 

Copper,    -  -  1'14 

Iron,  -     A«     -  H&»        -       1'73 

Occurs  in  cavities  among  crystals  of  other  species  at  Joachimstahl  in 
Bohemia,  Johanngeorgenstadt,  Przibram,  Riechelsdorf,  Andreasberg, 
Cornwall  in  Wales,  Stirling  iron-mine  Antwerp,  N.  Y.,  and  in  the  chaly- 
bite  of  the  coal  slate  at  Scranton,  Lackawana  valley,  Pa. 

Sp.  4.    NICOPYRITE,  (S.)   Eisennickelkies,  Scheerer. 

[H.=3'5 ...  4-0    G.=4'6.     Massive.     Pinckbeck-brown.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 

Cleavage  apparently  8-dral.  Fracture  uneven.  Lustre  metallic.  Brittle. 
Streak  rather  darker  than  color.  Brittle.  Opaque.  Not  magnetic. 


308  DOMEYKITE. STANNITE.  [ClaSS  II, 

B.  B.  like  pyrites,  except  that  when  fused  with  borax  in  the  inner 
flame,  after  being  well  roasted,  the  bead  becomes  black  and  opaque,  ir> 
consequence  of  the  reduction  of  the  nickel. 

Composition,  2Fe  S-|-Ni  S=iron  41 '04,  nickel  22'11,  sulphur  35  95. 
Analysis  by  Scheerer : — 

Iron,      -        -       ,».'/ v  -  ,',    -  -        -        40  21 

Nickel,  -  ;jf,iT  -    21-07 

Copper,          -        -    „••*»•....  t.»  -        -          178 

Sulphur,  -  -    36-64 

Occurs  in  greenish  black  hornblende  with  chalcopyrite,  near  Lilleham-  . 
mer  in  Norway,  and  at  Argyleshire  in  Scotland,  where  it  exists  along  r 
with  pyrrhotine. 

Sp.  5.  DOMEYRITE,  Haidinger;  Condurrite,  Faraday;  Arsenious  cop-    j 
per,  Cuivre  arsenical,  Dufrenoy ;  Weisskupfer,  Hausmann. 

[H.=3'5.   G.  — 47...5"0.   Massive,  reniform  and  botryoidal.   Color 
yellowish  tin-white,  also  soft,  blackish,  and  without  metallic  lustre.] 
Lustre  metallic,  sometimes  with  a  yellowish  iridescent  tarnish.     Frac- 
ture uneven,  to  flat  conchoidal.     Also  black  and  soft ;    when   impure, 
soiling  the  fingers.     (In  the  latter  case,  it  is  mixed  with  cuprite  and 
arsenite.) 

Melts  easily  B.  B.  evolving  a  strong  arsenical  odor. 
Analyses;  a  from  Chili  by  Domeyko,  b  from  Cornwall  by  Rammels- 
berg,  c  do.  by  Faraday. 

Arsenic,  28'36  1870  29'88 

Copper,  71-64  70'5l  70'11 

Occurs  near  Coquimbo  and  at  Copiapo  in  Chili,  at  the  Condurrow  mine 
near  Helstone,  at  Huel  Druid  mine  at  Corn  Brae  near  Redruth,  Cornwall, 

Sp.  6.  STANNINE,  Beudant;  Tin  Pyrites,  Zinnkies. 

[H.=4'0.  G.=4'47...4'51.  Massive,  granular,  cobr  steel-gray 
inclining  to  yellow.] 

Primary  form,  right  square  prism.  ? 

Fracture  uneven,  imperfectly  conchoidal.  Lustre  metallic,  sometimes 
a  bluish  tarnish.  Brittle.  Streak  black.  Opaque. 

Heated  in  an  open  tube,  gives  the  smell  of  sulphurous  acid.  B.  B.  on 
charcoal,  melts,  depositing  a  non  volatile  white  powder  and  leaving  a  brit- 
tle metallic  globule,  which  on  being  moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid 
and  exposed  to  the  flame  of  a  lamp,  tinges  it  a  beautiful  blue.  The 
mineral  being  treated  with  fluxes,  gives  the  reactions  of  copper  and  iron. 

Composition,  <3uS(Sn2  S3  Fe2  Ss)  =  sulphur  30,  tin  27,  copper  297, 
iron  13'1,  which  almost  exactly  coincides  with  analyses  made  by  Klaproth, 
Rammelsberg,  Johnston,  and  Mallet. 

Occurs  with  pyrites  and  blende  at  Huel  Rock,  parish  of  St.  Agnes, 
Cornwall,  also  in  granite  at  St.  Michael's  Mount,  and  at  Zinnwald  in  the 
the  Erzgebirge  with  blende  and  galena. 


Ord.  XII.  Pyrites.]    PYRRHOTINE.  —  GRUNAUITE. 


309 


Bournon. 


Sp.  7.  PYRRHOTINE,  B  reitli  aupt  ;  Magnelic  Iron  Pyrites,  Magnetkies. 

[H.  =3  5...  4*5.     G.=4'4...4*7.     Mostly  massive.     Color  bronze- 
yellow  to  copper-red.    Streak  grayish  black  ;  tarnishes  speedily.] 
Primary  form,  rhomboid. 
Secondary  form. 

MonM'        -        -         120°  00  Yl    597' 

M  on  d  -  -  -  150  00 
P  on  a  -  -  135  00 
P  on  c  -  -  102  13 

Cleavage  parallel  with  P,  perfect;  less  so  with  M. 
Fracture  small  and  imperfectly  conchoidal  in  xls., 
otherwise,  structure  foliated  or  fine  granular.  Lustre 
metallic.  Slightly  attracted  by  the  magnet.  Brittle. 
Opaque. 

Heated  in  the  open  tube,  it  yields  sulphurous  acid.  B.  B.  on  charcoal, 
in  the  exterior  flnrne,  it  is  converted  into  peroxide  of  iron  ;  in  the  interior 
flame,  it  melts  into  a  globule  which  continues  to  glow  a  few  moments 
after  it  is  withdrawn  from  the  fire,  when  it  becomes  an  uneven  black 
mass.  When  broken,  the  fracture  is  crystalline,  the  color  yellowish  grey, 
and  the  lustre  metallic. 

Composition,  Fe  S=sulphur  36*4,  iron  63"6.  Analyses  by  Rose  and 
by  Schaffgotsch.  . 

Sulphur,       -        -        -        38-78  39'4l 

Iron,        -  -        -    60-52  60'59 

A  nickeliferous  variety  (1)  from  Kleva  by  Berzelius,  and  one  (2) 
from  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  by  Boye,  gave, 

S  Fe  Ni          Co          Mn          Cu      Gangue 

(1.)  38-08  57-64  304  0'09  0'22  0'44  046 
(2.)  24-84  41-34  4'55  Pb027  -  130  27'16 
Occurs  in  beds  with  other  ores  of  iron,  as  well  as  with  blende,  chalco- 
pyrite,  and  sometimes  with  iolite.  It  forms  an  accidental  ingredient  of 
several  rocks,  and  sometimes  crystallizes  in  their  fissures.  It  is  also 
common  in  meteorites.  Small  crystals  are  found  at  Andreasberg  in  the 
Hartz,  in  connection  with  the  massive  variety.  It  is  abundant  at  Boden- 
mais  in  Bavaria,  where  it  is  sometimes  broadly  foliated  and  attended  by 
iolite.  A  similar  variety  is  found  at  Trumbull,  Conn.,  in  conjunction 
with  topaz  and  fluor.  The  nncleavable  variety  is  common  at  Bernards- 
town  in  Mass.,  at  Stafford,  Cornish,  and  Schrewsbury,  Vt.,  as  well  as  at 
numerous  other  places  in  the  U.  S.  It  is  employed  in  the  manufacture 
of  copperas  and  sulphuric  acid. 

Sp.  8.  GRUNAUITE,  Nicol;  Saynite,  Wismutnickelkies,  Kobett;  Nickel- 
wismutglanz;  Bismuth  Nickel. 

[H.=4'5.     G.=5'13.     Tn  small  8-dral  xls.  and  massive  granular, 

Color  steel-gray,  liable  to  a  yellowish  gray  tarnish.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 


Secondary  form. 
Cleavage  parallel  with  a. 
Opaque. 


Lustre  metallic.    Streak  dark  grey.    Brittle, 


310 


MISPICKEL, 


[Class  II. 


Fig.  598. 


B.  B.  melts  into  a  gray  brittle,  magnetic  bead,  depositing  a  greenish 
yellow  sublimate  on  the  charcoal.  Dissolves  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a 
residue  of  sulphur.  The  solution  is  green;  when  neutral,  it  yields  a 
precipitate  on  the  addition  of  water. 

Analyses;  a  by  v.  Kobell,  b  and  e  by  Schnabel. 

b  c 

22-03        2278 
555          6-06 
11-24         11-73 
1049         1041 
1159         1156 
7-11          4-36 
3199        3310 

Found  at  Grunau  in  Sayn  Ahenkirchen,  with  quartz  and  chalcopyrite. 

Sp.  9.   MISPICKEL;   Arsenical  Iron,  Danaite,  Hayes;  Plinian,  Breit- 
Jiaupt;  Arsenopyrite,  Glocker. 

[H.=5-5...6'0.  G. =6'0... 63.  In  short  rhombic  prisms  (111° 
53')  striated  vertically,  and  massive,  fine  granular  to  compact. 
Color  silver  white  to  steel-grey.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism,  M  on  M':=lll0  53'. 
Secondary  forms.  , 

Fig.  599.  Fig,  600.  Fig.  601. 


Nickel, 

a 
40-65 

Iron, 

348 

Cobalt, 

0-28 

Bismuth, 

14  11 

Copper, 

1-68 

Lead, 

1-58 

Sulphur, 

38-64 

Ord.  XII.  Pyrites.]  CHATHAMITE. 

r  on  r  -        -        -        -         145°  26' 

/  on  /  -        -        -        -      80  8 

z  on  z  -        -        -        -        118  32 

/  on  z  -        -        -        -     160  49 

a  on  a  (fig.  308)        -        -        121  52 

Mona  -        -        -        -    136  20 

gong  -                          -         118  32 

gonl  -        -        -     131  48 

gona  -        -        -        149  16 

Cleavage,  parallel  with  M  and  M'  very  perfect ;  traces,  parallel  with  P. 
Surface,  r  deeply  streaked  parallel  to  its  own  edges;  g  sometimes  rough, 
or  striated  in  the  direction  of  its  edges  of  combination  with  /:  the  re- 
maining faces  are  smooth.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  silver-white,  inclin- 
ing to  steel-grey.  Streak  dark  greyish-black.  Brittle. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals :  face  of  composition  parallel, 
axis  of  revolution  pendicular  to  a  face  of  M ;  the  composition  often  tak- 
ing place  parallel  to  both  faces,  or  being  repeated  in  parallel  layers.  Mas- 
sive :  composition  columnar,  individuals  of  various  sizes,  generally  straight 
and  divergent,  or  irregular.  The  faces  of  composition  are  irregularly 
streaked.  Individuals  joined  in  a  granular  composition  are  often  very 
small,  or  even  impalpable  and  strongly  connected  ;  the  fracture  is  uneven. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  it  emits  copious  arsenical  fumes,  and  melts  into  a 
globule,  which  is  nearly  pure  sulphuret  of  iron.  It  is  soluble  in  nitric 
acid,  with  the  exception  of  a  whitish  residue. 

Composition,  Fe  S2+Fe  As=iron  34 '37,  sulphur  19'64,  arsenic  45'99. 
In  one  variety,  the  danaite,  part  of  the  iron  is  replaced  by  cobalt;  others 
contain  traces  of  silver  or  gold.  Analyses,  a  by  Stromeyer,  b  by  Platt- 
ner  (the  plinian),  c  by  Scheerer  (the  danaite  from  Skutterud),  d  by  Hayes 
(the  danaite  from  Franconia,  N.  H.). 

Iron,  30-04  34-46  26-54  33-28 

Sulphur,  21-08  20-07  17-57  18-02 

Arsenic,  42-80  45-46  47-55  41-86 

Cobalt,  8-31  6-52 

Found  in  imbedded  and  attached  xls. ;  also  in  beds  and  veins,  accom- 
panied by  ores  of  lead,  cobalt,  nickel,  silver,  tin  and  zinc.  It  is  common 
in  the  mining  districts  of  Snxony,  in  the  tin  veins  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
Hartz,  in  Cornwall,  and  at  Tunaberg  in  Sweden.  It  exists  in  distinct 
veins  at  Chatham  and  Derby,  Conn.,  in  a  bed  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  in 
thin  seams  in  gneiss  at  Franconia,  N.  H.,  at  the  lead  and  copper  mine  of 
Canton,  Ga.,  and  at  many  other  places  in  the  United  States. 

Found  at  Harzgerode  in  the  Hartz,  at  Schladming  in  Stiria,  Kams- 
dorf,  Lobensteiu  in  Thurinoria,  near  Loos  in  Sweden,  Prakendorf  in  Hun- 
gary, in  Spain  and  in  the  Brazils. 

Sp.  10.     CHATHAMITE  (&). 

[H.=3'5  . . .  6*0.  G.  not  determined  with  accuracy,  but  supposed 
to  be  near  that  of  mispickel.  Massive;  fine  granular.  Lustre 
metallic.  Color,  white,  but  quickly  tarnishing  to  a  dull  steel- 
grey.] 


312 


GERSDORFFITE. 


Class  II. 


Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism. 

Secondary  form  near  to  fig.  602.  The  xls.  attached,  minute,  and 
of  rare  occurrence. 

B.  B.  affords  copious  arsenical  fumes :  and  after  roasting  the  semi- 
fused  residue,  it  ultimately  affords  with  borax,  the  reaction  of  cobalt. 

Analyses  a  and  b  by  Genth,  c  by  the  author. 


Arsenic, 
Sulphur, 
Iron,    - 
Nickel,    - 
Cobalt, 


a 
70-11 

4-78 
1T85 

944 

382 


b 
67-46 

5  62  * 
12  92  ) 
10-17 

385 


7000 
1770 

1216 
1-35 


Fig.  606. 


Occurs  disseminated  in  thin  seams  in  an  interlamenated  vein,  three 
feet  wide,  between  layers  of  micaceous  gneiss  at  Chatham,  Conn.  It  is 
generally  associated  with  black  hornblende,  garnet  and  quartz,  and  more 
rarely  with  breithauptite,  pyrrhotine  and  sphene. 

Sp.  11.  GERSDORFFITE,  Haidinger ;  Nickel-Glance,  Nickelarsenkies, 
Nickelarsenikglanz,  Amoibite,  Kobdl;  Tombazite.  Disomose,  Beu- 
dant. 

[H.=5'5.  G=5'6  . . .  6'9.  In  cubo  8-dral  xls,  and  massive  ;  lamel- 
lar or  granular.  Color  light  lead-grey,  with  a  greyish  black 
tarnish.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  forms. 

Cleavage  cubic,  tolerably  perfect.  Fracture  un- 
even. Lustre  metallic.  Opaque.  Streak  greyish 
black. 

Decrepitates  in  the  matrass.  In  the  open  tube, 
yields  a  yellowish  brown  sublimate  of  sulphide  of 
arsenic.  The  reactions  of  the  residue  are  the 
same  as  those  of  nickelin.  B.  B.  on  charcoal, 
deposits  a  white  sublimate,  and  fuses  into  a  black, 
brittle  globule,  which  imparts  a  green  color  to  borax.  Partially  soluble 
in  nitric  acid,  with  a  residue  of  sulphur  and  arsenious  acid. 

Composition  NiS2-|-Ni  As2.  Analyses  ;  a  from  Loos  bv  Berzelius, 
b  from  Haueisen  near  Lobenstein  by  Rammelsberg,  c  from  Harz«erode 
by  Ramrnelsberg,  d  in  xls.  from  Schladmirig,  the  mean  of  three  analyses 
by  Lowe,  e  from  Prakendorf  by  Lowe,  f  from  Musen  hy  Schnabel,  g  va- 
riety amoibite  (G.  —  6'08)  from  Lichtenberg  near  Steben  in  Fichtelge- 
birge  by  Kobell. 

Nickel, 

Iron, 

Cobalt, 

Arsenic, 

Sulphur, 

An  arsenical  nickel  from  near  Tanne  in  the  Hartz  gave  Hoffmann, 
nickel  3002,  cobalt  0'56,  iron  329,  arsenic  5300,  sulphur  11'05. 


a 
3021 
4-15 
0-92 

4578 
19-51 

b 
3182 

(antimony 
48-02 
2016 

c 
30-30 
6-01 

0-86) 
4401 

1883 

d 
2614 
955 

4983 
14'13 

28-75 
890 

4610 
16-25 

3266 

2-38 

46-02 
18-94 

8 
3734 
250 
trace 
4534 
14- 

Ord.  XII.  Pyrites.]  RAMMELSBERGITE.  —  PLACODINE.       313 


Fig.  607. 


Sp.    12.      CHLOANTHITE,   Breithaupt ;     Rammelsbergite,   Haidinger ; 
Weissnickelerz,  (in  part)  Hausmann. 

[H.=5'5.     G.=6'4  ...  6  7.     Xls.  cubic  ;  massive,  granular.    Lus- 
tre metallic,  tin-white.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  form. 

Traces  of  cleavage.  Fracture  uneven.  Opaque. 
Acquires  first  a  greyish,  and  afterwards  a  blackish 
tarnish,  by  exposure  to  the  atmosphere. 

Emits  a  smell  of  arsenic  when  broken.  In  the  mat- 
rass, yields  a  smell  of  arsenic,  leaving  a  copper-red 
residuum.  In  the  open  tube,  affords  arsenic  and  arsen- 
ious  acid.  Melts  readily  B.  B.,  emits  fumes  and 
continues  to  glow  after  removal  from  the  flame,  depositing  xls.  of  ar- 
senious  acid,  and  at  last,  leaves  a  brittle,  metallic  globule.  Soluble  in 
nitric  acid  and  in  aqua  regia,  forming  a  green  solution,  which  on  cooling, 
deposits  xls.  of  arsenious  acid. 

Composition,  Ni  As  =  nickel  28*27,  arsenic 71"73.  Analyses; — a  from 
Reichelsdorf  by  Booth,  b  and  c  from  Kamsdorf  and  d  from  Allemont, 
by  Rammelsberg. 


Nickel, 
Iron, 
Cobalt, 
Arsenic, 


a 

20-74 
3*25 
337 

72-64 


b 
2840 

traces. 

7034 


c 
29-50 

traces. 

sulphur. 

7093 


d 
1871 

6-82 

2-29 

71-11 


Found  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  and  the  other  places  above  mentioned. 

Sp.  13.     RAMMELSBERGITE,   Dana;    Chloanthite,   Haidinger;    Weiss- 
nickelkies  (in  part.) 

[H.=5*25  . . .  575.    G.=7'0  . . .  7'18.     Xls.  prismatic,  otherwise 

like  chloanthite.] 

Twin-xls.  somewhat  analogous  to   those  of  harmotome.     Color,  tin- 
white,  inclining  to  red  on  surfaces  of  recent  fracture. 

B.  B.  and  composition,  the  same  as  chloanthite.    Analysis  from  Schnee- 
berg, by  Hoffmann. 

Nickel,        -  ...      w-yil  -    *•      28-14 

Bismuth,  -  -  2*19 

Copper,        -  5.00 

Arsenic,  ......  71*30 

Sulphur,      -  -  0'14 

Found  at  Schneeberg  and  Reichelsdorf,  and  first  separated  from  chlo- 
anthite by  Breithaupt. 

Sp.  14.     PLACODINE,  Breithaupt. 

[H.=5'0...5-5.  G.  =7-9...  8'06.  In  attached  tabular  xls. 
Color  between  bronze-yellow  and  copper-red.  Lustre  metallic. 
Streak  black.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M=115°  28'.  <|j 

Secondary  form. 

40 


314  ULLMANNITE.  [ClaSS   II, 

^          *4     *•     * 

MonM         115°  28'  r   on   a         133°   18'  Fig.  608. 

c    on   c  93     4  t;   on   a         115       4 

M  on   c         122   16 

Cleavages  M,  a  and  vt  in  traces.     Brittle.    Opaque. 

In  open  tube,  yields  a  sublimate  of  arsenious  acid,  and 
some  sulphurous  acid.  Fuses  readily  B.  B.,  imparting  a  blue 
color  to  borax  in  the  inner  flame,  and  the  red-brown  color  of 
nickel,  in  the  outer  flame.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid.  Analysis 
by  Plattner. 

Nickel.  -  -  .  .  .    57-04 

Cobalt,  -  .  0-91 

Copper,  .       0-86 

Iron,  trace. 

Arsenic,  -     39-71 

Sulphur,  -  0-62 

Occurs  with  chalybite  and  gersdorffite  at  Miisen  in  Siegen. 

Sp.  15.  ULLMANNITE,  Frobel;  Nickel  Stibine,  Nickeliferous  Grey  Anti- 
mony, Nickelspiesglanzerz,  Antimonnickelglanz,  Nickelantimon- 
glanz. 

[H.=:5-0  . . .  5'5.  G.  =  6'2  . . .  651.  In  cubo-8-dral  xls.,  and  mas- 
sive, granular.  Steel-grey.  Lustre  metallic.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  forms.     (Fig.  607.)     (Fig.  609.)     (Fig.  610.) 

Cleavage  parallel  with  P,  perfect.  Color  sometimes  inclining  to  silver- 
white  ;  acquires  a  greyish  black  or  variegated  tarnish,  by  exposure. 
Streak  greyish-black.  Brittle. 

In  an  open  tube,  yields  sulphurous  acid,  and  a  sublimate  of  oxide  of 
antimony.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  fumes  strongly,  and  emits  a  faint  smell  of 
arsenic,  melting  at  the  same  time  into  a  brittle  metallic  globule,  which 
often  tinges  borax,  blue.  Decomposed  by  strong  nitric  acid,  leaving  a 
residue  of  sulphur,  oxide  of  antimony  and  arsenious  acid.  With  aqua 
regia,  affords  a  green  solution. 

Composition  Ni  Sb-f  NiS2  =  nickel  2684,  antimony  58'62,  sulphur 
14*54,  a  portion  of  the  antimony  being  sometimes  replaced  by  arsenic. 

Analyses;— a  from  Eisern  by  Ullmann,  b  from  Freusberg  by  Klap- 
roth,  c  from  Landskrone  by  Rose,  d  from  Harzgerode  by  Rammelsberg. 

abed 

Nickel,  -        26-10        25-25        28-04  29-43 

Iron,       .  1-83 

Antimony,  -  47-56         47-75         54-47  50-84 

Arsenic,  9'94         11-75  265 

Sulphur,      -  16-40         15-25         15-55          17-38 

Found  in  iron-stone  veins  containing  ores  of  copper  and  lead  ;  with 
pyrites,  chalcopyrite,  galena,  smaltine,  cuprite,  malachite  and  chalybite, 
near  Eisern,  Brandenberg,  Landskroue  near  Willesdorf,  at  Freusberg, 
(Duchy  of  Nassau,)  and  near  Harsgerode. 


.ttfcjttM 
Ord.  XII.  Pyrites.]     L  i  N  N  JE  i  TE.—  c  OB  ALTIN  E  .  315 

i1*    ^      / 


Sp.  16.  LINN^EITE,  Haidinger;  Cobalt  pyrites,  Kobaltkies.Kobaldine, 
Beudant ;  Carrollite,  Faber ;  Siegenite,  Kobalt-Nickelkies,  Rammels- 
berg. 

[H.— 5'5.  G.— 4*8  . . .  5'0.  In  cubo-8-dral  xls.,  and  massive.  Color 
silver-white,  inclining  to  steel-grey,  with  a  yellowish  or  copper- 
red  tarnish  ;  streak  blackish-grey. J 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  forms.     (Fig.  609.)     (Fig.  610.)     (Fig.  611.) 

Cleavage,  P,  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Surface 
smooth.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Brittle. 

B.  B.  yields  sulphurous  acid,  and  melts  in  the  inner  flame  to  a  grey 
magnetic  globule,  the  interior  of  which  is  bronze-yellow.  Colors  borax 
blue  ;  and  is  partially  soluble  in  warm  nitric  acid,  with  a  residue  of  sul- 
phur. 

Composition,  CoS+Co2S3— sulphur  42'0,  cobalt  58'0.  Cobalt  is 
sometimes  replaced  by  copper  or  nickel.  Analyses  :  a  from  Riddarhyt- 
tan  by  Hisinger,  b  from  Miisen  by  Wernekink,  c  from  Carroll  co.,  Aid., 
by  Smith  and  Brush,  d  from  Siegen  by  Schnabel. 

Sulphur, 
Cobalt,     - 
Copper, 
Iron, 
Nickel, 

Found  in  gneiss  with  chalcopyrite  at  Bastnaes,  near  Riddarhyttan, 
Sweden;  at  Miisen  near  Siegen  in  Prussia,  with  barytes  and  chaly bite;  at 
Mine  La  Motte,  Mo.,  with  galena;  and  at  Finksburg,  Carroll  co.,  Md., 
with  chalcopyrite. 

Sp.  17.  COBALTINE,  Beudant;  Cobalt  glance,  Kobalt-glanz,  Werner; 
Cobalt-gris,  Hauy ;  Silver-white  Cobalt,  Bright-white  Cobalt,  Stahl- 
kobalt,  Ferrocobaltine. 

[H.  =  5'5.  G.=6'0  . . .  6'3.  In  cubo-8-dral  xls.,  and  massive, 
granular.  Color  silver-white,  inclining  to  red.  Streak  greyish- 
black.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  forms. 


a 

b 

c 

d 

28-50 

41-0 

41-93 

41-98 

4320 

43-86 

37-25 

22-09 

14-40 

4-10 

17-48 

353 

5-31 

1-26 

2-29 

1-54 

33-64 

Fig.  609. 


Fig.  610. 


Fig.  611. 


316 


Fig.  612. 


COBA  LT 1NE  . 
Fig.  613. 


[Class  II. 


Fig.  614. 


Fig.  615. 


Fig.  615  differs  from  fig.  612  by  the  re- 
duction  of  the  irregularly  six-sided  planes 
k,  to  small  triangles. 

P  on  P  or  P" 

a  on  a'  or  a1'  • 

P'  or  P"  on  a 

P  on  &1,  P  on  &!',  or  P'  on  Jc2" 

P  on  £2,  P  on  £2',  or  P"  on  £2" 

a  or  a'  on  Jc2    -  -  > 

a  on  f        •  •  ,        ,  -  - 


90°  00'  00"  00"' 
109  28  16  00 
15  52  00 
30  00  00 

26  5  30 
46  17  00 

27  00  00 
52  11  00 


125 
166 
153 
140 
163 
126 


H. 
P. 
P. 
P. 
H. 
P. 
P. 
H. 


The  above  crystals,  all  from  Tunaberg,  Sweden. 

Cleavage  parallel  with  P,  perfect.  Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal, 
uneven.  Surface,  the  faces  of  the  cube  streaked  in  three  directions  per- 
pendicular to  each  other.  The  remaining  faces  smooth.  Lustre  metallic. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  gives  a  large  quantity  of  arsenical  fumes,  and  melts 
only,  after  having  been  roasted.  It  imparts  a  blue  color  to  borax  and 
other  fluxes.  It  affords  a  pink  solution  with  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  white 
residue  of  arsenious  acid,  which  is  itself  dissolved  on  farther  digestion, 
Composition,  CoS2-}-Co  As2^=sulphur  19'3,  arsenic  452,  cobalt  35'5. 
Analyses  a  by  Stromeyer,  b  massive,  from  Siegen  by  Schnabel,  c  plu- 
mose, (Stahlkobalt  or  Ferrocobaltine),  from  Siegen  by  the  same. 


Sulphur, 
Arsenic,  - 
Cobalt, 
Iron, 
Antimony,     - 


a 

20-08 
4346 
33-10 

323 


b 

1935 
4531 
3371 

1-62 


19-98 
4253 

8-67 
25-98 

2-84 


Ord.  XII.  Pyrites.] 


SMALTINE 


317 


Occurs  in  beds  and  veins,  in  primitive  rocks,  accompanied  by  pyrites, 
mispickel  and  chalcopyrite  ;  also  associated  with  magnetite,  pyroxene, 
and  hornblende  ;  rarely  in  veins,  with  calcite  and  barytes.  The  xls. 
found  in  beds  are  terminated  on  all  sides.  Found  at  Modnm  in  Norway, 
Tunaberg  in  Siidermanland  in  Sweden,  at  Querbach,  in  Siberia,  Siegen 
in  Westphalia,  and  at  Orawitza  in  the  Banat.  It  is  a  valuable  ore  of 
cobalt. 

Sp.  18.  SMALTINE,  Beudant ;  Grey  Cobalt,  Tesseralkies,  Breithaupt; 
Tin-white  Cobalt,  Jameson;  Weisser-Speiskobold,  Werner;  Speiss- 
kobalt,  Hausmann. 

[H.=5'5  . . .  6*0.  G.=6'4  . . .  6'8.  In  cubic  and  dodecahedral 
xls.  mostly  ;  also  massive,  reticulated  and  granular.  Color,  tin- 
white  to  steel-grey.  Streak  greyish-black.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  617.  Fig.  618. 


Fig.  619. 


Fig.  620. 


Cleavage,  traces  parallel  with  the  faces  of  the  cube,  the  octahedron  and 
the  dodecahedron  ;  the  first  a  little  the  most  distinct.  Fracture  uneven. 
Surface  generally  pretty  smooth ;  those  of  the  primary,  often  curved. 
Subject  to  tarnish.  Brittle.  Botryoidal,  stalactitic  and  amorphous. 

Heated  in  an  open  tube,  it  emits  a  good  deal  of  arsenious  acid.  B.  B. 
on  charcoal,  gives  a  strong  odor  of  arsenic,  and  melts  into  a  greyish- 
black  magnetic  pearl.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  produces  a 
sapphire-blue  glass.  In  powder,  with  concentrated  nitric  acid,  it  imme- 
diately develops  red  fumes,  attended  with  effervescence  and  the  extrica- 
tion of  heat. 


318  SAFFLORITE.  [ClassII. 

Composition,  Co  As— cobalt  28'23,  arsenic  71'77.  It  often  contains 
equal  parts  of  nickel  and  iron,  and  then  is  supposed  to  have  the  formula 
(Co,  Fe,  Ni)  As2.  Rose  thinks  it  is  never  without  nickel.  Analyses, 
a  from  Riechelsdorf  (in  cubes)  by  Rammelsberg,  b  from  Tunaberg  by 
Varrentrapp. 

a  b 

Arsenic,  -                          -      60*42  69'46 

Cobalt,  -          -            -              10'80  23-44 

Iron,  0-80  4'95 
Copper, 

Nickel,  -            -            -        25-87 

Sulphur,  211  0-90 

Occurs  for  the  most  part,  in  veins,  traversing  rocks  of  various  ages ;  more 
rarely  in  beds;  and  is  attended  by  ores  of  silver,  copper  and  nickel.  It 
is  found  in  veins  in  primitive  rocks  at  Schneeberg  and  Annaberg  in  Sax- 
ony; also  at  Freiberg  and  Marienberg;  at  Joachimstahl  in  Bohemia: 
and  in  veins  in  killas  at  Wheal  Sparnon  in  Cornwall.  The  veins  of  the 
counties  of  Sayn  and  Siegn  which  contain  it,  are  included  in  grey- 
wacke;  and  those  of  Thuringia  and  Mansfeld,  and  of  Riechlesdorf  in 
Hessia,  are  in  cupriferous  slate.  Other  localities  are  Schladming,  Ora- 
witza  Banat  and  Dobschau,  Hungary. 

It  is  a  valuable  ore  for  giving  origin  to  the  blue  enamel  colors,  and 
particularly  for  smalt. 

*SAFFLORITE,  Haidinger  ;   Eisenkobaltkies,  Kobell;    Eisenkotalterz, 

Hausmann. 

[H.=5'5.     G.=6"9  . . .  3'7.     In  small  cubic  xls.  and  massive,  reni- 
form,  columnar  and  compact.     Tin-white,  with  a  dark  grey 
or  iridescent  tarnish.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  form. 

Fracture  flat  conchoid al  to  uneven. 
Chemical  properties,  the  same  as  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding species,  except  that  the  solution  in  nitric  acid 
yields  a  copious  precipitate  of  oxide  of  iron,  on  the 
addition  of  carbonate  of  lime.  Analyses,  a  from 
Schneeberg  by  Hoffmann,  b  by  Kobell. 

a 

Cobalt,      •         *??*[        -  13-95 

Iron,    ....  11-71 

Nickel,    >"  179 

Copper,          Jpf  "  1'39  trace. 

Bismuth,    -  -  -  O'Ol  TOO 

Arsenic,  -..-  70'37  7108 

Sulphur,    -  -  0*66  trace. 

Found  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony. 


Ord.  XII.  Pyrites.]     LBUCOPYRITE. —  BREITHAUPTITE 


319 


Fig.  622. 


M 


M 


Sp.  19.     LEUCOPYRITE,  (S.)  ;   Lolingite,  Haidinger ;   Mohsine,  Chap- 
man; Arseneisen  Arsenikeisen,  Arsenikalkies,  Glanzarsenikkies. 

[H.=5'0  .  . .  55.  G.=7'22  . . .  7'33.  Right  rh.  prs.  of  122°  26', 
and  massive,  columnar  and  granular.  Color,  silver-white  to 
steel-grey.] 

Primary  form,  as  above. 
Secondary  form. 

Cleavage  perfect,  parallel  to  the  longer  diago- 
nal, less  distinct  parallel  with  two  faces  on  the 
acute  lateral  edges,  inclining  under  86°  10' ;  traces 
parallel  with  M.  Fracture  uneven.  Surface 
faintly  streaked,  parallel  to  the  common  edges  of 
combination,  frequently  smooth.  Lustre  metallic. 
Acquires  a  dark  tarnish  by  exposure.  Streak 
greyish-black.  Faces  of  composition  in  the  mas- 
sive varieties,  irregularly  streaked.  Opaque. 

In  the  matrass,  yields  a  sublimate  of  metallic 
arsenic.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  in  the  inner  flame, 
emits  arsenical  fumes  and  melts  into  a  black  mag- 
netic globule.  Partially  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  ar- 
senious  acid.  Composition,  Fe4As3=iron  3326,  arsenic  6674.  Analy- 
ses, a  from  Reichenstein  by  Karsten,  b  by  Hoffmann,  c  by  Meyer,  d  from 
Schladrning  by  Scheerer,  e  from  Satersberg  near  Fossum  in  Norway 
(G.=7-09)  by  Scheerer. 

a  b 

-      3235    2870 
65-88    67-49 
1-77      1-98 


o  on  o 
M  on  o 


146 


c 

3136 
65-51 
1-69 


d 

13-49 
60-14 

5-20 
13-37 

5-10 


27-39 

70-22 

128 


Iron, 
Arsenic, 
Sulphur,  - 
Nickel, 
Cobalt,    - 

The  sulphur  is  probably  derived  from  a  mixture  of  pyrrhotine  and  mis- 
pickel. 

Found  in  xls.,  and  disseminated  in  granular  and  columnar  masses  in 
veins  in  clay-slate,  with  arsenic,  pyrargyrite  and  discrasite,  at  Andreas- 
berg  ;  in  beds  of  chalybite  at  Loling,  near  Hiittenberg  in  Carinthia,  and 
Schladming  in  Stiria,  and  in  serpentine  at  Reichenstein  in  Silesia. 

Sp.  20.    BREITHAUPTITE,  Haidinger;    Antimonnickel. 

[H.=5'0.  G.=7'2  . . .  7'54.  In  thin,  tabular  6-sided  xls.,  massive, 
dendritic.  Color,  light  copper-red,  acquires  a  violet  tarnish. 
Streak  reddish-brown.] 

Primary,  rhomboid.  Fig.  623. 

Secondary  form. 


a  on  o 
a  on  a' 
i  on  o 


90°  0 
120  0 
15338 


i  on  i'  154°  20' 
w  on  o  123  55 
w  on  w1  130  56 


Fracture  uneven  to  conchoidal.     Opaque.     Lustre 
metallic.     Brittle. 


320 


SKDTTERUDITE.  NICKELIN. 


[Class  II. 


When  heated  in  the  open  tube,  a  little  antimony  sublimes.  B.  B.  on 
charcoal,  deposits  a  copious  sublimate  of  oxide  of  antimony,  leaving  a 
residue  of  nickel,  fusible  with  great  difficulty.  Easily  dissolved  in  aqua 
regia.  Composition  Ni2  Sb,=nickel  31'43,  antimony  68  57.  Analyses 
by  Stromeyer. 

Nickel,             -             -  -            28-95  2705 

Iron,          J  -          -87  084 

Antimony,       -            -  -              6373  5971 

Sulphuret  lead,      -  644  12'36 

Found  at  Andreasberg  with  smaltine,  galena,  blende,  pyrargyrite  and 

arsenic ;  and  lately  discovered  by  Dr.  Francfort  at  Chatham,  Conn.,  as- 
sociated with  chathamite. 

Sp.  21.     SKUTTERUDITE,  Haidinger;   Tesseralkies,  Breithaupt ;    Mo- 
dumite,  Nicol;   Hartkobaltkies,  Hartkobalterz,  Arsenikkobaltkies. 

[H.=6.     G.=674  . . .  6'84.      In   cubo-8-dral   xls.   and   granular. 

Tin-white  to  lead-grey,  sometimes  with  a  blue  tarnish.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  624.  Fig.  625.  Fig.  626. 

(Fig.  618.) 


Cleavage  parallel  with  P  distinct ;  with  6,  in  traces.  Fracture  flat 
conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic. 

In  the  matrass,  yields  a  sublimate  of  arsenic ;  in  the  open  tube,  a  co- 
pious one  of  arsenious  acid,  leaving  a  rose-red  powder.  B.  B.  same  as 
smaltine. 

Composition,  Co2 As3  =cobalt  2077,  arsenic  79'24.  Analyses:  a  by 
Scheerer,  b  by  Wohler. 

a  b 

Cobalt,      r,-*!:         -         <..*;.        20-01  195 

Iron,       -  v.         *-  -        1-51  1-4 

Arsenic,       -  77-84  79- 

Sulphur,  -  -        0-69 

Found  in  xls.  and  granular  masses,  sometimes  attached  to  xls.  of  co- 
baltine,  in  mica  slate,  at  Skutterud,  in  the  parish  of  Modum  in  Norway. 

Sp.  22.      NICKELIN,    Haidinger;    Copper  Nickel,  Phillips;   Kupfer- 

nickel. 

[H.— 5'5.  G.=7'2  .  . .  7'8      Massive,  nearly  compact,  copper-red, 

with  a  greyish  tarnish.] 
Primary  form,  rhomboid. 
Secondary  form. 


Order  XII.  Pyrites.]  MARCASITE 


321 


a  on    o 
a  on  a' 
x    on  o 
x   on  a 

x  on  x' 
x  on  x" 


90° 
120 

136  35 
133  15 
138  48 
107 


Fig.  627. 


Lustre  metallic.     Opaque.    Streak  brownish-black. 
Brittle. 

In  the  matrass,  yields  no  sublimate.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  melts  with 
evolution  of  arsenical  vapor,  into  a  brittle,  white  metallic  globule.  In  an 
open  tube,  yields  arsenious  acid  and  changes  gradually  into  a  green, 
earthy  mass,  which  fuses  with  soda  and  a  little  borax,  into  a  white  mag- 
netic, metallic  globule.  With  aqua  regia,  affords  a  green  solution. 

Composition,  Ni2  As  =  nickel  44'02,  arsenic  55 '98.  Analysis  by 
Stromeyer. 


Nickel, 

Arsenic, 

Iron, 

Lead, 

Sulphur, 


4421 

5473 

0'34 

032 

0-40 


Occurs  chiefly  in  veins,  in  various  classes  of  rocks,  associated  with 
smaltine,  various  ores  of  silver  and  lead,  bismuth,  barytes,  calcite,  &c. 
Found  at  Schneeberg,  Annaberg,  Marienberg,  Freiberg,  Gersdorf  and 
other  places  in  Saxony  ;  at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  at  Saalfield  in  Thu- 
ringia;  at  Riegelsdorf  in  Hessia;  in  the  Hartz,  at  Allemont  in  Dau- 
phiny,  Schladming  in  Stiria,  Orawitza  Banat,  in  Cornwall,  Leadhills, 
and  in  small  quantity  with  chathamite  and  breithauptite,  at  Chatham, 
Conn. 

Sp.  23.  MARCASITE,  Haidingtr ;  White  Iron  Pyrites,  Phillips ;  Spear- 
pyrites,  Speerkies,  Sparkies,  Strahlkies,  Karamkies,  Hepatic  Pyrites, 
Leberkies,  Zellkies. 

[H.=6'0  . . .  6'5.  G.=4'67  . . .  4'84.  In  short  prismatic  xls.  and 
massive,  globular,  reniform,  with  a  radiating,  columnar  struc- 
ture. Color,  light  brass-yellow,  inclining  to  green  and  grey.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism,  M  on  M=106°  2'. 

Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  628.  Fig.  629. 


Cornwall. 


Warwick,  N.  J. 


41 


322  MARCASITE.  [Class  II. 

Pone 160°  48' 

Pona  -  •£;<  -  130  00 

a  on  c        -  141   30 

Cleavage,  parallel  with  M  rather  perfect.     Fracture  uneven.    Surface 
c  and  a  deeply  streaked,  parallel  to  their  edges  of  combination  with  P. 

Lustre  metallic.  Color,  pale  bronze  yellow,  sometimes  inclining  to 
green  or  grey.  Streak  greyish-black,  or  brownish-black. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals  :  1.  Face  of  composition  paral- 
lel, axis  of  revolution  perpendicular  to  a  face  of  M.  This  composition  is 
generally  repeated,  as  in  the  annexed  figure,  where  a  group  of  five  indi- 
viduals is  formed,  having  much  the  ap-  F-  630 
pearance  of  a  five-sided  pyramid  with 
truncated  apices,  each  of  the  five  solid 
angles  at  the  base,  presenting  a  re-enter- 
ing angle.  2.  Face  of  composition 
parallel,  axis  of  revolution  perpendicu- 
lar to  a  and  c.  This  composition  takes 
place  in  varieties,  already  compounded 
by  the  first  law.  They  assume  a  grooved 
appearance.  The  re-entering  angle  formed  by  the  faces  M=1140  16'. 
Globular,  reniform,  stalactiiic  and  other  imitative  shapes  :  surface  drusy ; 
composition  columnar,  individuals  straight,  and  generally  small,  or  even 
impalpable.  There  is  sometimes  a  second  curved  lamellar,  or  granular 
composition,  the  faces  of  composition  being  uneven  or  rough.  Massive: 
composition,  as  in  the  imitative  shapes ;  fracture  even,  flat  conchoidal, 
uneven.  Pseudomorphoses  in  low,  nearly  regular,  six-sided  prisms.  Cel- 
lular. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  it  becomes  red,  burning  with  a  blue  flame,  attended 
by  a  sulphurous  odor;  and  melts  in  the  inner  flame  into  a  blackish  mag- 
netic globule,  which  imparts  a  bottle-green  color  to  borax.  It  is  partly 
soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur. 

Composition  Fe  S2— iron  46'7,  sulphur  53'33     Analysis  by  Berzelius, 

Iron,            -  K  -            -           %*1'     '•*'-'*          45*07 

Sulphur,  53-35 

Manganese,  ...                             0'70 

Silica,  0-80 

It  is  dimorphous  with  pyrites. 

It  is  less  abundant  than  pyrites,  and  occurs  most  frequently  in  beds  of 
coal  and  in  metalliferous  veins  with  ores  of  silver,  lead  and  copper.  The 
variety  called  spear-pyrites,  consisting  of  macled  xls.,  is  abundant  in  the 
plastic  clay  of  the  brown  coal-formation  near  Carlsbad,  Bohemia,  and  is 
extensively  mined  for  its  sulphur  and  the  manufacture  of  copperas  ;  the 
coca's  comb  pyrites  or  kammkies,  consisting  of  crest-like  aggregations,  oc- 
curs in  Derbyshire  and  Cornwall  ;  the  hepatic  pyrites ,  or  leberkies,  which 
is  much  decomposed  and  chiefly  in  the  condition  of  limonite,  and  often 
copying  the  cubic  form  of  pyrites,  exists  at  Johanngeorgenstadt,  and  in  the 
gold-formation  of  the  southeastern  United  States.  The  cellular  pyrites, 
formed  from  the  disappearance  of  cubic  xls.  of  galena  which  had  been 
originally  coated  by  this  species,  abounds  in  various  parts  of  Saxony. 
Marcasite  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  great  coal  regions  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 


Ord.  XII.    Pyrites.] 


PYRIT  E  S - 


323 


Sp.  24.     PYRITES,  Haidinger;  Iron  Pyrites,  Phillips;  Schwefelkies, 

Hausmann. 


[H.=6'0  .  .  .  6'5.     G.=4  9  .  .  .  51.     In  cubo-8-dral  xls.  and  mas- 

sive.    Color,  bronze-yellow.     Streak  dark-grey.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 


Fig.  631. 


Fig.  632. 


Fig.  633. 


Fig.  634. 


Fig.  635. 


Fig.  636. 


Fig.  637. 


324 


P YRI TE  S 


[Class  II- 


Fig.  638. 


Fig.  639. 


Schneeberg,  Saxony. 

e  on  e        126°  52'  /  on  f  141  47 

done         14046  donf  15747 

Pone         153    26  Pone?  152  15 

P  on  o  (fig.  638)  144  44  /  on  e  162  58 
o  on  o        131°  48' 

Cleavage,  parallel  with  the  cube  and  octahe- 
dron, in  various  degrees  of  perfection  ;  sometimes 
highly  perfect ;  often  one  of  them  more  distinct, 
or  both  lost  in  conchoid al  fracture.  Fracture  con- 
choidal,  uneven.  Surface  of  the  cube  streaked, 


Elba. 


Fig.  642. 


Valley  of  Planen,  near 
Dresden. 


Fig.  643. 


parallel  to  the  obtuse  edges  of  combination  with  the  pentagonal  dode- 
cahedron :  the  faces  of  this  dodecahedron  are 
streaked  either  parallel  to  the  same  edges,  or 
parallel  to  edges  which  are  perpendicular  to 
the  former. 

Lustre  metallic.  Color,  very  few  shades  of 
a  characteristic  bronze-yellow.  Streak  brown- 
ish-black. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals  :  face 
of  composition  parallel,  axis  of  revolution  per- 
pendicular to  a  face  of  the  dodecahedron. 
The  individuals  continued  beyond  the  face  of 

Scbharie,  N.  Y. 


Ord.  XII.  Pyrites.]  PYRITES.  325 

composition,  by  which  the  compound  group  takes  a  cruciform  appear- 
ance. The  composition  frequently  repeated. 

Imbedded  and  implanted  globules  ;  surface  drusy  ;  composition  indis- 
tinctly columnar.  Massive  ;  composition  granular,  sometimes  even  im- 
palpable, strongly  coherent ;  fracture  uneven,  or  on  a  large  scale,  flat 
conchoidal.  Cellular. 

B.  B.  in  the  oxidating  flame,  pyrites  becomes  red  upon  charcoal, 
the  sulphur  is  expelled,  and  oxide  of  iron  remains.  At  a  high  tem- 
perature, in  the  interior  flame,  it  melts  into  a  globule,  which  contin- 
ues red-hot  for  a  short  time,  when  removed  from  the  blast ;  and  possesses, 
after  cooling,  a  crystalline  fracture  and  metallic  appearance.  In  heated 
nitric  acid,  it  is  partly  soluble,  and  leaves  a  whitish  residue.  Some  vari- 
eties are  subject  to  decomposition,  when  exposed  to  the  action  of  the 
atmosphere. 

Composition  FeS2=iron  46*67,  sulphur  53  33. 

Analysis  by  Hatchett. 

Iron,  -  -  -        47-30  47'85 

Sulphur,  5270  52'15 

Pyrites  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  widely  diffused  species  among 
the  ores ;  and  occurs  in  very  various  repositories.  It  is  engaged  in 
imbedded  crystals,  and  in  massive  nodules ;  the  former  particularly  in 
clay-slate  and  greywacke-slate,  the  latter  in  greenstone,  granular  lime- 
stone, &c.  It  even  forms  beds  by  itself,  included  in  primitive  slate  ;  and 
is  often  an  important  ingredient  of  those  beds  which  contain  ores  of  lead, 
iron,  &c.  It  frequently  occurs  mixed  with  coal  seams,  and  the  beds  of 
clay  which  form  a  part  of  the  coal  measures.  The  auriferous  pyrites 
contains  a  small  portion  of  native  gold,  mechanically  mixed  with  it,  which 
appears  to  operate  by  a  galvanic  effect,  in  producing  the  decomposition,  to 
which  this  variety  is  so  generally  subject.  It  is  also  found  with  ores  of 
silver.  It  is  contained  in  many  organic  remains,  both  of  vegetable  and 
animal  origin. 

Some  of  the  crystals,  along  with  their  localities,  have  been  mentioned 
above.  The  Island  of  Elba  is  the  most  conspicuous  for  large  and  well 
•defined  crystals:  very  fine  crystals  are  found  in  Piedmont,  at  Freiberg, 
Johanngeorgenstadt,  &c.  in  Saxony,  in  Bohemia,  in  Hungary,  in  the 
Hartz,  at  Kongsberg  in  Norway,  at  Fahlun  in  Sweden,  in  Derbyshire 
and  Cornwall. 

Some  of  the  most  perfect  and  interesting  xls.  of  pyrites  have  been 
found  in  the  lead  mine  of  Rossie,  N.  Y.,  at  Scoharie,  N.  Y.,  at  Shoreham 
and  Hartford,  Vt,  at  the  Canton  mine  in  Ga.,  at  the  Middletown,  (Ct.) 
lead  mine,  where  besides  presenting  the  modification  in  fig.  631,  they 
present  an  elongated  prismatic  figure,  and  are  curiously  arranged  into 
twins  like  staurolide ;  at  Haddam,  Ct.  in  very  large  cubes  :  also  abundant 
throughout  the  gold  and  coal  formations  of  the  United  States,  besides 
forming  extensive  beds  in  the  primary  rocks  in  Vermont,  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut. 

Pyrites  affords  to  commerce,  large  quantities  of  sulphur,  copperas  and 
sulphuric  acid. 


APPENDIX    TO    ORDER    PYRITES.  [Class  II. 


APPENDIX   TO   ORDER   PYRITES. 

Barnhardtite,  Genth.  Massive.  Color  pale  bronze-yellow,  tarnishing  readily,  to 
pinchbeck  and  pavonine  tints.  Cleavage  not  observable.  Streak  black,  slightly 
shining.  B.  B.  gives  sulphur  fumes,  and  fuses  to  an  iron-black,  magnetic  globule. 
With  the  fluxes,  gives  reactions  of  iron,  copper  and  sulphur.  Composition  2<3u  S+ 
Fe2  S3.  Analysis  by  Taylor,  sulphur  29*4,  copper  47'61,  iron  22-23,  silver,  a  trace. 
From  Cabarras  and  Mecklenburg  counties,  North  Carolina. 

Cuban,  Breithaupt.  In  cubes  and  massive.  Color  bronze-  to  brass-yellow.  Streak 
dark  reddish  black.  H.=4.  G.=.4'02  . .. 4'16.  B.  B.  fuses  easily,  giving  off  fumes 
of  sulphur,  but  no  arsenic.  Analysis  by  Booth,  sulphur  39'01,  copper  19'80,  iron 
38-01,  silica  2-3,  which  gave  the  formula  CuS-fFe2  S*.  From  Barracanao,  Cuba. 

Glaucodote,  Breithaupt.  In  short,  right  rhombic  prisms,  M  on  M=112°  36',  hav- 
ing the  lateral  angles  (each)  deeply  replaced  by  three  planes,  so  as  to  convert  the 
figure,  if  placed  on  end,  into  a  12-sided  prism  with  di-hedral  summits; — a  form 
much  like  that  of  mispickel.  Cleavage  parallel  with  P  perfect,  with  M  less  dis- 
tinct. It  is  also  found  massive.  Color  greyish  tin-white.  Lustre  metallic.  .  Streak 
black.  H.=5-0.  G.=5'9 . . .  6'0.  Composition,  R  S*  +  R  AB,  where  R  is  Co  and  Fe. 
Analysis  by  Plattner, 

Cobalt,  with  a  trace  of  nickel,  -           ,-.,  ;       -                        24-77 

Iron,  -       11-90 

Arsenic,    -                          -  43-20 

Sulphur,  -       20-21 

Found  in  veins  in  chloritic  slate  with  cobaltine,  chalcopyrite,  axinite,  and  quartz, 
near  Huasko  in  Chili. 

Kyrosite,  arsenid  of  copper,  weissJcupfererz  of  "Werner,  is  from  the  mine  Briccius 
near  Annaberg ;  also  from  Chili  and  from  Siberia.  H.=5'6.  G.=:4'7 . . .  5.0.  Color 
whitish  brass-yellow.  The  variety  from  Chili,  according  to  Plattner,  has  12-9  p.  c. 
of  copper,  besides  iron  and  sulphur,  but  no  arsenic. 

Lonchidite,  Breithaupt,  Kausimkies.  Has  very  nearly  the  angles  of  marcasite, 
M  on  M  being  104°  24'.  H.=6'5.  G.=4'9 ...  5.  Color  tin-white,  sometimes  green- 
ish, or  greyish.  Streak  black.  Analysis  by  Plattner,  sulphur  49*61,  arsenic  4-40, 
iron  44'23,  cobalt  0'35,  copper  0'75,  lead  0'20.  Occurs  at  Freiberg  and  Cornwall. 

Syepoorite,  Nicol.  Graucobalterz.  Massive,  in  grains  and  seams.  G.=5-4B. 
Color  steel-grey,  inclining  to  yellow.  Composition,  Co  S=  sulphur  35-2,  cobalt  64'8. 
Analyses  by  Middleton,  sulphur  35'36,  cobalt  64'64.  Occurs  in  primitive  slate-rock 
with  pyrrohotine  at  Syepoor,  near  Rajpootanah  in  India.  It  is  employed  by  the 
native  jewelers,  to  give  a  rose-color  to  gold. 

Wasserkies,  Hydrous  pyrites.  H.=3'0 . . . 4'0.  G.=8!3...3-5.  According  to 
Glocker,  contains  water  in  chemical  combination.  From  Moravia,  and  Upper  Silesia. 


Ord.  XIII.  Glance.]    STERNBE RGITE. — MOLYBDENITE.     327 


Fig.  644. 


ORDER  XIII.      GLANCE. 

Sp.  1.     STERNBERGITE,  Haidinger ;  Flexible  Silver,  Bournon. 

[H.— 1-0  . . .  t'5.  G.— 4'2.  In  thin,  nearly  hexagonal  tables;  glob- 
ular and  rose-like  aggregates  and  massive,  with  a  granular  struc- 
ture. Pinchbeck-brown.  Thin  laminae  flexible.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M  119°  30'. 

Secondary  form. 

Cleavage,  highly  perfect,  parallel  to  P : 
the  laminae  may  be  torn  asunder  like  thin 
sheet-lead.  Lustre  metallic.  Streak  black. 
Tarnish,  often  violet-blue.  Very  sectile  : 
leaves  traces  on  paper,  like  plumbago. 

B.  B.,  on  charcoal,  burns  with  a  blue  flame, 
and  smells  of  burning  sulphur,  finally  melting 
into  a  magnetic  globule,  covered  with  silver. 
With  borax,  yields  a  globule  of  silver,  and  a  glass,  colored  by  iron.  It  is 
decomposed  by  aqua  regia,  leaving  sulphur  and  chloride  of  silver.  Com- 
position AgS+2Fe2S3=  sulphur  33'7,  silver  32  5,  iron  337.  Analysis 
by  Zippe,  sulphur  30,  silver  33'2,  iron  36. 

Occurs  in  attached  xls.,  in  fan-shaped  and  globular  aggregations  and 
columnar  masses,  in  veins,  with  pyrargyrite  and  argentite  at  Joachimsthal 
in  Bohemia,  and  at  Schneeberg  and  Johanngeorgenstadt  in  Saxony. 

8p.  2.     MOLYBDENITE,  (S.)    Molybdene,  Hauy ;   Molybdanit,  Haidin- 
ger;  Molybdanglanz,  Hausmann. 

[H.=l-0  . . .  1'5.    G.— 4-59.     Mostly  massive,  foliated  or  granular. 
Color,  pure  lead-grey.   Thin  laminae  highly  flexible.   Very  sectile.] 
Primary  form,  rhomboid. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  645.  Fig.  646. 


Haddara,  Ct.  Shutesbury,  Mass. 

Cleavage,  parallel  with  P,  highly  perfect.  Fracture  not  observable. 
Surface  P  smooth  ;  the  remaining  planes  horizontally  streaked.  Lustre 
metallic.  Streak  unchanged.  Gives  a  grey  trace  on  paper,  and  a  green- 
ish one,  on  porcelain. 

B.  B.  infusible,  but  emits  sulphurous  fumes.  In  the  forceps,  it  tinges 
the  flame  green.  It  gives  a  dull  brown  pearl  with  borax,  if  nitre  be 
added.  Dissolves  in  nitric  acid,  excepting  a  greyish-white  residue. 


328 


COVELLINE. ANTIMONITE. 


[Class  II. 


Composition,  MoS2=  sulphur  41 '0,  molybdenum  59.  Analysis  by 
Brandes.  Molybdenum  59'6,  sulphur  40'4. 

Found  imbedded  in  gneiss  and  granite ;  sometimes  attended  by  cassi- 
terite  and  wolfram.  Occurs  at  Altenberg  in  Saxony,  and  at  Schlaggen- 
wald  and  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia;  also  in  Cornwall,  Norway,  Sweden  and 
Scotland.  The  chief  localities  in  the  United  States  are  Haddam,  Conn., 
Shutesbury,  Mass.,  and  Westmoreland,  New  Hampshire. 

Sp.  3.     COVELLINE,  Beudant ;    Indigo  Copper,   Blue  Copper,  Kupfer- 
indig,  Hausmann. 

[H.=l-5...2'0.     G.=38  ...  3'82.     In  hexagonal  plates,  double 
6-sided  pyramids  and  spheroidal  masses  with  crystalline  surfaces; 
massive  reniform  and  in  coats.     Indigo-blue.] 
Primary  form,  rhomboid. 

Secondary  form,  six-sided  plates  and  double  pyramids.  Cleavage  ba- 
sal, perfect.  Lustre  sub-metallic,  somewhat  greasy,  slightly  pearly  on 
cleavage  faces.  Streak  black.  Opaque.  Sectile.  In  thin  leaves,  flexible. 
B.  B.  burns  with  a  blue  flame,  melting  with  ebullition  into  a  globule, 
which  with  soda,  yields  a  bead  of  copper.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid.  Com- 
position, CoS2=  sulphur  33'5,  copper  65'5.  Analysis,  a  from  Badenwei- 
ler  by  Walchner,  6  from  Vesuvius  by  Covelli,  c  from  Leogang. 


Sulphur, 
Copper, 
Iron, 
Lead,    - 


a 

-  32-64 
6477 

-  0-46 
104 


b 

320 
66' 


3430 

6456 

114 


Occurs  with  other  copper  ores  in  Salzberg,  Poland,  Thuringia,  and 
at  Vesuvius. 


M  on  M=90°  45'. 


Sp.  4.     ANTIMONITE,  Haidinger ;   Grey  Antimony  ;   Antimonglanz. 

[H.=2'0.     G.=:4'51  . . .  4'6.     In  rhombic  prs.  of  90°  45'  and  mas- 
sive, in  long,  thin  columnar  individuals,  rarely  granular.     Color, 
lead-grey.     Lustre  metallic.] 
Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism. 
Secondary  form. 

88°  40' "1 
145  30 
134  20 
171  40 
173  00 
108  30 


Fig.  647. 


M'  on  M 

M'  on  e'2,  or  M  on  e2 

M'  or  M  on  h 

M'  on  i'  or  M  on  « 

M'  on# 

e'2  on  e2 

h    on  e'2  or  e2    - 

h    on  i'  or  i     *V*» ;? 


125  30 
161  30 


PHILLIPS. 


M 


Cleavage,  highly  perfect  in  the  direction  of  h,  or 
the  shorter  diagonal  of  the  prism ;  much  less  distinct, 
parallel  with  M.  Fracture  small  conchoidal,  rather  imperfect.  Surface, 
the  vertical  planes  deeply  striated,  parallel  to  their  own  intersections,  and 
rough.  The  remaining  faces  generally  smooth.  Subject  to  tarnish. 


Ord.  XIII.   Glance.]  EUCAIRITE.  329 

Lustre  metallic.  Color,  lead-grey,  inclining  to  steel-grey.  Streak 
unchanged.  Sectile.  Thin  laminae  are  a  little  flexible.  Crystals  some- 
times bent. 

Compound  varieties  Massive;  composition  columnar, of  various  sizes 
of  individuals,  sometimes  very  thin,  but  not  impalpable.  They  are  long 
and  straight,  either  parallel  or  divergent  from  several  common  centres, 
and  aggregated  in  a  second  angulo-granular  composition.  The  faces  of 
composition  are  irregularly  streaked  in  a  longitudinal  direction.  Some- 
times the  composition  is  granular,  and  then  the  individuals  often  become 
impalpable,  but  are  generally  very  strongly  connected  ;  the  fracture  be- 
comes even  or  uneven.  Capillary  crystals  often  form  a  tissue  resembling 
wool,  or  felt. 

Very  fusible  B.  B.,  and  is  absorbed  by  the  charcoal.  By  a  continued 
blast,  it  may  be  volatilized,  without  leaving  any  considerable  residue. 
When  pure,  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Composition,  Sb2S3  =  sul- 
phur 27'12,  antimony  72'88. 

Analysis,  a  by  Proust,  b  by  Thomson. 

a  b 

Antimony,         -  -  -        75'00  7377 

Sulphur,      -  25-00  26'23 

Occurs  in  veins  and  beds ;  in  the  latter  case,  with  chalybite.  It  is 
frequently  associated  with  barytes,  blende  and  quartz.  Its  decomposition 
produces  the  valentinite,  with  which  it  is  often  invested. 

Veins,  consisting  almost  entirely  of  the  present  species,  have  been  discov- 
ered at  Posing  near  Presburg  in  Hungary,  and  at  Wolfsthal  in  the  county 
of  Stollberg  in  the  Hartz  ;  also  such  as  contain  it  in  considerable  quan- 
tities, associated  with  other  minerals,  at  Felsobanya  in  Upper  Hungary, 
at  Cremnitz,  Schemnitz,  and  other  places  in  Lower  Hungary,  and  in 
France.  Other  localities  are  Braunsdorf  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  Neu- 
dorf  in  Anhalt,  Cornwall  and  Scotland.  The  fibrous  variety  occurs  at 
Loben  in  the  valley  of  the  Levant  in  Carinthia,  and  the  compact  at  Ma- 
gurka  in  Hungary. 

It  is  abundant  in  Borneo.  It  has  been  found  at  Carmel,  Penobscot  Co., 
Me.,  at  Cornish  and  Lyme,  N.  H.,  and  at  Soldier's  Delight,  Md. 

It  is  used  for  extracting  the  crude  antimony  of  commerce,  which  is  so 
largely  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  several  alloys  (particularly  of 
type-metal),  and  in  medicines. 

Sp.  5.     EUCAIRITE,  Berztlius ;  Selenkupfersilber. 

[H.—  soft.    In  cleavable  grains.   Lustre  metallic.    Color,  lead-grey. 

Streak  shining.     Opaque.] 

In  black  metallic  films,  staining  the  calcite  in  which  it  is  contained. 
In  the  matrass,  yields  a  sublimate  of  selenium  and  selenic  acid.     B.  B. 
emits  the  odor  of  selenium,  and  melts  easily  into  a  grey,  metallic  globule. 
With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  yields  the  reaction  of  copper,  leaving 
a  grey,  brittle  globule  of  seleniuret  of  silver.     Soluble  in  hot  nitric  acid. 
Composition,  Cu2Se-(-AgSe=silver  43'08,  copper  25'29,  selenium 
31'63.    Analysis  by  Berzelius : 

42 


330         BERZELINE. NAUMANNITE.  —  RIOLITE.        [Class  II. 

Silver,              .....  3893 

Copper,                   -            -                         -  23-05 

Selenium,        ...                          .  26'00 

Earthy  matter,        -                                      -  8 '90 

Found  in  an  abandoned  copper-mine  at  Strickerum  in  the  parish  of 
Tryserum  in  Smaland,  Sweden. 

Sp.  6.     BERZELINE,  Beudant ;  Selenkupfer,  v.  Leonhard;    Selenid  of 

copper. 

Crystalline.  Lustre  metallic.  Silver-white.  Streak  shining.  Soft 
and  malleable.  When  isolated  and  rubbed,  acquires  resinous  electricity. 

In  an  open  tube,  selenium  and  selenic  acid  sublime,  leaving  a  residue 
of  copper.  B.  B.  gives  the  odor  of  selenium  and  fuses  to  a  grey  bead. 
After  long  continued  roasting  with  soda,  yields  a  globule  of  copper. 
Composition,  Cu2Se=copper  61'52,  selenium  38'48.  Analysis  by  Berze- 
Hus  ;  copper  64,  selenium  40. 

Found  in  a  thin  dendritic  coating  on  calcite,  in  the  copper-mine  of 
Skrickerum  in  Smaland,  Sweden. 

Sp.  7.     NAUMANNITE,  Haidinger ;  Selensilber,  Rose. 

[H.— 2"5.    G.=8'0.     In  cubic  xls.,  in  thin  plates  and  granular  ; 

lustre  splendent,  metallic.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Streak,  iron-black. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  it  melts  easily  in  the  outer  flame.     With  soda  and 
borax,  it  yields  a  bead  of  silver 
Occurs  at  Tilkerode  in  the  Hartz. 

*RIOLITE,  Frobel. 

In  hexagonal  tables  with  rounded  edges  and  angles  :  malleable  :  color 
lead-grey.  Composition,  Ag  Se2.  Analysis  by  Del  Rio,  silver  57'66, 
selenium  42*34. 

Occurs  at  Tasco  in  Mexico. 

*ONOFRITE,  Haidinger ;  Merkurglanz,  Breithaupt;  Selenid  of  Mer- 
cury, Selenquecksilber. 

[H.=2'5    G.=7"37.     Massive,  granular ;   steel-  to  blackish  lead- 
grey.     Lustre  metallic  ;   streak  shining.] 

Sectile.  B.  B.  emits  the  smell  of  sulphurous  acid :  with  soda,  yields 
metallic  mercury. 

Composition,  H2Se,  HgS,  a  mixture  of  selenide  and  sulphide  of  mer- 
cury. Analysis  by  Rose. 

Mercury,  .....  81'33 

Sulphur,      ....  -       10'30 

Selenium,  -  -  f  \  -  6'49 

Said'to  occur  in  veins  with  mercury,  quartz,  calcite  and  bary tes,  at  San 
Onofre  in  Mexico. 


Ord.  XIII.  Glance.]     ARGENTITE.  —  AKANTHITE. 


331 


Sp.  8.     ARGENTITE,  Haidinger ;  Vitreous  Silver,  Silberglanz,  Glaserz, 
Hausmann;  Argyrose,  Beudant. 

[H.=:2-0  . .  .  2'5.     G.=7'19  . . .  7  36.     In  cubo-8-dral  xls.,  reticula- 
ted, filiform  and  capillary  shapes,  and  massive  in  plates,  coatings 
and  compact.     Color,  blackish  lead-grey.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 
Fig.  648. 

Fig.  649.  Fig.  650. 


Pon6 
b  on  b 
b  on  6 
Pond 


(fig.  649.) 
(fig.  650.) 
(fig.  650.) 


135° 
120 

146  27 
144  44 


Cleavage,  sometimes  traces,  parallel  to  b,  (fig.  649).  Fracture  im- 
perfect and  small  conchoidal,  uneven.  Surface,  nearly  of  the  same  de- 
scription in  all  its  forms,  often  uneven,  and  possessing  low  degrees  of 
lustre.  Subject  to  tarnish.  Streak  shining. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  intumesces,  melts  with  odor  of  sulphurous  acid, 
and  at  last  yields  a  globule  of  silver.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  some 
of  the  sulphur  behind.  Composition,  AgS=  silver  87'05,  sulphur  12*95. 
Analysis  by  Klaproth  ;  silver  86'50,  sulphur  13'50. 

Found  almost  exclusively  in  veins  with  ores  of  lead,  silver  and  anti- 
mony, and  attended  by  blende,  quartz  and  calcite.  The  rock  adjoining 
the  veins  is  often  impregnated  with  it,  and  covered  with  the  same,  in  a 
state  of  partial  decomposition,  forming  a  black  powder.  It  occurs  at 
Freiberg,  Marienberg,  Annaberg,  Schneeberg  and  Johanngeorgenstadt 
in  Saxony  ;  in  Bohemia,  Hungary,  Siberia,  Mexico,  Peru,  in  the  Hartz 
and  at  Cornwall. 

It  is  a  valuable  ore  for  the  extraction  of  silver. 


Sp.  9.     AKANTHITE,  Kenngott. 

[H.=2'5.    G.=7  31  .  .  .  7'36.     In  slender,  acute,  double  6-sided 

pyramids.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism. 
Secondary  form,  as  above. 

Cleavage  indistinct.     Fracture  uneven  ;  lustre  shining.      Other  prop- 
erties like  argentite,  with  which  species  it  is  dimorphic. 


332 


POLYBASI  IE. CLAUST HALITE. 


[Class  II. 


Occurs  at  Joachimsthal,  with  granular  pyrites,  argentite  and  calcite. 
It  is  named  from  a^af6at  a  thorn,  in  allusion  to  the  sharp  pointed  forms 
of  its  crystals. 

Sp.  10.     POLYBASITE,  Rose ;  Eugenglanz. 

[H.:=2-0  . . .  3U    G.=6'21.     In  thin  hexahedral  xls.  and  massive. 

Color  and  streak  iron-black.] 

Primary  form,  rhomboid.  Fig- 

Secondary  form. 

Terminal  planes  (0)  striated  triangularly,  parallel 
to  the  alternate  terminal  edges.  Cleavage,  parallel 
with  o.  Fracture  uneven.  Color  of  thin  tabular  xls. 
by  transmitted  light,  cherry-red ;  otherwise, .  opaque. 
Lustre  metallic. 

Decrepitates,  when   heated.      In   the   open  tube, 
yields  a  white  sublimate  and  a  smell  of  sulphurous 
acid.     B.  B.  on  charcoal,  melts  very  easily,  and  depos- 
its a  sublimate  of  oxide  of  antimony  upon  the  support. 
With  borax,  yields  a  bead  of  silver,  containing  copper,  and  imparts  £ 
ish-green  color  to  borax.  Composition,  (Ag,  €u)  S-}-^  (Sb,  As)2S3  = 
silver  alone,  sulphur  14'9,  antimony  9"9,  silver  75'2. 

Analysis,  a  from  Guarisamey,  b  from  Schemnitz,  c  from  Freiberg  by 
Rose. 

a 

64'29 
9-93 
0-06 


x  ono 
x  on  x1 


121°  30' 
129  32 

a  blu- 
with 


Silver, 

Copper, 

Iron, 

Zinc, 

Arsenic, 

Antimony, 

Sulphur,     - 


b 

7243 
3'04 
0'33 
0-59 
623 
025 

16-83 


c 

69-99 
411 
029 


117 

8-39 
1635 


Found  in  veins  in  primitive  slate,  in  transition  rocks,  and  in  tra- 
chyte, with  stephanite,  pyrargyrite,  blende,  chalcodite,  pyrites,  quartz  and 
calcite,  in  Saxony,  Bohemia,  Hungary  and  Mexico. 

Named  from  nolvg^  many,  and  6aaizf  base,  in  allusion  to  the  large 
amount  of  the  base,  sulphide  of  silver,  as  compared  with  those  of  arsenic 
and  antimony. 

Sp.  11.  CLAUSTHALITE,  Haidinger  ;  Tilkerodite,  Haidinger;  Raphan- 
osmite,  Kobell;  Zorgite,  Brooke  and  Miller;  Selenblei,  Selenkup- 
ferblei. 


.  8'8.     Massive,  fine  granular.     Re- 
metallic.     Color,  bluish   or  yellowish 


Streak  greyish  black. 


[H.=2'5  .  . .  3'0.     G.— 7  0  . 

sembles  galena.     Lustre 
lead-grey.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Cleavage,  cubic.     Acquires  a  bluish  tarnish. 
Rather  sectile. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  gives  the  odor  of  horse-radish,  and  deposits  a  reddish- 
brown  coating.  Heated  in  an  open  tube,  the  selenium  sublimes,  forming 
a  red  ring  :  and  on  heating  the  tube  to  redness,  the  ore  fuses  and  the  red 
ring  partially  disappears,  giving  place  to  a  white  crystalline  deposit. 
Some  of  the  varieties  give  a  copper  reaction. 


Ord.  XIII.  Glance.]    LEHRBACHITE. —  JAMESONITE.          333 

Composition,  PbSe=  selenium  27'6,  lead  72-4,  with  part  of  the  lead 
often  replaced  by  silver.  Analyses,  a  from  Tilkerode  by  Rose,  b  from 
Clausthal  by  Stromeyer,  c  from  Tilkerode  by  Rammelsberg,  d  from 
Clausthal  (sehnkobaltblei)  by  Rose,  e  from  Tilkerode  (selenbleikupfer)  by 
Rose,  /"from  Tilkerode  (selenkupftrblei)  by  Rose. 

a  b  c  d             e  f 

Selenium,  -       27'59  2811  2652  31'42  34'26  29'96 

Lead,  -        71'81  70'98  60'15  6392  47'43  59'67 

Cobalt,  0-83      314  

Copper,                  15'15  7'86 

Silver,           -         11-67     V29    

Iron,                      0-45       2'08  033 

d  is  the  tilkerodite  of  Haidinger,  e  and  f  are  the  raphanosmite  of 
Kobell,  and  the  zorgite  of  Brooke  and  Miller. 

Found  in  a  vein  of  hematite  in  the  Hartz,  and  at  Reinsberg  and  Frei- 
berg in  Saxony. 

'  /•    , 

*LEHRBACHITE,  Brooke  and  Miller;  Selenquecksilberblei. 

Soft.  G.=7'3.  Granular  with  a  cubic  cleavage.  Lead-grey  to 
steel-grey  and  iron-black.  Lustre  metallic.  Streak  black. 
Sectile.  Opaque. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  In  the  matrass,  yields  a  grey  sublimate  of 
selenide  of  mercury ;  with  soda,  a  sublimate  of  mercury.  In  the  open 
tube,  gives  a  liquid  sublimate  of  selenate  of  mercury.  Composition,  a 
mixture  of  Pb  Se  and  Hg  Se  in  variable  proportions.  Analysis  from  Til- 
kerode by  Rose. 

Lead,  ....        55-34  2733 

Mercury,  -  -  -  1694  4469 

Selenium,     -  -  -        24'97  27'98 

Found  at  Lehrbach  and  Tilkerode  in  the  Hartz. 

Sp.  12.     JAMESONITE,  Haidinger;  Bleischimmer. 

[H.=2'0  . . .  2'5.     G.=5  56  . . .  5'61.     In  acicular  xls.  and  fibrous, 
(parallel  or  diverging)  masses.     Color  and  streak,  steel-grey.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M— 101°  20. 

Secondary  form.  Fig.  653. 

Cleavage,  parallel  with  P  very  perfect,  M  and  a,  less 
so.     Lustre  metallic.     Sectile. 

In  the  open  tube,  affords  dense  white  fumes  of  the 
oxide  of  antimony.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  decrepitates 
when  heated,  melts  easily,  deposits  a  sublimate  of  ox- 
ide of  lead  and  antimony ;  and  after  the  lead  and  anti- 
mony are  driven  off,  leaves  a  slag,  which  usually  affords 
the  reactions  of  copper  and  iron.  With  soda,  yields  a  P  on  M  90 
globule  of  lead.  M  on  a  129  20 

Composition,  PbS+f  Sb2S2  =  sulphur  20'2,  antimony     M  on  M  101  20 
36'2,  lead  43'6.    Analyses,  a  from  Cornwall  by  Rose,  6 
from  Estremadura  by  Schaffgotsch,  c  from  Tuscany  by  Becchi. 


334 


PLAG10N1TE.  FRIESLEBENITE. 


[Class  II. 


Sulphur, 

Antimony, 

Lead, 

Iron, 

Copper, 

Bismuth, 

Zinc, 


a 

2215 

3440 

4075 

2-30 

0'13 


b 

2178 

32-62 

30-97 

3-63 

0-94 

1-06 

0-42 


2053 

3216 

4338 

094 

125 

1-74 


Occurs  principally  in  Cornwall,  associated  with  quartz  and  small  xls. 
of  bournonite;   also  found  in  Siberia,  Spain,  Hungary  and  Brazil. 


Sp.  13.     PLAGIONITE,  Rose. 

[H.=2'5.     G.m5'4.     In  short,  oblique  rhombic  prisms  of  120°  49' 
in  geodes  and  druses  ;   also  granular.     Color  and  streak,  black- 
ish lead-grey.     Lustre  metallic.] 
Primary  form,  oblique  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M=120°  49',  P  on  M= 
138°  52'. 

Secondary  form.  Fig.  654. 

P  on  d          -  154°  20' 

e          -  149 


b 
d  on  d 


107    22 
142      3 


Xls.  somewhat  tabular ;  the  plane  P  shining  and 
smooth ;  others  striated.  Cleavage,  perfect  paral- 
lel with  M,  but  seldom  affording  smooth  surfaces. 
Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Brittle. 

Decrepitates  violently  when  heated.  In  the 
open  tube,  emits  fumes  of  antimony  and  sulphur- 
ous acid.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  melts  very  easily, 
sinks  into  the  support,  and  finally  yields  a  globule 
of  lead. 

Composition  PbS+fSb2S3=  sulphur  26'6,  anti- 
mony 38"3,  lead  41*1.  Analysis  by  Rose. 

Sulphur,      •         •  .§^/ 
Antimony,         -         >  14 
Lead,          -  v  • 

Discovered  at  Wolfsberg  by  Zinken,  and  named  from 
lique,  in  allusion  to  its  unusually  oblique  axis. 
Occurs  at  Wolfsberg. 


21-53 
37-34 
40-52 


ob- 


Sp. 14.     FRIESLEBENITE,  Haidinger ;   Schilfglaserz,  Freisleben. 

[H.=2'0  . .  .  2'5.     G.=6'0  . . .  6'4.    In  short,  oblique  rhombic  prs. ; 
striated  lengthwise,  and  massive.     Color  and  streak  steel-grey. 
Lustre  metallic      Brittle.] 
Primary  form,  oblique  rhombic  prism.     M  on  Mr=119°  12'. 


Ord.  XIII.   Glance.] 


ZINKENI T  E 


335 


Secondary  form. 
e  on  e 


Fig.  655. 


132  48 


Cleavage,  parallel  with  M,  also  with  e.  Fracture 
conchoidal  to  uneven.  Opaque.  Brittle.  Often  in 
twins. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  deposits  a  sublimate  of  oxides 
of  lead  and  antimony,  and  yields  a  globule  of  silver, 
which  sometimes  imparts  the  color  of  copper  to  bo- 
rax. 

Composition,  (Pb,  Ag)  S-HSb2S2.  Analysis  by 
Wohler. 


Silver,  .... 

Lead,     -  - 

Iron,  .... 

Copper, 

Antimony, 

Sulphur, 

Found  in  veins  in  gneiss  with  galena,  antimonite,  pyrargyrite,  pyrites, 
chalybite,  calcite  and  quartz,  in  the  Himmelsfurst  and  some  other  mines 
near  Freiberg  in  Saxony.  It  is  said  to  have  been  found  at  Kapnik  in 
Transylvania,  and  (a  variety  containing  bismuth)  at  Ratieborzitz  in  Bo- 
hemia. It  is  a  very  scarce  mineral. 

Sp.  15.     ZINKENITE,  Rose. 

[H.  =3'0  . . .  3'5.   G  =5  3  . . .  5'35.     In  twin  xls.  which  are  hexag- 
onal prisms  vertically  striated,  with  low  hexagonal  pyramids  at 
summit ;   in  radiating  groups  and  columnar  masses.     Color  and 
streak  dark  steel-grey,  to  lead-grey,  sometimes  iridescent.] 
Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism,  M  on  M  120°  39'. 
Fracture  uneven.     Opaque.     Lustre  metallic.     Slightly  brittle. 
In  the  open  tube,  yields  a  white  sublimate  of  oxide  of  antimony  and 
antimonite  of  lead.      B.  B.  on   charcoal,  decrepitates,  melts  and  de- 
posits a  yellow  sublimate  of  oxide  of  lead,  surrounded  by  a  ring  of  ox- 
ide of  antimony,  leaving  a  very  small  bead  containing  copper.     With 
soda,  yields  a  globule  of  lead.     Decomposed  by  warm  hydrochloric  acid, 
forming  chloride  of  lead.     Composition,  PbS-{-Sb2S3=  sulphur  21*6,  an- 
timony 43'5,  lead  34'9.     Analysis  by  Rose. 


Lead, 
Copper, 
Antimony, 
Sulphur, 


31-84 

0-42 

44-39 

22-58 


Found  with  antimonite  and  quartz,  at  Wolfsberg  in  the  Hartz,  and 
near  Trudpert  in  the  Black  Forest.  Named  in  honor  of  M.  Zinken, 
director  of  the  Anhalt  mines. 


STEPHANITE. KOBELLITE 


[Class  II. 


Sp.  16. 


STEPHANITE,  Haidinger;  Sprodglaserz,  Hausmann ;    Melan 
glanz,  Breithaupt;   Brittle  Sulphuret  Silver,  Phillips. 

[H.=:2'5.  G.=6'2  ...6'3,  In  tabular  xls.  (often  twins)  and 
massive,  granular  and  compact.  Color  and  streak,  iron-black 
Lustre  metallic.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism,  M  on  M=115°  39'. 

Secondary  forms.  Fig.  657. 

Fig.  656. 


&  on  6 

Mon  s    - 
a  on  s 
M  on  b    - 


130°  16' 

-  122   10 
143  54 

-  142    9 


Cleavage,  parallel  with  a  and  s,  imperfect.  Faces  M  and  s  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Its  other  faces,  smooth. 
Xls.  often  in  twins ;  M,  the  face  of  composition  ;  forms  like  aragonite, 
common.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Sectile. 

In  the  open  tube,  yields  a  sublimate  of  oxide  of  antimony  :  many  varie- 
ties yield  arsenious  acid.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  melts  into  a  dark  grey 
bead,  which  with  soda  or  borax,  in  the  inner  flame,  yields  a  globule  of 
silver.  Soluble  in  dilute,  heated  nitric  acid,  sulphur  and  oxide  of  anti- 
mony being  deposited. 

Composition,  AgS-t-£Sb2S3—  sulphur  15'6,  antimony  14,  silver  70'4. 
Analysis  by  Rose,  from  Schemnitz. 

Sulphur,  16-42 

Antimony,  -  -  -     14-68 

Silver,    '  -  68-54 

Copper,     -  ...       0'64 

Occurs  in  veins  with  other  silver  ores  in  slate,  transition,  and  trachytic 
rocks,  in  the  mining  districts  of  Saxony,  Bohemia,  Hungary,  Hartz  and 
Mexico. 

Sp.  17.     KOBELLITE,  Satterberg. 

[Soft.  G.=6'29  . . .  6'32.  Resembles  antimonite,  radiating,  co- 
lumnar and  fibrous.  Lustre  metallic.  Color,  dark  lead-grey. 
Streak  black.] 

In  the  open  tube,  yields  sulphurous  acid  and  oxide  of  antimony.     B.  B. 
melts  with  ebullition,  depositing  upon  the  charcoal,  a  white  and  yellow 
sublimate,  and  leaving  a  white  metallic  bead.     Soluble  in  hydrochloric 
acid,  with  extrication  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 
Analysis  by  Satterberg. 

Lead,       -  -  40-12 

Bismuth,        -  27-05 

Iron,  •  -2-96 

Copper,          •  -0-80 


Ord.  XIII.  Glance.]      BISMUTHINE.  —  AIKIMITE. 


337 


Antimony, 

Sulphur, 

Earthy  matter,     • 


9-25 

17-86 

1-45 


Found  in  the  cobalt  mine  of  Hvena,  in  the  province  of  Nerike  in  Swe- 
den, accompanied  by  cobaltine,  mispickel  and  chalcopyrite. 


Sp.  18.     BISMUTHINE,  Beudant ;   Wismuthglanz, 

[H=2'0  . . .  2'5.  G.^6'4  . . .  6'5.  In  prismatic  xls.  and  massive, 
with  a  granular,  foliated  structure.  Color  and  streak,  lead-grey, 
with  a  yellowish  tarnish.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism,  M  on  M  = 

Secondary  form. 

The  lines  parallel  to  the  plane  f,  represent  the 
striae,  constantly  observed  on  the  xls.,  but  which  in 
reality  are  a  series  of  planes.  Cleavage,  parallel  to 
P  andf;  most  perfect,  parallel  with  the  latter,  and  at 
right  angles  to  /,  affording  the  measurement  of  90° 
by  the  reflective  goniometer.  Fracture  scarcely  ob- 
servable. Opaque. 

In  the  open  tube,  boils,  yields  a  sublimate  of  sul- 
phur, with  extrication  of  sulphurous  acid.  Melts  in 
the  flame  of  a  candle.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  in  the  inner  flame,  melts  read- 
ily, yielding  a  yellow  sublimate,  and  a  globule  of  bismuth.  Partially  sol- 
uble in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur  ;  the  clear  solution  gives 
a  white  precipitate,  on  dilution  with  water.  Composition,  Bi2S3  —  sul- 
phur 18'4,  bismuth  81  6.  Analysis  by  Rose,  sulphur  1872,  bismuth 
80-98. 

Found  with  bismuth  in  veins  and  beds.  Its  localities  are  Altenberg, 
Schneeberg,  Joachimsthal,  Cornwall,  Riddarhyttan  Sweden,  Beresof 
Siberia,  Drammen  Norway,  Caldbeckfell  Cumberland  and  Haddam, 
Conn.  • 


Sp.  19.  AIKINITE,  Chapman;  Aciculite,  Nicol;  Needle  ore,  Jame- 
son; Nadelerz,  Hausmann;  Belonite,  Glocker ;  Patrinite,  Hcd- 
dinger. 

[H.— 2'0  . . .  2'5.  G.=6'75.  In  long  slender,  4  and  6-sided  prisms, 
striated  lengthwise.  Color  and  streak,  dark  lead-grey.  Acquires 
a  brown  tarnish.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.    M  on  M  =  nearly  1 10°. 
Cleavage  in  one  direction,  parallel  with  the  prismatic  axis.     Fracture 
uneven.     Massive,  rarely  impalpable. 

In  the  open  tube,  yields  sulphurous  acid,  and  a  white  vapor,  part  of 
which  condenses  in  transparent  drops.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  melts  very  ea- 
sily, emits  fumes,  and  deposits  a  white  and  yellow  sublimate,  leaving  a 
bead,  which  with  soda,  yields  a  globule  of  copper.  Partially  soluble  in 
nitric  acid,  leaving  sulphate  of  lead  and  sulphur.  Composition,  (Co,  Pb) 
B+iBi2S3=16'7,  bismuth  36'2,  lead  36'1,  copper  11.  Supposed  to  be 
isomorphous,  with  bournonite.  Analysis,  from  Beresof,  by  Frick  : 

43 


338  BERTHIERITE GEOCRONITE.  [Class  II. 

Sulphur,  ....  16-05 

Bismuth,              ....  34-62 

Lead,  ....  35-69 

Copper,                                        .            -  11-79 

Found  imbedded  in  white  quartz,  with  gold,  malachite  and  galena,  at 
Beresof,  near  Ckatherinenberg  in  Siberia. 

Sp.  21.    BERTHIERITE,  Haidinger. 

[H.=2'0  . . .  3'0.  G=4'0  . . .  4'3.  In  slender  xls.  and  massive,  co- 
lumnar, plumose,  rarely  granular.  Dark  steel-grey  to  pinchbeck- 
brown.] 

Cleavage  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Lustre  metallic ;  liable  to 
tarnish.  Opaque. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  melts  readily,  yields  fumes  of  antimony,  and  leaves 
a  black,  magnetic  slag.  Dissolves  readily  in  hydrochloric  acid,  with 
evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  Composition,  Fe  S-hSb2S3=  sul- 
phur 28*9,  antimony  58'4,  iron  12'7.  Analysis,  a  from  Braunsdorf  by 
Rammelsberg,  b  from  Arany  Idka,  Hungary,  by  Pettko,  c  near  Freiberg, 
by  v.  Hauer. 

Sulphur,  -  -  30-575  29-27  30-53 

Iron,         -  -  -        11-96  12-85  10-16 

Antimony,  -  -  54-33  57-88  59'30 

Manganese,          •  •          0-45  

Found  in  gneiss  near  Chazelles  in  Auvergne,  Anglar  in  the  depart- 
ment of  la  Creuse,  at  Braunsdorf  near  Freiberg,  and  in  Hungary. 

Sp.  21.    GEOCRONITE,  Svanberg ;  Kilbrickenite,  Apjohn ;  Schulzite. 

[H.  =2'5  . . .  3;0.  G.=5'80  . . .  6'54.  In  right  rhombic  prisms  ; 
mostly  massive,  granular  and  earthy.  Color  and  streak,  light 
lead-grey.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.    M  on  M=119°  44'. 
Secondary  form.  Fig.  659. 

P  on  M         -  90  1° 

M  on  a         -  120  8 


Cleavage,  parallel  with  M.     Fracture  conchoidal  to 
even.     Lustre  metallic.     Opaque.    Brittle. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  fuses  easily,  emitting  fumes  of  an- 
timony and  sulphur,  and  staining  the  support  yellow. 
Composition,  PbS+HSb  As)2S3^  sulphur  16'2,  antimony  167,  lead 
66*8.  Analysis,  a  from  Sahla  by  Svanberg,  b  from  Merido  by  Sauvage, 
c  from  Ireland  (the  kilbrickenite)  by  Apjohn. 

a  b  c 

Sulphur,        -  -       12-26  16-90  16-36 

Antimony,          -  9-58  16.  14-39 

Lead,  -  -       66-45  64-89  68-87 


Ord.  XTII.  Glance.]    PLUMOS]ITE. —  BOULANGERITE.         339 

Arsenic,  -                 4'69  

Copper,  1-51  1-60  0-38 

Iron,        -  -                 0-42                                     

Zinc,  -             -          0-11  

Found  at  Merido,  in  Spain,  at  Val  di  Castello  in  Tuscany,  at  Sahla 
Sweden,  and  at  Kilbricken,  county  of  Clare,  Ireland. 

Sp.  22.     PLUMOSITE,  Haidinger ;  Heteromorphite,  Rammelsberg ;  Fed- 
ererz,  Feather-ore. 

[H.=1'0  . . .  3'0.  G.^5'6  . . .  5'9.  In  flexible,  capillary  xls.,  also 
massive.  Color,  dark  steel-grey,  sometimes  iridescent.  Lustre 
dull  metallic.] 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  melts  easily,  is  volatilized,  except  a  small  slag-like 
residue,  the  oxides  of  lead  and  antimony,  being  deposited  upon  the  sup- 
port. With  soda,  yields  a  globule  of  lead. 

Composition,  PbS  +  ^Sb2S3=  sulphur  19'2,  antimony  31'0,  lead  49  8. 
Analysis,  a  plumose  from  Wolfsberg  by  Rose,  b  massive  from  Wolfsberg 
by  Poselger,  c  acicular  xls.  from  Tuscany  by  Becchi. 

a  b  c 

Sulphur,         •  19-72  20*32  18-39 

Antimony,  -  -     31-04  3298  30-19 

Lead,  -  -  46-87  48-48  47-68 

Iron,       -  -  -        1-30  0-16 

Zinc,             -             -             0-08  1-08 

Copper,  -  —  I'll 

Occurs  in  the  Hartz,  at  Freiberg  and  Schemnitz,  in  the  Anhalt  at 
Pfaffenburg  and  Meiseberg,  and  near  Bottino  in  Tuscany. 

Sp.  23.     BOULANGERITE,  Thaulow;  Plumbostite,  Breithaupt ;  Embrith- 
ite,  Breithaupt ;   Schwefelantimonblei. 

[H.=2'5  ...3'0.  G.=5'75  . . .  6'0.     Plumose,  granular  and  com- 
pact.    Bluish  lead-grey,  with  yellow  rust-spots.] 
Lustre  somewhat  silky.     Streak  darker  than  color.     Slightly  brittle. 
B.  B.  melts  easily,  emits  fumes  of  sulphur  and  antimony,  depositing  ox- 
ide of  lead  upon  the  support.     Soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid,  with 
evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen.     Composition,  PbS-h£Sb2S3=  sul- 
phur 17'9,  antimony  24'1,  lead  58'0.    Analysis,  a  from  Nasafjeld  by 
Thaulow,  6  from  Molieres  by  Boulanger,  c  from  Wolfsberg  by  Rammels- 
berg, d  from  Tuscany  by  Becchi. 

abed 

Sulphur,      -  -    18-86  18-5          18-91          17-99 

Antimony,        -  24-60          25-5         25-94          26-08 

Lead,          -  -     55-57        53-89         55-15          53-15 

Iron,     -  1-2  1-24 

Copper,      -  -       0-9  0-35 

Zinc,  -  -  1-41 

Abundant  at  Molieres,  department  of  Gard,  in  France  ;  also  at  Nasaf- 
jeld in  Lapland,  at  Nertschinsh,  at  Wolfsberg,  and  near  Bottino  in  Tus- 
cany. 


340 


DUFRENOYSITE. GALENA. 


[Class 


Fig.  660. 


Sp.  24.     DUFRENOYSITE,  Damour ;  Gotthardite,  Rammelsberg. 

[H.=5'5.  G.— 5'54.  In  dodecahedral  xls.  and  massive.  Lustre 
metallic.  Color,  steel-grey.  Streak  red-brown.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  forms. 

Cleavage  indistinct.     Brittle. 

Heated  in  a  matrass,  affords  a  red  sublimate  of 
sulphide  of  arsenic.  B.  B.  fuses  easily,  giving  off 
fumes  of  sulphur  and  arsenic ;  and  leaving  behind 
a  globule  of  lead.  Dissolved  by  hot  nitric  acid. 
Composition,  Pb+^As2S3=  sulphur  22'1,  arsenic 
20'7,  lead  57'2.  Analysis  by  Damour. 

Sulphur,          $«[*"«      "V^         -             -  22-49 

Arsenic,       -             -             -  20-69 

Lead,                 -            -            -            ^  -55-40 

Silver,                     -^         -            -  0-21 

-  Copper,            ....  0-31 

Iron,           ....  0-44 

Occurs  disseminated  in  narrow  seams  and  nests  in  dolomite,  with  re- 
algar, orpiment,  blende  and  pyrites,  at  St.  Gothard. 

Sp.  25.     GALENA,  Bleiglanz. 

[H.=2.5.  G.=7  4  . .  i  7'6.  Cubo-8-dral  xls.  and  massive.  Color 
and  streak,  lead-grey.  Lustre  metallic.  Cubical  cleavage  per- 
fect] 

Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  661.  Fig.  662  Fig.  663. 


Ord.  XIII,    Glance.] 
Fig.  667. 


GALE  N A. 


341 


Fig.  669 


Feistrix,  Stiria. 

Cleavage  parallel  with  the  cube,  perfect.  Fracture  rarely  discernible. 
Surface,  the  cube  and  the  galenoid  (fig.  669)  streaked  parallel  to  the 
edges  of  combination  with  the  octahedron.  Sometimes  subject  to  tar- 
nish. Rather  sectile. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals;  face  of  composition  parallel, 
axis  of  revolution  perpendicular  to  a  face  of  the  octahedron. 

Reticulated,  tabular,  and  some  .other  imitative  shapes,  the  individuals 
of  which  are  often  still  observable.  Massive  ;  composition  granular,  of 
various  sizes  of  individuals,  sometimes  impalpable.  In  this  case  the  color 
becomes  pale,  or  whitish  lead-grey,  the  fracture  even,  or  flat  conchoidal, 
and  the  streak  shining.  The  granular  particles  of  composition  some- 
times become  elongated,  or  compressed  in  one  direction,  and  then  ap- 
proach to  lamellar  or  columnar  ones.  Pseudomorphoses  of  pyromor- 
phite.  Plates,  &c. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  at  first  decrepitates,  but  if  heated  with  caution,  soon 
fuses  with  strong  fumes  of  sulphur ;  and  at  last  gives  a  globule  of  lead. 
Composition,  PbS=  sulphur  13'4,  lead  86'6.  It  sometimes  contains  traces 
of  zinc,  antimony  and  copper  ;  and  is  rarely  destitute  of  silver.  This 
latter  metal  is  sometimes  present  in  a  proportion  as  high  as  0'5  p.  c.  and 
very  rarely  as  I'O,  though  it  usually  varies  between  O'Ol  to  0'03.  If  it 
be  in  a  proportion  as  high  as  70  oz.  to  the  ton,  it  is  called  a  rich  argentif- 
erous galena.  It  does  not  generally  pay  for  separating  if  it  falls  below 
10  or  15  oz. 

Galena  is  frequently  found  in  veins,  but  also  in  great  quantity  in  beds, 
particularly  in  limestone.  Thus  it  occurs  in  Carinthia,  at  Deutsch-Blei- 
berg,  Windisch-Bleiberg,  Windisch  Kappel,  Ebriach,  and  other  places, 
— in  England  in  the  counties  of  Derbyshire,  Durham,  Northumberland 
and  Cumberland,* — and  in  the  United  States,  in  the  States  of  Missouri, 
Illinois,  Iowa  and  Michigan.  The  mines  of  Missouri  are  chiefly  in  the 
counties  of  Washington,  Jefferson  and  Madison ;  those  of  the  other 
States  are  distributed  over  80  townships,  a  region  87  miles  from  east  to 
west  by  54  in  breadth,  comprising  62  towns  in  Wisconsin,  8  in  Iowa,  and 
10  in  Illinois.  Throughout  this  entire  region,  it  is  said,  that  galena  may 
be  found  upon  every  square  mile  of  surface.  From  a  single  spot,  not  ex- 
ceeding 50  yards  square,  3,000,000  Ibs  of  lead  have  been  obtained.  The 
mines  of  the  lead  district  above  indicated,  afforded  in  1847,  77,000  pigs 

*  Mr.  Beaumont,  a  single  proprietor  of  lands  and  mines  in  these  three,  last  coun- 
ties, annually  raises  y^jth  of  the  lead,  produced  in  the  world. 


342  HESSITE.  —  BEDRUTHITE.  [Classll. 

of  lead,  (weighing  70  Ibs.  each,)  and  in  1850,  570,000  pigs;  those  of 
Missouri,  150,000  pigs.  The  lead-produce  of  England  in  1855  was 
valued  at  ,£1.692,055. 

The  lead  mines  situated  in  limestone,  are  rarely  silver  producing ; 
whereas  those  found  in  other  formations,  while  they  are  less  prolific  in 
lead,  are  usually  argentiferous.  It  is  thus  found  in  slate  in  most  of  the 
counties  of  Wales,  in  granite  in  Aberdeenshire,  at  Beer- Alston  in  Dev- 
onshire (often  containing  from  80  to  120  oz.  silver  to  the  ton  of  lead,)  in 
Cornwall  (from  40  to  70  oz.,)  in  Cardiganshire  (80  oz.,)  in  altered  mica- 
slate  at  Middletown  Conn.  (56  oz.,)  at  the  Washington  mine,  Davidson  Co. 
N.  Car.  (50  to  60  oz.,)  at  Wheatley's  mine  at  Phomixville,  Pa.,  (25  oz.,) 
and  from  the  Morgan  mine,  Spartanburg,  S.  Car.,  (23  to  30  oz.).  Other 
valuable  lead  regions  in  the  primary  rocks  within  the  U.  States,  exist  at 
Rossie,  N.  Y.,  at  Lubec,  Me.,  at  Southampton,  Amherst  and  Leverett, 
Mass.,  at  Eaton,  N.  Hamp.,  Thetford,  Vt.  in  the  counties  of  Wythe  and 
Louisa,  Va.,  &,c.*&c. 


Sp.  26.  HESSITE,  Frobel;  Petzite,  Haidinger ;  Tellursilber,  Rose ; 
Telluric  Silver. 

[H.=2'0 . . .  3'5.    G.=8'3 . . .  8'9.    Massive,  granular.    Lead-grey. 

Slightly  malleable.] 
Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism  ? 
Fracture  even.     Streak,  same  as  color. 

In  the  open  tube,  melts  and  yields  a  slight  sublimate  of  tellurous  acid. 
B.  B.  on  charcoal,  at  a  white  heat,  is  volatilized,  leaving  a  brittle  globule 
of  silver.  In  the  matrass,  with  soda  and  powdered  charcoal,  at  a  red 
heat,  yields  telluride  of  sodium,  which  with  water  forms  a  yellow  solution. 
Composition,  Ag  Te  =  tellurium  37'2,  silver  62'8.  Analyses,  a  from 
Savodinsky  Altai  by  Rose,  6  from  Nagyag  by  Petz,  c  from  Retzbanya 
by  Retz. 

a  1) 

Tellurium,  36-96  37-76 

Silver,  62-42  61-55 

Iron,  0-24  

Gold,  0-69 

Iron,  lead  and  sulphur,      traces 


Foreign  substances,          15-25 

Found  in  Siberia  and  Transylvania. 

Sp.  27.  REDRUTHITE,  Nicol;  Vitreous  Copper,  Phillips ;  Copper-glance ; 
Kupferglanz ;  Chalkosine,  Beudant. 

[H.=2'5 . . .  3'0.  G.— 5'5 . . .  5*8.  In  low  hexagonal  pyramids  and 
prisms,  mostly  twins ;  and  massive,  compact.  Color  and  streak 
blackish  lead-grey.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism,  M  on  M— 119°  35'. 

Secondary  forms. 


Ord.  XIII.  Glance.] 
Fig.  670. 


REDRUTHITE. 


o  on  o 
d  on  d 
o  on  o  over  d 


Fig.  671. 


343 


126°  52' 
63  00 
80  6 


Fig.  673. 


Cleavage,  traces  of  M,  very  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Sur- 
face, most  of  the  faces  smooth,  only  the  faces  at  right  angles  to  the  axis, 
and  particularly  c,  are  streaked  horizontally.  Lustre  metallic.  Color 
blackish  lead-grey.  Streak  unchanged,  sometimes  shining.  Compound 
varieties.  Twin-crystals :  I.  Axis  of  revolution  perpendicular  to  one  or 
both  faces  of  M :  face  of  composition  parallel  to  it,  as  in  figure  673,  only 
that  the  re-entering  angles  are  filled  up.  2.  Axis  of  revolution  perpen- 
dicular, face  of  composition  parallel  to  a  face  of  a ;  the  individuals 
being  continued  beyond  the  face  of  composition. 

The  inclination  of  P  to  P'  is  equal  to  that  of  the  acute  terminal  edge 
of  a  on  a'  on  one  side,  and  of  91°  51 '  on  the  other ;  the  respective  incli- 
nations of  a  on  a'  are  =153°  37',  and  =157°  19'.  Massive;  composi- 
tion granular,  of  various  sizes  of  individuals,  generally  small,  and  often 
impalpable ;  in  the  last  case,  the  fracture  becomes  uneven,  even  or  flat 
conchoidal.  Plates. 

B.  B.  in  the  oxidating  flame,  it  melts  and  emits  glowing  globules,  at- 
tended with  some  noise.  In  the  reducing  flame,  it  becomes  covered 
with  a  coat,  and  does  not  melt.  When  the  sulphur  is  driven  off,  a  glob- 
ule of  copper  remains.  If  the  mineral  be  treated  with  nitric  acid,  the 
copper  is  dissolved,  forming  a  green  solution ;  but  the  sulphur  remains 
undissolved. 


344  HARRISITE.  [Class  II. 

Composition,  Cu2S=  sulphur  20'2,  copper  79'8.  Analyses,  a  from 
Siegen  by  Ullmann,  b  from  Tellemark,  Norway,  by  Scheerer. 

a  b 

Sulphur,    ....         19.0  20-43 

Copper,         ....     79-50  78-76 
Silver,       -                           -           1-00 

Iron,     -                                             -75  0-91 

Occurs  in  single  xls.  in  druses  and  implanted,  often  covering  broad 
surfaces  of  the  massive  variety,  or  the  containing  rock,  in  splendid  crys- 
tallizations ;  the  most  remarkable  of  which  have  been  obtained  at  the 
Bristol  copper  mine  in  Conn.,  where  all  the  forms  above  given,  and  many 
other  modifications,  abundantly  occurred,  a  few  years  since  ;  but  of  late 
this  locality  has  wholly  ceased  to  afford  them.  The  principal  locality  at 
present,  of  the  crystallized  variety,  is  Redruth  in  Cornwall.  In  the 
massive  state,  it  is  common  in  the  bituminous  copper-slate  in  Hessia,  in 
the  Hartz  mountains  in  Sweden,  Norway,  Siberia,  the  Banat  of  Teme- 
swar,  Peru  and  Mexico.  It  is  always  a  most  valuable  ore  of  copper. 

Sp.  28.  HARRISITE,   (S.) 

[H.=2'5 . . .  3'0.  G.=:4'5.  Massive  in  large  individuals,  perfectly 
cleavable,  with  a  cubic  cleavage.  Color  and  streak  dark  lead 
grey  to  iron-black.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  forms.     (See  figs.  648  and  661.) 

Surface  sometimes  tarnished  of  a  deep  blue  color.  The  large  cleav 
age  individuals  much  cracked  and  partially  coated  by  a  blue  or  black 
powder.  The  color  of  the  species  is  analogous  to  that  of  psilomelane 
and  its  cleavages  are  more  easily  affected  than  those  of  galena,  which  a 
first  view  it  strikingly  resembles,  except  in  color.  The  lamina?  besides 
being  cracked,  are  often  a  little  curved. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  smells  feebly  of  sulphurous  acid,  fuses  easily,  boils 
and  throws  off  melted  globules ;  a  crust  forms  on  the  globule,  which 
finally  gives  place  to  a  button  of  pure  copper. 

Composition,  Cu2S=  sulphur  22'2,  copper  79'8.  It  is  dimorphous 
with  redruthite ;  and  much  resembles  the  artificially  prepared  compound, 
from  fusing  together  a  mixture  of  copper  and  sulphur  in  the  above 
proportions,  or  by  melting  the  redruthite. 

Occurs  in  short  interrupted  seams  in  a  vein  by  itself,  associated  with 
quartz  and  staurotide,  in  the  Canton  (Georgia)  copper  and  lead  mine. 
It  is  named  after  the  Messrs.  Harris,  brothers,  to  whose  skill  and  enter- 
prize,  the  discovery,  and  opening  of  the  mine  are  due. 

Sp.  29.  BOURNONITE,  Phillips ;  Endellionite,  Bournon ;  Wheel-Ore  ; 

Radelerz. 

[H. =2-5... 3'0.    G.— 576.     In  low  prismatic  (mostly  twin)  xls.; 

massive  and  granular.     Color  and  streak,  blackish-grey.] 
Primary  form,  right  rectangular  prism. 


Ord.  XIII.  Glance.]        STROM EYERITE. 


345 


Secondary  form. 
p  on  o      = 
P   ond 
T  on  d 
M  on  o 


138°  15' 

-  136  26 
133  34 

-  131   45 


Fig.  674. 


M 


Cleavage  distinct,  parallel  with  M  and  T,  and 
with  both  diagonals  of  the  prism.  Fracture 
conchoidal,  uneven.  Surface  nearly  equal,  often 
highly  smooth  and  splendent:  longitudinal  striae 
sometimes  visible  on  the  secondary  planes,  which 
replace  the  lateral  edges  of  the  prism.  Lustre 
metallic.  Brittle.  In  the  twin-xls.,  the  axis  of 
revolution  is  perpendicular,  and  face  of  composition  parallel  to  M,  or 
the  broader  face  of  the  primary  form.  The  individuals  are  generally 
continued  beyond  the  face  of  composition.  The  axes  of  the  individuals 
cross  each  other  at  angles  of  93°  40'  and  6ti°  20'.  When  granular,  the 
individuals  are  closely  connected. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  In  the  open  tube,  evolves  sulphurous  acid, 
deposits  oxide  antimony  in  the  upper  part  of  the  tube,  and  on  the  lower, 
a  non-volatile  coating  of  antimonite  of  lead.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  melts, 
with  fumes  of  sulphurous  acid  and  oxide  of  antimony,  depositing  a  yel- 
low coating  of  oxide  of  lead ;  and  after  the  lead  has  been  expelled  and 
coda  added,  leaves  a  globule  of  copper.  Partially  soluble  in  nitric  acid, 
forming  a  blue  solution,  and  leaving  a  residue  of  oxide  of  antimony  and 
sulphur. 

Composition,  (eu,  Pb)S-HSb2S3=  sulphur  19  4,  antimony  26'0,  lead 
41'8,  copper  12'8.  Analyses,  a  from  Pfaffenberg  by  Rose,  b  from  Mexico 
by  Dufrenoy,  c  from  Wolfsberg  by  Rammelsberg, 

a  b  c 

Sulphur,      -  -      20'3l  19-4  1976 

Antimony,          -  -  26'28  28'3          2434 

Lead,  -  -      40'84  402  42'88 

Copper,  12-65  133          13'06 

Occurs  in  xls.  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  at  Neudorf  in  the  Hartz  ; 
at  Kapnik,  Transylvania  ;  at  Servoz  in  Piedmont  :  and  in  Saxony,  Corn- 
wall, Devonshire  and  Chili. 


Sp.  30.     STROMEYERITE,  Haidinger ;  Stromeyerine,  Beudaut ;   Silber- 

kupferglanz. 

[H.=2'5  . . .  3'0.  G.=6'25.  In  xls.,  isomorphous  with  redruthite, 
and  massive,  compact.  Color  and  streak,  blackish  lead-grey. 
Perfectly  sectile.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M=119°  35'. 
Secondary  form.  Fig-  675- 

Pond  -  154°   7' 

P  on  o  154  26 

d  on  d  128  14 

Fracture  conchoidal.     Lustre  metallic.      Opaque. 
B.  B.  fuses  readily  into  a  grey  metallic  globule,  which 
with  fluxes  affords  the  reaction  of  copper,  and  by  cupella- 

44 


. 

346  WOLCHITE. WOLFSBERGITE.  [Classll. 

tion,  a  globule  of  silver.  Partially  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  the  solution 
yielding  copper  on  an  immersed  iron  plate,  and  silver  upon  one  of 
copper. 

Composition,  (Cu,  Ag)  S=  sulphur  15*8,  silver  53'1,  copper  31'1. 
Analyses,  a  from  Schlangenberg  Siberia  by  Stromeyer,  b  from  Rudel- 
stadt  Silesia,  c  from  Chili  by  Domeyko. 

a  b  c 

Sulphur,    -  -  -     15782  1592  1783 

Silver,  -  -  52-272  5271  28'79 

Copper,      -  -  -    30-478  3095  53'28 

Iron,      -         -  0-333  014 

Found  with  chalcopyrite  in  Siberia,  Silesia,  Peru  and  Chili. 

Sp.    31.      WOLCHITE,   Haidinger  ;  Antimonkupferglanz,   Breithaupt ; 
Antimonial  Copper-Glance. 

[H.=3"0.     G.=5"7  . . .  5'8.     In  short  rhombic  prisms  and  massive. 

Color  and  streak,  blackish  lead-grey.] 

Cleavage  parallel  with  the  shorter  diagonal,  imperfect.  Fracture  con- 
choidal  to  uneven. 

B.  B  on  charcoal,  fuses  with  ebullition,  depositing  first  a  white  then  a 
yellow  sublimate,  and  yielding  a  lead-grey  metallic  globule,  which  after 
long  roasting,  yields  with  soda,  a  globule  of  copper.  Analysis  by 
Schrotter. 

Lead,          .....  29'90 

Copper,            ....  17'35 

Zinc,          ...                         -  2-40 

Antimony,        ....  16'65 

Arsenic,                  ....  6'04 

Sulphur,  28-60 

Found  in  a  bed  of  chalybite  with  pyrites,  antimonite  and  galena,  at  St. 
Gertrand  in  the  Lavantthal,  Carinthia. 

Sp.  32.    WOLFSBERGITE,   Nicol;    Antimonial  Copper,  Kupferantimon- 
glanz,  Zinken;  Chalcostibites,  Gutcker. 

[H.^3'0  . . .  4U     G.=4'748.     In  nests  or  geodes  of  small  tabular 
prs.     Color,  lead  to  iron-grey.     Streak  black,    Lustre  metallic.] 
Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M  =101°. 
Secondary  form.  Fi£-  676- 

c  one  -  135°  12'  ><% 

Monc  •  112    24 

Mona  -  129   30 

The  faces  a  large  and  striated,  parallel  with  their  intersec-  a 
tion  with  c.     Cleavage  a  very  perfect.     P  less  so.     Fracture 
corichoidal  to  uneven.     Opaque.  Faces  sometimes  exhibit  an 
iridescent  tarnish. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  B.  B.  melts  easily,  and  depos- 
its  a  white  sublimate,  leaving  a  hard,  metallic  globule,  which 
with  soda,  yields  a  bead  of  copper. 


Ord.  XIII.  Glance.]  TETRAHEDRITE. 


347 


Composition,  CoS  +  Sb2S3=  sulphur  25'0,  antimony  50'2,  copper  24'8, 
Analysis,  by  Rose. 

24-46 


Copper, 


Iron, 
Lead, 
Antimony. 
Sulphur, 

Found  with  chalcopyrite,  zinkenite,  antimonite  and  quartz,  at  Wolfs- 
berg  in  the  Hartz. 


1-39 

0-56 

46-81 

26-34 


Sp.  33.  TETRAHEDRITE,  Haidinger ;  Grey  Copper,  Phillips;  Fahlerz, 
Schwarzerz,  Kupferfahlerz,  Weisigiltigerz,  Schwarzgiltigerz,  Grau- 
giltigerz,  Panabase,  Beudant ;  Polytelite,  Glocker ;  Aphthonite,  Svan* 
berg;  Aftonite,  Q,uecksilberfahlerz,  or  Spaniolite,  Kobell;  Freiberg- 
ite,  or  Argentiferous  Tetrahedrite. 

[H.— 3'0...  4*0.     G.=4'5  ...52..      In  tetrahedral  xls.,   (often 
twins);  massive,  compact.     Color,  blackish  lead-grey  to  iron- 
black.     Streak,  dark  reddish-grey.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 

Tig.  679. 

Fig.  677.  Fig.  678. 

y»          11  ^fc  4J* 


m 

^A/1 


Fig.  680. 


Fig.  681. 


Fig.  682. 


1  on  a 


160°  32'        P  on  a 


115  16 


Cleavage,  not  visible,  except  traces  of  the  octahedron.  Fracture  con- 
choidal,  of  different  degrees  of  perfection.  Surface,  the  tetrahedron  and 
the  trigonal  dodecahedron  generally  streaked  irregularly,  parallel  to  their 
common  edges  of  combination,  not  rough  ;  the  dodecahedron  sometimes 
a  little  rough.  Some  varieties  are  subject  to  tarnish. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals  :  face  of  composition  parallel  to  a 
face  of  the  octahedron ;  the  individuals  continued  beyond  the  face  of 
composition. 


348 


TEN 


fl^WTE 


[Class  1L 


Massive :  composition  granular,  of  various  sizes  of  individuals,  strongly 
connected,  and  often  impalpable  ;  fracture  uneven. 

In  the  open  tube,  yields  fumes  of  antimony,  sulphur  and  arsenic.  B.  B., 
on  charcoal,  decrepitates,  emits  the  smell  of  sulphur,  deposits  a  coat- 
ing on  the  support,  and  melts  easily  with  slight  ebullition  into  a  steel- 
grey  slag,  which  is  usually  magnetic ;  but  which  on  the  addition  of  borax, 
melts  into  a  grey  metallic  bead,  and  on  the  farther  addition  of  soda,  affords 
a  globule  of  copper.  The  powder  is  decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  sep- 
aration of  oxide  of  antimony,  arsenious  acid  and  sulphur.  The  powder 
is  also  partially  decomposed  by  caustic  potash,  which  dissolves  out  the 
sulphides  of  antimony  and  arsenic ;  the  alkaline  solution  yielding  an  or- 
ange-red, or  lemon-yellow  precipitate,  on  the  addition  of  an  acid.  Com- 
position, (Co,  Ag,  Fe,  Zn)  S+(SbAS£)2S3.  Analysis,  a  from  Kapnik 
by  Rose,  b  from  Clausthal  by  Rose,  c  from  Wolfach  by  Rose,  d  from 
Wermland  (var.  aphthonite)  by  Svanberg,  e  from  Schwatz  Tyrol  (var. 
spaniolite)  by  Weidenbusch,  f  from  Freiberg  (var.  Weissgiltigerz)  G.= 
5'4  by  Rammelsberg. 

a  b 

Sulphur,        -        2577    2473 

Antimony,     -        2374    28'24 

Arsenic,        -          2'88      

Copper,         -        37'98    34'48 

Iron,  -          0'86      2'27 

Zinc,  7-29      5'55 

Silver,  0'02      4'97 

Mercury, 

A  variety  from  Guadalcanal  in  Spain,  contains,  according  to  Vauque- 
lin,  from  1  to  10  p.  c.  of  platinum. 

Occurs  in  beds  with  chalcopyrite,  chalybite  and  quartz  ;  also  in  veins 
with  galena,  blende  and  barytes.  Found  in  the  Hartz,  the  Tyrol,  Tran- 
sylvania, Hungary,  Baden,  Bohemia,  Saxony,  Siberia,  Cornwall,  Scot- 
land, Mexico,  Chili  and  Peru. 


c             d 
2352     30-05 
26-63     2477 

22-96 
2131 

2253 
22-39 

2523    3291 
372       1-31 
3-10      6-40 
1771      3'09 
lead  '04 
cobalt  '49 

34.51 
224 
1-34 

0-19 
3'72 
315 
592 
36.51 

1527 

Sp.  34.     TENNANTITE,  Phillips ;    Graukupfererz,  Kupferblende,  Brei- 

thaupt. 

[H.=3'5  . . .  4-0.  G.=4  37  .  . .  4'49.  In  tetrahedral  and  dodeca- 
hedral  xls.  Color,  blackish  lead-grey.  Streak,  dark  reddish- 
grey.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  forms.      (See  Figs.  680  and  682.)  f »§•  683. 

Cleavage  dodecahedral,  imperfect. 
Fracture  uneven,     b  striated  parallel  to  intersections 
with  a.     Twins.    Twin-face  a.     Opaque.     Brittle. 

B.  B.,  decrepitates,  emits  arsenical  fumes,  and 
melts  into  a  black,  magnetic  globule.  Composition, 
a  from  Trevisane,  Cornwall,  by  Phrllips,  b  from  Skut- 
terud,  Norway,  by  Fearnley,  c  from  Freiberg  (kup- 
fcrblende),  by  Plattner. 

aond  -  160°  32        b  on  c  -  14444. 


Ord.  XITI.  Glance.]    APPENDIX  TO  ORDER  BLENDE.          349 

a                     b  c 

Sulphur,         -             -  30-25              29-18  28-11. 

Arsenic,  .             -  12-46               19-01  18-87 

Copper,           -              -  47-70              42-60  41-07 

Iron,       -  9-75                9-21  2-21 

Zinc,             .              -  8-89 

Lead,     -  0-34 

Silver  and  antimony,  traces. 

Found  in  small  attached  xls.,  rarely  massive,  on  other  ores  of  copper, 
near  Redruth,  and  St.  Day  in  Cornwall ;   also  in  Norway  and  Algeria. 


APPENDIX   TO    ORDER      GLANCE. 

Binnite,  Heusser.    In  striated  prs.   Color  dark  steel-gray,  streak  dark  red.   Very 
brittle.    Fracture  conchoidal.    Found  with  dufre'noysite  at  St.  Gothard. 

Bismuth  Silver,  Wismuthsilbererz,   Wismuthbleierz,  Hausmann,  Silberwismuth- 


In  acicular  xls.  and  amorphous.  Soft.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  tin-white  or  grey- 
ish,— liable  to  tarnish.  Fracture  uneven.  Sectile.  Opaque. 

B.  B.  fuses  readily  to  a  silver  button,  giving  sulphur  fumes,  and  covering  the  char- 
coal with  the  oxides  of  lead  and  bismuth.  •  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Analysis  by  Klaproth — bismuth  27,  lead  33,  silver  15,  iron  4*3,  copper  0;9,  sul- 
phur 16'3.  A  specimen  analyzed  by  Domeyko,  from  the  mine  San  Antonio  near 
Copiapo,  Chili,  afforded,  silver  60'1,  bismuth  10-1,  copper  7'8,  arsenic  2-8  gangue  19'2. 

Found  at  Schapbach  in  Baden,  and  in  the  cupreous  shale  of  Mansfeld,  Thuringia. 

Brongniardite,  Damour.  H.  above  3.  G.=5'95.  Massive.  Cleavage  not  observ- 
able. Lustre  like  that  of  bournonite.  Streak  greyish-black.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  de- 
crepitates, fuses  easily,  giving  off  an  odor  of  sulphur  and  white  vapors.  After  roast- 
ing, yields  a  globule  of  silver,  surrounded  with  an  areola  of  lead.  In  a  closed  tube 
affords  a  feeble  orange  sublimate  with  a  white  one  above.  In  an  open  tube,  it  fusea> 
and  yields  an  odor  of  sulphur  and  a  ring  of  oxide  of  antimony.  Analysis,  by  Da- 
mour. 

Sulphur,      —  1938 

Antimony,  -      29'95 

Silver,    '  -    ,         25'03 

Lead,       -  "•  -      24.74 

Copper,  0'54 

Iron,        -  -        0-30 

Zinc,  -  -  0-40 

From  Mexico. 

Chiviatite,  Rammelsberg.    Massive  :  Cleavable  in  three  directions,  one  making  ao 
angle  with  the  second  of  153°,  and  with  the  third  of  133°  (Miller).  G.=6'92.    Lus- 
tre metallic.    Color  lead-grey.    B.  B.  like  aikinite.    Analysis  by  Rammelsberg. 
Sulphur,  -        18-00 

Bismuth,     -  -  60'95 

Lead,  -  16-73 

Copper,       -  v.*  2-42 

Iron,     -  ».-*,-  1'09 

Silver,        -  trace. 

From  Chiviato  in  Peru,  with  pyrites  and  baryteg. 

Cuprolumbite,  Breithaupt;  Kupferbleiglanz.  Massive;  granular.  Cleavage^  cu- 
bic. H.=2-5.  G.=6-40  .  ..6-42.  Lustre  metallic.  Color,  blackish  lead-grey.  Streak 
black.  Rather  sectile  and  brittle. 

t 


350  APPENDIX     TO     ORDER     BLENDE.  [ClaSS  IL 

In  an  open  tube,  fuses  and  gives  off  fumes  of  sulphur.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  sur- 
rounds the  assay  with  an  areola  of  oxide  of  lead  and  sulphate  of  lead.  With  soda, 
affords  a  metallic  globule.  Composition,  CuS-}-2Pbs=  sulphur  15*2,  lead  65-0,  cop- 
per 19-9.  Analyses  by  Plattner. 

Sulphur,  (loss,)  ...  15-1 

Lead,      -  649 

Copper,  19'5 

Silver,     -  0'5 

Occurs  in  Chili. 

Digenite,  Breithaupt.  A  mineral  allied  to  redruthite.  G.=4'56...  4'68.  Ac- 
cording to  a  blowpipe  analysis  by  Plattner,  consists  of  copper  70-2,  silver  0'24,  and  sul- 
phur 29'66.  From  Chili  and  from  Sangerhausen,  Thuringia. 

Enargite,  Breithaupt.  In  right  rhombic  prs.  of  97°  53'  and  massive,  granular  or 
columnar.  Cleavage  perfect,  parallel  with  M.  H.=3.  G.=4'43  4'45.  Lustre  me- 
tallic. Color  and  streak,  iron-black.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 

Heated  in  an  open  tube,  decrepitates  and  affords  a  sublimate  of  sulphur,  and  with 
more  heat,  a  reddish-yellow  one  of  sulphide  of  arsenic.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  gives  off 
fumes  of  arsenic,  antimony  and  zinc  ;  and  in  the  reduction-flame,  with  borax,  yields 
a  globule  of  copper.  Analysis,  by  Plattner, — 

Sulphur,         -  32-22 

Arsenic,  -       17  -5  9 

Antimony,     -  -  1*61 

Copper,  -  -       47-20 

Iron,  -  0-56 

Zinc,        -  .  -  -         0-22 

Silver,  O'Ol 

From  Morococha,  Cordilleras  of  Peru,  at  a  height  of  15,000  feet;  found  in  large 
masses,  occasionally  with  small  druses  of  xls.  along  with  tennantite,  imbedded  in 
crystalline  limestone. 

Pater aite,  Haidinger.    A  new  sulphide  of  molybdenum.     Composition,  MsS8. 

Silberphyllinglanz.  H.=1'0 . . .  2*0.  G.=5'0  . . .  5 -9.  Foliated,  with  one  perfect 
cleavage.  According  to  Plattner,  it  is  a  mixture  of  uaumannite,  molybdenum  and 
gold.  From  Deutsch  Pilsen  in  Hungary. 

Steinmannite,  Zippe.  Found  in  octahedrons  with  a  cubic  cleavage  :  also  massive. 
H.=2-5.  G.=6-83.  Color  lead-grey.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  gives  fumes  of  sulphur  and 
antimony,  and  finally  affords  a  globule  of  lead  containing  silver.  Occurs  at  Przi- 
bram. 

Tinder  Ore,  Zundererz.  Soft,  like  tinder,  of  a  dull,  dark  reddish  color.  Compo- 
sition, according  to  Borntrager, — 

Arsenic,  1260 

Antimony,              -            -            -  -                 16'88 

Lead,                                                     -  43-06 

Silver,        ....  2'56 

Iron,  4-52 
Occurs  at  Andreasberg  and  Clausthal  in  the  Hartz. 

Wittichite,  Kobell.    Kupferwismuthglanz,  Kupferwismutherz :  Cupreous  Bismuth. 
H.=3'0 . . .  3-5.    G.— 5'0.    In  long  prismatic  x!s.,  cleavable  very  perfectly,  in  one  di- 
rection, parallel  to  the  prismatic  axis.    Fracture  uneven.    Lustre  metallic.     Tin- 
white  to  steel-grey.    Streak  black.    Sectile.    Opaque.    Analysis,  by  Klaproth. 
Copper,  34-55 

Bismuth,  -  -      47'24 

Sulphur,        -  12-28 

Found  at  Gallenbach  and  1ST  eugliick  near  Wittichen  in  Baden, 


Ord.  XIV.    Blende.]     ORPIMENT.  —  REALGAR. 


351 


Fig.  684. 


ORDER  XIV.     BLENDE. 

Sp.  1.     ORPIMENT,  Dimorphine,  Scacchi ;   Rauschgelb,  Hausmann. 

[H.=1'5 ..  .2'0.  G.=3'48.  In  foliated  masses.  Color,  lemon- 
yellow.  Thin  laminae,  flexible.] 

Primary  form,  ri^ht  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M  =100°  40'. 
Secondary  form. 

Mon  c     120°  00?  \  (M'on*     162°  38. 

M  on  /    140     00  >  PHILLIPS.  <  c   on  c'      83   30 
M  on  g     111    54 )  I  c    on  b     145   50 

Cleavage,  parallel  with  M  not  very  perfect,  or  only 
in  traces;  but  parallel  with  /,  highly  perfect.  The  faces 
of  cleavage  are  streaked  parallel  to  the  edges  of  inter- 
section with  M.  Fracture  scarcely  observable.  Surface 
/rough,  but  even ;  all  the  other  faces  are  streaked,  par- 
allel to  their  edges  of  combination  with  M,  and  gener- 
ally uneven. 

Lustre  pearly  metallic  upon  the  perfect  faces  of  cleavage,  the  rest  res- 
inous. Color,  several  shades  of  lemon-yellow.  Streak  lemon-yellow, 
generally,  a  little  paler  than  the  color.  Semi-transparent  . . .  translucent 
on  the  edges. 

Compound  varieties.  Reniform,  botryoidal,  and  other  imitative  shapes. 
Composition,  curved,  lamellar ;  faces  of  composition  commonly  rough. 
Massive  :  composition  granular,  of  various  sizes  of  individuals ;  faces  of 
composition  uneven,  often  irregularly  streaked. 

B.  B.,  upon  charcoal,  it  burns  with  a  blue  flame,  and  emits  fumes 
of  sulphur  and  arsenic.  It  is  soluble  in  the  nitric,  hydrochloric  and  sul- 
phuric acids. 

Soluble  in  aqua  regia,  or  in  ammonia. 

Composition,  As2S3=  sulphur  39,  arsenic  61.  The  dimorphine  is 
found  at  a  fumarole  of  the  Solfatara  in  xls.  not  over  half  a  millimeter 
in  length.  They  appear  to  present  two  types  of  crystallization ;  i.  e. 
rhombic  prisms  of  98°  6'  and  of  100°  32. 

Found  in  imbedded  nodules,  rarely  in  crystals,  in  blue  clay,  accompa- 
nied by  sulphur.  It  occurs  at  Tajoua,  near  Neusohl  in  Lower  Hun- 
gary, in  the  vicinity  of  Vienna,  and  in  Wallachia  and  Servia.  At  Kapnik 
in  Transylvania  and  Felsobanya  in  Upper  Hungary,  it  occurs  in  metal- 
liferous veins  with  galena,  blende,  arsenic  and  realgar.  It  is  found  at 
Halle,  in  gypsum,  at  St.  Gothard  in  dolomite,  at  the  Solfatara  near  Na- 
ples, as  the  result  of  volcanic  sublimation,  in  brown  coal  at  Fohnsdorf, 
Styria  and  near  Julamerk  in  Koordistan,  constituting  an  extensive  Turk- 
ish mine.  It  is  likewise  found  in  China  and  Mexico.  It  is  used  as  a 
pigment. 

Sp.  2.     REALGAR  ;  Red  Orpiment ;  Rothes  Rauschgelb. 

[H.=1'5  .  . .  2'0.  G.=3  56.  In  oblique,  highly  modified  prs.  and 
massive,  granular.  Color  aurora-red".  Streak  orange-yellow,  to 
aurora-red.] 


352 


RE  ALGA  R . 


[Class  II. 


Primary  form,  oblique  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M— 74°  14'. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  686. 

Fig.  685. 


M  on  M 
/  on  / 

MonM  - 

P  onM  - 

P  on  b  • 

P  on  c2  - 

P  on  el  • 

P  on  e2  - 

P.  on  e3  - 

P  on  A;  - 
M  on  b 

M  on  cl  - 

M  on  c2  - 

M'  on  dl  - 

M'  on  d'2  - 

M'  on  el  - 


74°  30'  P  on  I 

113  20  n  on  n  over  P 


113°  16' 

131  58 


74°  15' 
104  6 
149  12 

80  00 
156  30 
138  22 
126  50  ' 

90  00  f 
133  2 

99  30 
115  52 
119  30 
131  34 
122  50 


PHILLIPS. 


C  M'  on  e'2 
M'  on  e'3 
M'  on  il 
M'  on  i2 
M'  onfc 
M'  on  I 
cl  on  c2 
cl  on  dl 
cl  on  d2 
c    on  dl 
cl  on  k 
C2  on  d4 
i2  on  i*2' 

L 


135°  2' 
14120 
172  6 
16042 
14242 
16335 
15038 
155  10 
13720 
125  61 
9000 
16120 
11255 


Cleavage,  parallel  to  P  and  the  shorter  diagonal  of  the  prism,  rather 
perfect ;  parallel  to  n  and  M  less  distinct  Fracture  conchoidal.  Sur- 
face, the  prisms  streaked  in  the  direction  of  the  principal  axis,  parallel  to 
that  line  :  the  rest  of  the  faces  commonly  rough. 

Lustre  resinous.  Color,  aurora-red,  several  shades,  little  differing  from 
each  other.  Streak  orange-yellow  to  aurora-red.  Compound  varieties. 
Massive :  composition  granular,  of  various  sizes  of  individuals,  strongly 
connected.  Fracture  conchoidal,  uneven. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  it  burns  with  a  blue  flame,  and  emits  fumes  of  sul- 
phur and  arsenic.  It  is  soluble  in  nitric,  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids. 

Composition,  AsS—  sulphur  29'9I,  arsenic  79*09. 

Occurs  along  with  orpirnent;  also  found  in  small  nodules  with  dufre- 
noysite  and  pyrites  in  dolomite  at  St.  Gothard.  More  generally,  it  is  met 
with  in  metalliferous  veins,  with  ores  of  silver,  lead  and  arsenic,  and  with 
several  species  of  pyrites  and  of  barytes.  The  chief  localities  are  Kap- 
nik  and  Nagyag  in  Transylvania,  Felsobanya  in  Upper  Hungary,  Joa- 
chimsthal  in  Bohemia,  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  Andreasberg  in  the 
Hartz,  and  in  Koordistan,  in  Spain  and  Algeria. 


Ord.  XIV,  Blende.]     FIREBLENDE.  —  KERMESITE.  353 

The  arsenolite  of  Volger  is  a  variety  produced  by  the  escape  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  arsenic.  A  black  crust  sometimes  forms  also  on  realgar, 
which  is  supposed  by  Volger  to  be  a  sulphide,  containing  less  sulphur 
than  realgar. 

Sp.  3.  FIREBLENDE;  Feuerblende,  Breithaupt. 

[H.=2.     G.— 4'2... 4'3.      In  delicate  xls.  grouped  like  stilbite. 

Form,  oblique  rhombic  pr.     Color,  hyacinth  red.] 
t  on  b  =     -        -         -        -         143°    0'  ri&- 687- 

u  on  b  -         -         .         -     123    34 

monb          ....         110    29 
a  on  b  ...       90 

r  on  b          -         -         -         -         148    42 
r  on  m  -  i21    36 

r  on  t          -  149      6 

The  faces  6  are  striated,  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  t.  Twins.  Translucent.  Sectile,  and  somewhat 
flexible. 

B.  B.  same  as  pyrargyrite.  It  contains  62'3  p.  c.  of  silver,  with  anti- 
mony and  sulphur. 

Found  at  the  Kurprinz  mine,  near  Freiberg,  and  at  Andreasberg, 
Hartz. 

Sp.  4.  KERMESITE  ;  Red  Antimony ;  Pyrostilbite,  Glocker ;  Kermesome, 
Chapman;  Rothspiesglaserz ;  Antimonblende ;  Pyrantimonite,  Breit- 
haupt. 

[H.=rO . . .  1*5.  G.=4'5 . . .  4'6.  In  very  fine  diverging,  or  inter- 
laced, acicular  xls.;  and  amorphous.  Color  cherry-red;  streak 
brownish-red.] 

Primary  form,  not  well  ascertained.  Sectile.  In  thin,  flexible  fibres. 
Melts  B.  B.  depositing  a  sublimate  of  oxide  of  antimony.  Soluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid,  with  extrication  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  In  a  solu- 
tion of  caustic  potash,  its  powder  becomes  yellow  and  is  wholly  dissolved. 
Composition,  SbO3+2SbS3—  oxide  of  antimony  30'2,  sulphide  of  anti- 
mony 69*8.  Analysis  by  Rose. 

Antimony,  -  -  -  _•-.  •-;•'  74 '45 

Oxygen,  ...  .  5-39 

Sulphur,  -  20'49 

It  is  formed  from  an  alteration  in  antimonite,  and  occurs  in  veins  of 

quartz  at  Malaczka  near  Posing  in  Hungary,  at  Braunsdorf,  near  Frie- 

berg  in  Saxony,  and  at  Allemont  in  Dauphiny. 

Sp.  5.  PYRARGYRITE,  Hausmann  and  Haidinger;  Red  Silver  (in  part); 
Dark  Red  Silver;  Aerosite;  Rothgiltigerz ;  Argyrgthrose,  Beudant; 
Silberblende,  Naumann ;  Antimonsilberblende. 

[H.  =2'0...  2'5.    G.=5-7...5-9.    In  hexahedral  prisms,  with  modi- 
fications like  those  of  calcite.     Color,  carmine-red  to  blackish- 
grey.     Sectile.]  ,v  -^. 
Primary  form,  rhomboid,  P  on  P=108°  42'. 

45 


354 


P YRAROYRITE. 


[Class  II. 


Secondary  form. 

P  on  z  (c.  g.)  =  172°  00'  Fig'688' 

Pouh  141   50 

PonJ  158  22 

dond(c.  g.)       125 

h  on  h  134  40 

w  on  n  120 

The  planes  z,  by  their  ex- 
tension, tend  to  produce  an 
obtuse  rhomboid ;  the  planes 
g,  to  acute  rhomboids :  the 
planes  d  and  the  four  planes 
without  letters,  situated  di- 
rectly above  them,  to  obtuse 
scalene  dodecahedrons;  the 
planes  h  and  the  three  sets 
around  £•,  /and  the  three  elon- 
gated planes  between  h  and  d, 
all  tend  to  acute,  scalene  do- 
decahedrons ;  f  and  w,  lead  to  regular  six-sided  prisms. 

Cleavage  parallel  with  P,  pretty  distinct  in  some 
varieties.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Surface,  f  and  n 
striated  vertically ;  P,  z,  and  gt  and  most  of  the 
adjoining  faces,  streaked  parallel  to  their  common 
edges  of  combination.  Lustre  metallic-adamantine. 
Color,  iron-black,  lead-grey,  sometimes  approaching 
cochineal-red.  Streak,  cochineal-red,  in  shades 
corresponding  to  the  color.  Translucent  to  opaque. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin  crystals.  Face  of 
composition  perpendicular,  axis  of  revolution  paral- 
lel to  an  edge  of  z.  This  kind  of  regular  composi- 
tion is  frequently  repeated,  contiguous  to  all  the  ter- 
minal edges  of  z,  as  in  fig.  702. 


Fig.  689. 


Fig.  690. 


Fig.  691. 


Face  of  composition  parallel,  axis  of  revolution  perpendicular  to  g. 
Face  of  composition  parallel  to  n,  axis  of  revolution  perpendicular  to 
it.     The  individuals  are  sometimes  continued  beyond  the  face  of  com- 


Ord.  XIV.  Blende.] 


PROUSTITE  . 


355 


position.  Massive  :  composition  granular,  of  various  sizes  of  individu- 
als, strongly  connected.  If  the  composition  becomes  impalpable,  frac- 
ture is  uneven,  even,  or  flat  conchoidal.  Plates,  superficial  coatings. 

B.  B.  when  heated,  it  first  decrepitates,  then  melts,  burning  with  a 
bluish  flame,  and  emitting  sulphurous  acid,  together  with  the  white  smoke 
of  antimony.  By  continuing  the  heat,  a  globule  of  silver  is  obtained. 
Its  powder  heated  in  nitric  acid,  turns  black,  emits  red  fumes,  and  dis- 
solves, leaving  behind  some  sulphur  and  oxide  of  antimony.  The  solu- 
tion yields  with  water  a  white  precipitate,  on  the  separation  of  which, 
muriatic  acid  occasions  the  deposition  of  chloride  of  silver. 

Composition;  AgS+^Sb2S3  =  sulphur  17'5,  antimony  23'5,  silver 
59'0.  Analysis,  from  Andreasberg,  by  Bonsdorf. 


Sulphur, 
Antimony, 
Silver, 
Gangue, 


16-61 

22-85 

58-95 

0-30 


Occurs  in  attached  xls.,  massive  and  disseminated,  in  veins  with  cal- 
cite,  galena,  and  other  ores  of  silver  and  lead.  It  is  found  with  calcite, 
arsenic,  and  galena  at  Andreasberg,  at  Freiberg  Saxony,  Joachimsthal, 
Altwoschitz,  and  Ratiborzitz  in  Bohemia,  Wolfach  in  Baden,  Schem- 
nitz  and  Kremnitz  in  Hungary,  Callington  in  Cornwall,  and  at  Guanax- 
uato  and  Zacatecas  in  Mexico. 

Sp.  6.  PROUSTITE,  Beudant;  Light  Red  Silver;  Rubinblende,  Haus- 
mann ;  Lichter  Rothgiltigerz ;  Arseniksilberblende. 

[H.=2'0 . .  .  2'5.     G.=5  5  . . .  5'6.     Forms  like  those  of  preceding 

species.     Color  and  streak,  light  shades  of  cochineal-red.] 
Primary  form,  rhomboid,  P  on  P=107°  48'. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  693. 


Fig:  692. 


Fig.  694. 


Other  combinations  occur  in  this  species,  resembling  those  of  pyrargy- 
rite.     Cleavage  parallel  with  P,  rarely  distinct.     Fracture  conchoidal  to 


356  XANTHOCONE. MIARGYRITE.  [ClaSS  IT/ 

uneven.  Surfaced  streaked  parallel  to  its  upper  edges;  a  vertically. 
Lustre  adamantine.  Semi-transparent  to  translucent  on  the  edges.  Twin- 
crystals,  and  massive ;  composition  granular,  of  various  sizes  of  individ- 
uals, and  also  botryoidal. 

B.  B.  on  charcoal,  at  first  decrepitates,  melts  easily,  yielding  fumes  of 
sulphur  and  arsenic,  and  leaving  a  brittle  globule,  reducable  with  diffi- 
culty to  pure  silver.  Partially  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of 
sulphur  and  arsenious  acid.  Caustic  potash  dissolves  out  sulphide  of  ar- 
senic. Composition,  AgS-j--^As2S3=  sulphur  19*4,  arsenic  15'2,  silver 
65'4.  Analysis,  from  Joachimsthal,  by  Rose : — 

Sulphur,  19-51 

Arsenic,  -             -       15-09 

Silver,  64-67 

Antimony,  0-67 

Found  in  veins  with  arsenic  and  ores  of  silver,  at  Schneeberg,  Johann- 
Georgenstadt,  Annaberg,  Freiberg,  Marienberg  in  Saxony :  in  Bohemia, 
Baden,  Alsace,  Dauphiny,  in  Spain,  Mexico  and  Peru. 

Sp.  7  XANTHOCONE,  Breithaupt. 

[H.=2'0  . . .  3'0.      G.  =515...  519.      In    very  thin    hexagonal 
plates  and  massive.     Color  and  streak,  orange-yellow  to  brown, 
Transparent  to  translucent.] 
Primary  form,  rhomboid,  P  on  P  =71°  34'. 
Secondary  form. 

P  on  o  =         -         -         -         110°  30' 
o  on  c  -     100   35 

P  on  c  121    39 

c  on  c  -  63    18 

Cleavage  P  and  o.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven. 
Lustre  adamantine.  Melts  below  redness,  becomes 
lead-grey,  and  yields  in  the  matrass,  a  sublimate  of  sul- 
phide of  arsenic.  In  the  open  tube,  evolves  sulphurous  and  arsenious 
acids.  B.  B.  gives  fumes  of  sulphur  and  arsenic.  The  remainder  fused 
with  soda,  yields  a  globule  of  silver. 

Composition,  (3AgS+As2S5)+2(3AgS+As2S3)  =  sulphur  18'5, 
arsenic  15'3,  silver  66'2.  Analysis  by  Plattner. 

Sulphur,  -  -  21-70 

Arsenic,  .  -         ?  i"-~         .       15-32 

Silver,  -  -  ->  .      •  63-88 

Named  from  $ctvdo$,  yellow,  and  xovig^  powder.  Occurs  with  stephanite 
at  the  Himmelsfiirst  mine,  near  Freiberg,  Saxony. 

Sp   8.     MIARGYRITE,  Rose. 

[H.— 2'0  . . .  2'5.    G.=5'3  . . .  5'4.     In  small,  thick  tabular  or  pyr- 
amidal prs.      Color,  iron-black.    In  thin  flakes,  deep  blood-red. 
Streak  dark  cherry-red.     Very  sectile.J 
Primary  form,  oblique  rhombic  prism  of  39°  38'. 


Ord.  XIV.  Blende.] 


CINNABAR 


357 


Secondary  form. 

Pon6 
Pon  d 
b  on  b 
b  on  o 


Fig.  696. 


98°  24' 
109    16 
135 
129    50 


Faces  b,  c,  d  striated,  parallel  to  their  mutual  intersections.  Cleavage 
P,  d  imperfect.  Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal.  Opaque,  except  in 
thin  splinters.  Lustre  adamantine. 

Melts  easily  ;  and  in  the  open  tube  affords  sulphurous  acid  and  oxide 
of  antimony.  B.  B.,  on  charcoal,  with  soda,  yields  a  globule  of  silver. 
Caustic  potash  dissolves  out  sulphide  of  antimony.  Composition,  AgS-)~ 
Sb2S3=  sulphur  21-2,  antimony  42'9,  silver  35  9.  Analysis,  by  Rose, 
sulphur  21'95,  antimony  39*14,  silver  36'40,  copper  1'06. 

Observed  only  at  Braiinsdorf,  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  associated  with 
mispickel ;  and  named  from  PBUOV,  less,  and  <%v?off,  silver  ;  because  it 
contains  less  silver  than  other  argentiferous  ores. 

Sp.  9.     CINNABAR. 

Massive.      Cochineal-red.     Streak 


[H.=2'0 

.  25.     G. 

=8.99.     IV 

scarlet.] 

Primary  form, 

rhombic. 

P  on  P  71 

Secondary  form. 

PonF 

. 

71°  487~ 

Pon62 

. 

157  20 

Pon63 

. 

152    8 

Pone 

* 

159  18 

a  on  61 

„ 

127    5 

a  on  62 

. 

133  25 

6  on  63 

. 

138  34 

a  on  64 

- 

146  31 

a  on  61 

:,'  '•/-'- 

142  55 

c  on  63 

".  "'  .''•'  • 

131  26  J 

48' 


Fig.  697. 


HAUY. 


Cleavage  parallel  to  the  primary  form,  highly  perfect.  Fracture  con- 
choidal. Surface  of  the  crystals  horizontally  streaked,  sometimes  very 
deeply. 

Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  metallic  in  dark  colored  varieties. 
Color,  several  shades  of  cochineal-red,  the  darker  varieties  inclining  to 
lead-grey.  Streak  scarlet-red.  Semi-transparent . . .  translucent  on  the 
edges. 

Compound  varieties.  Rarely,  in  some  indistinct  imitative  shapes.  Mas- 
sive :  composition,  granular,  of  various  sizes  of  individuals,  generally 
small  and  often  impalpable.  In  the  last  case,  fracture  becomes  uneven, 
even,  or  flat  conchoidol.  Plates,s  uperficial  coatings.  There  is  sometimes  a 
tendency  to  thin  columnar  composition,  the  mass  being  friable,  and  the 
color  scarlet-red. 

The  hepatic  cinnabar  is  a  compound  variety  of  cinnabar,  which  is 
impure,  and  having  on  that  account  a  streak,  inclining  to  brown.  The 
dark  red  cinnabar  includes  the  crystals,  and  those  compound  varieties  in 


358  GR.EENOCKITE.  [ClaSS  II. 

which  the  individuals  are  still  discernible  ;  it  is  generally  cochineal-red. 
The  bright  red  cinnabar  is  friable,  and  of  a  scarlet-red  color.  The  com- 
pact hepatic  cinnabar  contains  reniform,  massive  varieties  of  a  granular 
composition,  consisting  of  impalpable  individuals.  The  slaty  hepatic 
cinnabar  (corallinerz)  is  the  same  thing,  only  interrupted  by  irregularly 
streaked  smooth  faces,  which  possess  a  slaty  appearance.  These  how- 
ever are  accidental,  not  having  any  relation  to  the  composition  itself. 
The  bituminous  cinnabar  consists  of  cinnabar,  intermixed  with  coarse 
coal  or  bituminous  shale. 

B.  B.  sublimes  :  with  soda,  yields  mercury,  sulphurous  acid  escaping. 
Composition,  HgS=  sulphur  13'8j  mercury  86'2.  Analysis,  a  from  West- 
phalia, by  Schnabel,  b  from  California,  by  Bealey. 

a  b 

Sulphur,  !«.*»                        13-67                   11-38 

Mercury,  .      86-79              •     69-36 

Iron,         -  1-23 

Lime,  -       1-40 

Alumina,  -  0-61 

Magnesia,      •  .             -                                     0-49 

Silica,      .nv,  .,.#,                                       14-30 

Cinnabar  occurs  chiefly  in  beds ;  and  is  sometimes  accompanied  by 
mercury  amalgam  at  others,  only  by  quartz  and  calcite.  It  is  sometimes 
found  in  veins,  along  with  iron  ores. 

It  occurs  in  beds  in  gneiss,  at  Richenaw  in  Upper  Carinthia,  and  at 
Hartenstein  in  Saxony ;  also  at  Dumbrawa  in  Transylvania,  in  grey- 
wacke.  It  is  found  included  in  irregular  veins,  situated  in  beds  of  lime- 
stone, at  Harmagor,  Windisch-Kappel,  and  at  other  places  in  Carinthia, 
but  particularly  at  Neumarktel  in  Carniola  in  the  Palatinate,  and  at  Alma- 
den  in  Spain.  At  Idria,  it  occurs  in  beds  of  bituminous  shale,  with  bitumen 
and  dark  grey  sandstone,  associated  with  limestone.  Other  localities  are 
Schemnitz,  Cremnitz,  and  Rosenau  in  Hungary,  at  Horzowitz  in  Bohe- 
mia, in  the  Erzberg,  near  Eisenerz  in  Stiria.  The  hepatic  cinnabar  has 
been  found  only  at  Idria  ;  the  bright-red  cinnabar  at  Wolfstein  in  the  Pa- 
latinate. Cinnabar  likewise  abounds  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  in  China  and 
Japan. 

It  is  found  abundantly  at  New  Almaden,  in  a  mountain  to  the  south  of 
San  Jose,  between  the  bay  of  Francisco  and  Monterey.  The  produce  of 
New  Mexico  for  the  first  six  months  of  the  present  year  has  been  836,100 
Ibs.  of  mercury,  the  principal  portion  of  which  is  sent  to  Mexico  and 
China. 

This  ore  is  the  source  of  the  mercury  of  commerce. 

Sp.  10.     GREENOCKITE,  Brooke  and  Connel. 

[H.=3  0  . . .  3'5.     G.=4'9  . . .  4'99.     In  short  hexagonal  prisms 

and  pyramids.     Color  and  streak  honey-yellow.] 
Primary  form,  rhomboid 
Secondary  form. 

Cleavage  o  and  a  semi-transparent  to  translucent.  Lustre  adamantine 
to  resinous.  Strong  double  refraction. 


Orel.  XIV.  Blende.]      MANGANBLENDE.  —  HAUERITE 


359 


o  on  a     -     90°  v  on  v     •      135°  28  Fig.  698. 

a  on  o     -  120  x  on  x     •      139  38 

o  on  v     -  154  32          %  on  e     •      127  27 

o  on  x     •    136  23 

In  the  matrass,  decrepitates  and  turns  red,  while 
hot.  B.  B.,  on  charcoal,  with  soda,  deposits  a  red- 
brown  sublimate.  Soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric 
acid,  with  evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Composition,   CdS=  cadmium  777,    sulphur  23'30.      Analysis   by 
Connel  and  Thomson. 


Cadmium, 
Sulphur, 


77-30 
22-56 


77-6 
22-4 


Occurs  in  attached  xls.  on  a  porphyritic  amygdaloid,  at  Bishopton  in 
Renfrewshire,  Scotland.     Named  after  Lord  Greenock,  its  discoverer. 


Sp.  11.    MANGANBLENDE,  Breithaupt;  Alabandine,  Beudant ;  Mangan- 
glanz,  Leonhard;   Schwarzerz,  Hausmann. 

[H.=3  5 4.    G.^3'95  . . .  4'01.     In  cubo-8-drons  and  massive, 

granular.     Color,  iron-black.     Streak  dark  green.] 

Primary  form  cube. 

Secondary  form.  Fig.  699. 

Cleavage  octahedral ;  traces  also  of  dodecahe- 
dral.  Twin-xls.  Face  of  composition  parallel  with 
a.  Fracture  uneven,  imperfectly  conchoidal.  Opaque. 
Lustre  imperfectly  metallic.  Acquires  a  brownish- 
black  tarnish.  Slightly  brittle.  Does  not  conduct 
electricity. 

In  the  matrass,  is  unaltered.     In  the  open  tube, 
emits  fumes  of  sulphur,  and  becomes  greyish-green.    p          — 19^ 
B.  B.,  on  charcoal,  melts  with  difficulty  into  a  brown   J 
slag.     With  borax  gives  a  reaction  of  manganese.     Soluble  in  hydro- 
chloric acid,  with  evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Composition,  MnS=  sulphur  367,  manganese  63'3.    Analysis,  by  Arf- 
vedson  from  Transylvania. 


Manganese, 
Sulphur, 


62-10 
37- 


Found  in  veins,  with  nagyagite,  blende  and  pyrites,  at  Nagyag  in  Tran- 
sylvania ;  and  in  a  vein  of  quartz  at  Rocinha  da  Gama  in  the  province 
of  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil ;  also  in  Mexico. 


Sp.  12.     HAUERITE,  Hausmann. 

[H.=4'0.  G.=3'46.  In  cubo-8-dral  xls.  and  massive,  in  spheroi- 
dal groups.  Color  and  streak,  dark  red-brown.  Lustre  ada- 
mantine, inclining  to  metallic  ;  liable  to  a  dull  tarnish.] 

Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  form. 


360 


BLENDE 


Class  II. 


Cleavage  P,  perfect.  In  very  thin  plates,  trans-  Fis-  70°- 

lucent,  and  brownish-red,  by  transmitted  light. 

In  the  matrass,  yields  sulphur,  and  leaves  a 
green  residue,  which  B.  B.,  becomes  brown  on 
the  surface.  When  all  the  sulphur  is  roasted 
off,  it  imparts  a  violet  color  to  salt  of  phospho- 
rus in  the  outer  flame.  With  soda,  on  platinum 
foil,  affords  the  reaction  of  manganese.  Composi- 
tion, MnS2—  sulphur  53*7,  manganese  46'0. 
Anaysis  by  Patera. 

Sulphur,  .                                      .           53-64 

Manganese,  -                              42-97 

Iron,  .             -             -             -              1-30 

Silica,      -  1-20 

Found  in  clay  with  gypsum  and  sulphur  at  Kalinka  near  Vegles  and 
Altsohl  in  Hungary. 

Sp.  13:  BLENDE,  Zinkblende,  Sphalerite,  GlocJcer ;  Cleiophane,  Nuttall; 
Marasmolite,  (S.).   Przibramite,  Huot. 

[H.=3'5  . . .  4'0.     G.=3  9  . . .  4'2.     In  tetrahedral,  8-dral  and  do- 
decahedral  xls.  and  massive.     Colors,  various  ;  red-brown,  the 
prevalent  shade.     Lustre  adamantine.] 
Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  701.  Fig.  702.  Fig.  703.  Fig.  704. 


P  on  e  -  144°  44'  08" 
g  on  g  -  129  31  18 


}  HAUY. 


a  on  e 
c  on  c 


-  125 

-  109 


15  52  >  HAUY. 
18  16  ) 


O rd.  XIV.  Blende.]    APPENDIX    TO    ORDER    BLENDE.        361 

In  fig.  705,  four  of  the  obtuse  solid  angles,  are  replaced  by  tangent 
planes,  while  the  remaining  four  are  unaltered,  except  that  they  are  formed 
from  six,  instead  of  three  plane  angles,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  angle  at  o. 

Cleavage  dodecahedral  (P)  very  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Trans- 
parent to  opaque.  Color,  green,  yellow,  red,  brown  and  black.  Streak 
white  to  reddish-brown.  Twin-crystals. 

Fig.  707.  Fig.  708. 

Octahedral  hemitrope, 
and  repeated  as  in  fig.  708, 
and  sometimes  for  a  num- 
ber of  times.  Reniform 
and  other  imitative  shapes. 
Surface  rough;  composi- 


tion columnar,  often  almost  impalpable; 
straight,  divergent,  and  frequently  pro- 
ducing a  second  curved  lamellar,  or  granu- 
lar composition.  Massive ;  composition, 
columnar,  or  granular,  sometimes  impal- 
pable. 

Decrepitates  violently,  when  heated.  B.  B.,  on  charcoal,  fuses  with 
difficulty.  When  strongly  heated  in  the  outer  flame,  deposits  an  areola  of 
oxide  of  zinc.  With  soda,  when  powdered,  it  is  reduced.  Soluble  in 
strong  nitric  acid,  with  the  exception  of  the  sulphur.  Composition,  ZnS 
=  sulphur  33,  zinc  67.  Analyses,  a  fibrous  from  Przibram  by  Lowe,  b 
white  (cleiophanc)  from  New  Jersey  by  Henry,  c  from  Tuscany  (marmntite) 
by  Becchi,  d  from  Marmato  (marmatite)  by  Boussingault,  e  from  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  (marasmolite)  G.=37,  by  the  author. 

a  b  c  d  e 

Sulphur,         •  33-15      32'22     3365      C  7- ft       38-65 

Zinc,        -  -     61-40      67-46     48-11     \    yt)          49-19 

Iron,  -  2-29       16'23FeS232       12-16 

Cadmium,  -        1'50      trace      trace 

One  of  the  most  widely  distributed  and  abundant  species  of  the  order. 
It  occurs  in  beds  and  veins,  and  accompanied  by  galena,  chalcopyrite,  ba- 
rytes,  calcite,  fluor  and  quartz.  It  also  occurs  in  silver  veins,  with  silver 
and  other  ores  of  this  metal. 

The  localities  are  too  numerous  to  be  mentioned.  Finely  crystallized 
varieties  are  found  in  the  lead  region  of  Cumberland  in  England,  at 
Schemnitz  in  Lower  Hungary,  and  at  Kapnik  in  Transylvania.  It  is  abun- 
dant in  the  region  of  Southampton,  Mass,  in  the  lead  veins,  and  at  Mid- 
dletown,  Conn. ;  in  the  great  lead  district  of  the  Western  States,  and  at 
the  localities  of  galena  generally,  throughout  the  United  States. 


APPENDIX  TO  ORDER  BLENDE. 

Rittirtqerite,  Zippe.  In  small  xls.  Primary  form,  oblique  rhombic  prism.  M  on 
M=126°  18'.  H.=l  5  ...3-0.  Lustre  submetallic,  adamantine.  Color,  blackish- 
brown  to  iron-black.  Translucent  and  dull  honey-yellow  to  hyacinth-red,  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  axis.  Streak  orange-yellow.  Brittle.  B.  B.,  fuses  very  easily,  yield- 
ing an  arsenical  odor,  and  finally  a  globule  of  pure  silver.  Probably  a  compound  of 
sulphide  of  silver  and  sulphide  of  antimony.  From  Joachimsthal.  Breithaupt  con- 
siders it  to  be  identical  with  xanthocone. 

46 


SULPHUR. 


[Class  III. 


CLASS    III. 
ORDER  I.    SULPHUR. 

Sp.  1.    SULPHUR. 

[H.=1'5  ...  2'0.    G.=2'0  ...21.      Xls.  and  massive.    Color, 
yellow,  to  red-brown  and  grey.     Sectile,  or  slightly  brittle.] 

Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.     M  on  M=101°  46. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  710. 

Fig.  709. 


Fig.  711. 


Fig.  712. 


PonP 

P  on  P  over  n 

s  on  s 

nonn 

monm 

P  on  P  over  m 

5  on  r 


106°  38' 

84  58 

127  1 

124  24 

101  59 

143  26 

179  45 


Cleavage,  parallel  with  P  and  m  imperfect,  obtained  with  difficulty,  and 
interrupted.  Fracture  conchoidal,  sometimes  highly  perfect.  Surface  n 
commonly  rough,  the  rest  of  the  faces  generally  smooth  and  shining, 
possessing  nearlv  the  same  physical  quality. 

Lustre  resinous.  Color,  several  shades  of  sulphur-yellow,  inclining 
sometimes  to  red  or  green.  Streak  sulphur-yellow,  passing  into  white. 
Transparent . . .  translucent  on  the  edges. 


Ord.  I.  Sulphur.]  SELENIUM. 

Compound  varieties.  Twin-crystals:  axis  of  revolution  perpendicular, 
face  of  composition  parallel  to  a  face  of  r.  Imbedded  globules  :  surface 
uneven  ;  composition  impalpable,  often  impure.  Massive :  composition, 
granular,  often  impalpable,  strongly  coherent;  fracture  uneven,  even,  flat 
conchoidal.  Sometimes  pulverulent. 

Sulphur  as  it  occurs  in  nature  is  pure,  or  is  only  mixed  with  bitumen  or 
clay.  It  acquires  resinous  electricity  by  friction,  is  easily  inflammable,  and 
burns  with  a  blue  or  white  flame,  and  a  pungent  smell  of  sulphurous  acid. 
It  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  when  heated,  unites  readily  with  potash  or 
soda.  It  may  be  obtained  crystallized  by  sublimation, or  still  more  easily 
from  solutions  in  liquids.  The  forms  of  sulphur,  crystallized  from  fusion, 
are  incompatible  with  those  of  the  present  species.  They  are  generally 
oblique  rhombic  prisms  of  90°  32',  the  terminal  face  of  which  is  inclined 
to  the  obtuse  edge  of  the  prism,  which  is  itself  commonly  replaced  at  an 
angle  of  95°  46'.  It  occurs  almost  always  in  regular  compositions.  The 
crystals  are  at  first  transparent,  but  they  soon  become  opaque. 

Sulphur  is  generally  met  with  in  beds  of  gypsum,  or  in  the  accompa- 
nying strata  of  clay.  It  is  associated  with  calcite  and  with  celestine.  It 
occurs  in  veins  with  chalcopyrite,  galena  and  orpiment.  It  is  deposited 
from  several  springs,  and  in  large  quantities  from  volcanos  ;  sometimes 
it  occurs  in  beds  of  bituminous  coal. 

Sulphur  is  found  in  splendid  crystals  and  pure  massive  varieties  ;  also, 
in  globular  concretions,  (which  however,  are  seldom  without  earthy  or 
bituminous  admixtures)  in  Sicily,  and  several  provinces  of  Italy.  It  oc- 
curs in  imbedded  spheroidal  masses  of  a  brown  color,  which  is  owing  to 
bitumen  at  Radoboy,  near  Crapina  in  Croatia.  Near  Cracovia  in  Poland, 
it  is  likewise  met  with,  more  or  less  in  pure  massive  varieties  and  small 
crystals.  The  finest  crystals,  excepting  those  from  Sicily,  come  from  Ca- 
diz in  Spain.  Small  crystals  have  been  observed  investing  the  brown 
coal  from  Artern  in  Thuringia.  It  occurs  in  veins  in  Swabia,  in  Spain 
and  in  Transylvania.  The  earthy  sulphur  is  found  in  Poland,  in  Mora- 
via, and  other  countries  ;  the  volcanic  sulphur  in  Iceland,  near  Vesuvius, 
in  Milo  and  several  islands  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago ;  in  great  pro- 
fusion near  the  volcanos  of  Java  and  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Sulphur 
also  occurs  in  Savoy,  in  Piedmont,  in  Switzerland,  at  Lauenstein  in 
Hanover,  in  South  America,  and  many  other  countries. 

Sulphur  is  said  to  occur  in  California.  In  very  minute  xls.  it  presents 
itself,  in  cavities  of  decomposing  pyrites  at  many  places  in  the  gold  regions 
of  the  Southern  States ;  also  at  Green  River,  Henderson  Co.,  N.  Car., 
where  an  extensive  vein  or  stratum  of  this  ore  exists,  immediately  contig- 
uous to  the  decomposing  granite  in  which  the  zircon  is  so  largely  found. 

Sp.  2.     SELENIUM,  Del  Rio. 

[H.  =2'0.     G.^4'3.     In  incrustations  of  a  submetallic  lustre,  and 
a  greyish  or  brownish-black  color.     Translucent  and  red,  in  thin 
splinters.     Brittle.     Powder  deep-red.] 
Found  at  Culebras  in  Mexico. 

*SULPHOSELENITE,  (8,)  Sclensulphur.  Massive.  Color,  orange-red. 
B.  B.,  on  charcoal,  burns  readily,  with  fumes  of  selenium  and  sulphur. 
Occurs  at  Vulcano,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  and  at  Kilauea,  Hawaii. 


364  BITUMEN. SCHEERER1TE,  [ClaSS  III, 


ORDER  II.    RESIN. 

Sp.  1.     BITUMEN,  Naphtha,  Naphte,  Mineral  Oil,  Seneca  Oil,  Erdolj 
Steinol,  Brewsterline,  Cryptoline,  Dana. 

[G.— 0'7  . . .  0*8.  Liquid;  yellowish-brown;  translucent;  unctuous 
to  the  touch.  Odor  aromatic,  bituminous.] 

Boils  below  212°  and  burns  with  a  bright  flame.  Composition,  (when 
pure)  CGH5.  Analysis,  by  Dumas,  carbon  86  40,  hydrogen  12'70. 

Oozes  either  alone,  or  with  water  from  the  soil,  or  from  clefts  in  certain 
rocks.  Frequent  at  Kenhawa,  Va.,  Scotsville,  Ky.,  Oil  Creek  in  Venango 
Co.,  Pa.,  Duck  Creek,  in  Monroe  Co.,  and  at  Liverpool,  Ohio.  It  was  for- 
merly collected  by  the  Seneca  Indians,  and  is  hence  called  Seneca  or 
Genesee  Oil.  At  Inniskillen,  Canada  West,  the  inspissated  naphtha  has 
been  found,  in  places,  to  be  two  feet  in  depth. 

It  has  been  used  both  for  fuel  and  light:  in  Persia  and  Burmah  also,  as 
a  lotion  in  cutaneous  diseases,  and  an  embrocation  in  bruises  and  rheu- 
matism. It  is  made  use  of  in  the  manufacture  of  varnishes,  and  as  a 
substitute  for  linseed  oil  in  the  formation  of  paints.  The  Egyptians  em- 
ployed it  in  embalming.  Brewsterline  and  cryptoline  of  Dana,  are  two 
transparent  fluids,  found  by  Sir  D.  Brewster  in  the  cavities  of  crystals,  of 
topaz,  chrysoberyl  and  quartz ;  and  appear  to  be  modifications  of  the  pres- 
ent species.  The  former  expands  £th  its  size,  by  an  increase  above  50°,  of 
30°  F.  in  temperature :  it  was  sometimes  indurated  in  the  cavity,  like 
resin;  but  on  exposure  leaves  a  residue  of  minute  particles,  which  from 
the  moisture  of  the  hand  alone,  suddenly  become  fluid,  extend  and  con- 
tract, the  residue  being  volatile  by  heat  and  dissolving  in  acids,  without  ef- 
fervescence. The  cryptoline  though  in  the  same  cavity,  does  not  mix 
with  the  brewsterline.  On  exposure,  it  quickly  hardens  into  a  yellowish, 
non-volatile  resin,  insoluble  in  water  or  alcohol,  but  rapidly  soluble  with 
effervescence  in  acid. 

Sp.  2.    SCHEERERITE,  Stromeyer ;  Branchite,  Savi. 

In  minute  acicular  xls.  and  crystalline  grains,  filling  crevices  in  brown 
coal.  Soft:  unctuous.  G=l'0...1'2.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Lustre 
resinous.  White,  to  grey,  yellow  and  green.  Transparent  to  translu- 
cent. 

Tasteless.  When  heated,  emits  a  faint  aromatic  odor.  At  111°F. 
melts ;  the  drops  staining  paper,  but  the  spots  disappearing  on  heating 
the  paper.  It  boils  at  l!)7£°.  On  cooling,  the  mineral  crystallizes  in 
slender  four-sided  prisms.  It  takes  fire  easily,  and  is  completely  con- 
sumed, evolving  much  smoke  and  a  feeble  aromatic  odor.  Composition, 
according  to  Prinsep,  carbon  73,  and  hydrogen  24. 

Found  at  Uznach  near  St.  Gallen,  Switzerland.  The  branchite  is  col- 
orless and  translucent,  fuses  at  167°,  but  does  not  crystallize  on  cooling. 
G.=  ro.  Dissolves  in  alcohol.  Found  in  the  brown  coal  of  Mt.  Vaso 
in  Tuscany. 

Tekoretin  and  Phylloretin  of  Forchammer,  are  resinous  bodies,  found 
in  fossil-wood  in  Denmark.  The  former  is  crystallized,  and  fuses  at  45°  C. 


Ord.  II.  Resin.]      ELATERITE.  —  HATCHETTINE.  365 

It  dissolves  in  ether,  slightly  in  alcohol,  and  consists  of  C10H9:=C87'19 
and  H  12'81.  Phylloretin  fuses  at  86—87°  C,  dissolves  easily  in  alcohol  ; 
and  appears  to  have  the  composition  of  C8H5. 

Fichtelite,  Bromeis.  In  crystalline  folia  and  grains ;  fuses  readily  at 
46°  C,  and  becomes  crystalline  on  cooling  ;  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol,  ea- 
sily so,  in  ether.  Composition,  (Bromeis)  C4H3=C.  839;  HIM. 
Found  in  the  Fichtelgebirge. 

Konlite,  Schrotter.  In  crystalline  scales.  Soft.  G.— 0'8S.  Fuses  at 
107 — 114°C.  Slightly  soluble  in  alcohol;  more  so,  in  ether.  Accord- 
ing to  Schrotter,  is  composed  of  C2H=C  92*429,  H  7'571 .  From  near 
Redwitz,  Bavaria  in  the  Fichtelgebirge. 

Konkinite,  Kenngott.  In  thin  plates,  soluble  in  ether  and  alcohol. 
Soluble  in  sulphuric  acid,  but  little  so,  in  nitric,  and  not  at  all,  in  hydro- 
chloric acid.  Partly  soluble  in  ammonia  and  in  oil  of  turpentine.  From 
the  brown  coal  of  Fossa  in  the  Eger  valley. 

Sp.  3.    ELATERITE,  Hausmann ;  Mineral  Cauotchouc,  Elastic  Bitumen. 

In  soft,  flexible,  slightly  elastic  masses.  G.=0'9  ...  1  '23.  Lustre  fee- 
bly resinous.  Color,  blackish-brown,  of  various  shades.  Sub-translu- 
cent. Analysis,  from  Derbyshire,  by  Johnston ; 

Carbon,      -        -        85'47      84'39      88'67      85'96     86'18 
Hydrogen,     -        -      1328       12'58      1254      1234      12'42 

Found  at  the  Odin  mine  at  Castleton  in  Derbyshire,  at  Neuchatel,  on 
the  Island  of  Zante,  at  Montrelais  near  Nantes  France,  and  at  Wood- 
bury,  Conn. 

Sp.  4.     HATCHETTINE,   Conybeare ;  Mineral  Tallow. 

H.— 1-0.  G.— 0'60  (after  fusion  G.=0'98.)  In  masses  resembling 
wax  or  train-oil.  Translucent.  Lustre  slightly  pearly.  Yellowish-white, 
with  a  tinge  of  green.  The  specimens  from  Loch-Fyne,  melt  at  47°C  ; 
those  from  Methyr-Tydvil,  at  76*6°  C.  Emits  a  bituminous  odor,  when 
heated.  Partially  soluble  in  ether,  having  a  viscous,  inodorous  residue. 
Analysis,  by  Johnston ; 

Carbon,  85-91 

Hydrogen,  14-62 

Besides  the  locality  in  Wales,  it  occurs  at  Inverary  in  Scotland. 

Sp.  5.     HARTITE,  Haidinger. 

H.=l.  G.=1'04.  In  crystalline  masses,  resembling  wax,  but  having 
the  form  of  oblique  rhombic  prs.  of  about  100°.  Cleavage,  only  in  traces. 
Lustre  somewhat  greasy.  Color,  white.  Translucent.  Brittle.  Sectile. 

At  74°  C  melts  into  a  clear  liquid.  When  heated,  emits  the  odor  of 
amber.  Burns  with  much  smoke.  Readily  soluble  in  ether ;  less  so,  in 
alcohol.  Analysis  by  Schrotter  ; 

Carbon,      ....        87-47         87-50 
Hydrogen,        -  -  -  1205         12-10 


366  i  D  R  i  A  L  i  T  E  .  [Class  III. 

Found  in  clefts  in  brown  coal  and  fossil  wood,  at  Oberhart  near  Glogg- 
nitz  in  Austria. 

Hartine,  Schrotter ;  Psathyrin,  Glocker.  Resembles  the  above  ;  but 
crystallizes  from  a  solution  in  naphtha,  in  needles.  Color,  white  ;  with- 
out taste  or  odor.  Fuses  at  210°  C,  and  distils  at  260°  C.  Composition, 
according  to  Schrotter,  C20H » 7O2=C  76'26,  H  10'92,  O  10'82.  From 
the  brown  coal  of  Oberhart,  Austria. 

Buti/rite,  Glocker,  Bogbutter  of  Williamson,  from  an  Irish  peat  swamp, 
fuses  at  51°  C,  dissolves  in  alcohol  and  contains  C  75'05,  H  12  56, O12  39. 

Irolite,  Haidinger.  H.r=l.  G.=  1'008.  Amorphous.  Lustre  greasy. 
Color,  hyacinth-red.  Pulverizes  in  the  fingers.  Thin  fragments,  sub- 
translucent.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal.  Softens  at  76°  C.  (169°  F.) 
but  is  still  tenacious  at  212°  F ;  and  hence  its  name,  from  £6s  and  fow, 
to  dissolve. 

From  Oberhart. 

Ozocerite,  ErdwacJis,  Rammelsberg.  G.=0'94  . .  .  0'97.  Like  a  res- 
inous wax,  structure  sometimes  foliated.  Color  brownish-yellow  by  trans- 
mitted light,  leek-green  by  reflected  light,.  Odor,  pleasant.  Fuses  at 
62°  C.-840  C. ;  boils  at  210°  C.-3000  C.  Distils,  without  decomposition. 
No  change  in  strong  acid,  and  very  little  in  hot  alcohol.  It  is  supposed  to 
contain  several  distinct  chemical  compounds.  Analysis,  a  from  Molda- 
via by  Magnus,  6  from  Moldavia  by  Schrotter,  c  from  Urpeth,  Newcas- 
tle, by  Johnston. 

a  b  c 

Hydrogen,         -  -     15-15  13-78  1406 

Carbon,       .  85-75          86-20  8680 

Occurs  in  a  sandstone  of  the  salt  formation  in  Moldavia,  at  Gresten 
near  Gaming  in  Austria,  and  at  Truskawiez  in  Galicia. 

Chrismatine,  Germar,  is  yellowish  or  oil-green,  shining,  translucent ; 
unchanged  at  68°  to  78°  F,  but  softens  at  55  to  60°  R.  Burns  with  flame, 
without  smell.  Found  at  Wettin  near  Halle,  Prussia,  in  a  red  argillace- 
ous sandstone  of  the  coal  formation. 

Sp.  6.     IDRIALITE,  Schrotter ;   Idrialine,  Dufrenoy. 

Unctuous.  H.=1'0. . .  V5.  G.=1'4  . . .  1'6.  Fracture  uneven.  Color 
greyish-black,  brownish-black  to  reddish-brown.  Opaque.  Streak  brown, 
shining.  Sectile. 

Melts  between  250  to  300°  C.  In  the  matrass,  sublimes,  and  is  de- 
posited in  bright,  iridescent  scales.  Inflammable.  Soluble  in  hot  oil  of 
turpentine,  olive-oil,  ether,  acetic  acid,  and  in  kreosote.  The  solutions  on 
cooling,  deposit  it,  in  greenish,  yellow,  pearly,  crystalline  scales.  Analy- 
ses, a  by  Dumas,  6,  c  by  Schrotter,  d  by  Bodeker  : 

Carbon,         -  -^  • 

Hydrogen, 

Oxygen,        -          t    *, 

Found  intermixed  with  cinnabar,  in  thin  layers  in  slate,  in  the  mercury 
mines  of  Idria. 


Ord.  II.  Resin.]    GUYAQUILLITE.  —  WALCHOWITE.  367 


Sp.  7.     GOYAQUILLITE,  Johnston ;   Berengalite,  Johnston. 

Soft.     G.  — 1-092.     Amorphous.     Opaque.     Bright  yellow. 

At  69'5°  C.  melts,  and  at  100°  C.  is  perfectly  liquid.  After  cooling,  is 
viscous,  translucent,  and  has  a  resinous  lustre.  Soluble  in  alcohol,  form- 
ing a  yellow,  intensely  bitter  solution.  Analysis  by  Johnston. 

Carbon,         -  -  -          "  76*67  77*35 

Hydrogen,  -        8-17  8-20 

Oxygen,  15-16  14*45 

Found  at  Guyaquil  in  S.  America.  The  berengelite  has  a  conchoidal 
fracture,  a  resinous  lustre,  a  dark  brown  color,  inclining  to  green.  Streak 
yellow.  Taste  bitter.  Melts  below  100°  C.,  and  remains  soft.  Unc- 
tuous. Soluble  in  alcohol  and  in  ether,  forming  bitter  solutions.  Analy- 
sis, by  Johnston  ; 

Carbon,  -  -  -  72*47  72*34 

Hydrogen.  -  -  -       9*20  9*36 

Oxygen,  -  18*33  18-30 

Found  in  large  masses,  in  the  province  of  St.  Juan*de  Berengela  of 
S.  America. 

*  WALCHOWITE,  Schr  otter. 

H.=1'5 . . .  2'0.  G.=1'03 . . .  1'06.  Amorphous.  Fracture  conchoi- 
dal. Translucent.  Lustre  fatty,  yellow  to  brown.  Streak  yellowish 
white.  Brittle  at  140°  C.  becomes  elastic,  at  250°  C.  melts  into  a 
yellow  oil.  Burns  with  a  smoky  flame  and  an  aromatic  odor.  Soluble 
in  67  of  alcohol  and  in  13  of  ether.  Analyses  by  Schrotter  : 

Carbon,    .! .'  -             -     80*30  80*19  80*70 

Hydrogen,  -             .            10*68  10-74  10*62 

Oxygen,     -  -             -       9*02  9*08  8-68 

Nitrogen,  0*18  0*18  0*18 

Found  in  brown  coal,  at  Walchow  in  Moravia. 

Sp.  8.    RETINITE,  Leonhard;  Retinasphaltum,  Hatchett. 

H.=l-0...2'0.  G.=l-Q5...r20.  Amorphous.  Fracture  conchoi- 
dal. Semi-transparent  to  opaque.  Yellow,  brown  and  grey.  Streak 
yellowish  brown.  Brittle.  Acquires  resinous  electricity  by  friction. 

Burns  with  a  flame,  attended  by  an  aromatic  smell.  Analysis,  a  from 
Bovey  by  Hatchett,  b  from  Halle  by  Bucholz,  c  from  Cape  Sable  by 
Troost,  d  from  Bovey  by  Johnston  ; 

a  b  c              d 

Resin,  soluble  in  alcohol,        55  91  55-5  59'32 

Matter,  insoluble  in  do.,          41  9  42-5  27*45 

Earthy  matter,                          3  15  13-23 

It  is  found  in  brown  coal,  common  coal,  and  also  in  peat. 


368  ASPHALTUM. COPAL1NE.  [Class   III. 

Sp.  9.    ASPHALTUM,  Mineral  Pitch. 

H=2.  G.=1'0. .  .1*2.  Amorphous.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Black 
to  brownish  black.  Streak  brown.  Opaque.  Acquires  resinous  elec- 
tricity by  friction.  Odor  bituminous.  Fuses  at  212°  F.  and  burns  with 
a  bright  flame,  leaving  a  small  quantity  of  ashes.  Analyses,  a  from  Au- 
vergne  by  Ebelman,  b  from  Peru  by  Boussingault ; 

a  b 

Carbon,         -~                        -     76*13                     88-63 
Hydrogen,          -                            9-41                       9'69 
Oxygen,       -                           -      10.34                    ),fift 
Nitrogen,           -             -                2-32                    J  L 
Ash,  -  -  ;;,        1-80  

Found  at  Limmer  in  Hanover,  and  near  Munster,  at  Soult,  Lobsann, 
Bechelbrunn,  on  the  Rhone,  in  Val  Travers  in  Neuchatel,  the  Dead  Sea, 
in  Cornwall,  Haughmond  hill  in  Shropshire ;  but  most  abundantly  at 
Trinidad ;  where,  according  to  Manross,  it  covers  a  lake  one  and  a  half 
miles  in  circuit,  the  bitumen  being  cold  and  solid  near  the  shores,  but 
gradually  increases  in  temperature  and  softness,  towards  the  centre,  where 
it  is  boiling.  Tke  ascent  to  the  lake  from  the  sea,  a  distance  of  three 
quarters  of  a  mile,  is  covered  with  bitumen,  upon  which  trees  and  vegf  ta- 
bles flourish,  and  about  Point  La  Braye,  the  masses  of  bitumen  look  like 
black  rocks,  as  seen  through  the  foliage.  The  lake  is  underlaid  by  a  bed 
of  mineral  coal. 

An  earthy  variety  of  bitumen  found  abundantly  at  Torbane,  near  Ed- 
inburcr,  Scotland,  and  in  other  countries,  is  possessed  of  very  great  value  for 
giving  origin  to  illuminating  gas.  It  has  been  called  the  Torbane  min- 
eral. It  is  the  melanasphalt  of  Wetherell,  or  the  Albert  coal  of  Nova 
Scotia.  It  is  less  fusible  than  pure  asphaltum,  and  is  partially  soluble 
in  the  menstrua  which  dissolve  asphaltum.  It  contains  from  58  to 
61  p.  c.  of  volatile  matter.  Dr.  Wetherill  found  that  4  parts  were  solu 
ble  in  ether,  arid  30  in  oil  of  turpentine. 


Sp.  10.     COPALINE  ;  Fossil  Copal. 

H.— 2'5.  G.=r04.  Resembles  the  resin  copal,  in  color,  lustre, 
transparency  and  difficult  solubility  in  alcohol.  When  heated,  emits  an 
aromatic  odor ;  and  at  a  higher  temperature  volatilizes  and  burns  with  a 
yellow  flame  and  much  smoke,  leaving  little  or  no  residue.  Analyses, 
a  and  b  from  Highgate  by  Johnston,  c  from  the  East  Indies  by  Duflos. 

a  b  c 

Carbon,         -  -        8541  85'68  8573 

Hydrogen,    -  -         1170  11 48  11 50 

Oxygen,        -  -          2'67  2'89  277 

Ash,  -  -          0'03  

Found  in  the  blue  clay  near  London,  and  near  Mount  Lebanon  in 
Syria,  where  it  is  collected  for  the  purposes  of  illumination,  and  goes  by 
the  name  of  candle-stone. 

Sp.  11.  AMBER,  Succinite,  Breithaupt;  Bernstein,  Succin. 

H.=2'0  . . .  2'5.  G.=r08.  In  irregular  grains  and  spheroidal  masses. 
Cleavage,  none.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Surface  uneven  and  rough. 


Ord.  II.  Resin.]  M  E  L  L  i  T  E  .  369 

Lustre,  resinous.  Color,  yellow,  passing  into  red,  brown  and  white. 
Streak,  white,  transparent  to  translucent.  Not  very  brittle.  Resinous 
electricity  evolved  by  friction. 

Burns  readily  with  a  yellow  flame  emitting  an  aromatic  smell,  and  leav- 
ing a  black,  shining,  coaly  residue.  Fuses  at  289°  C.  Soluble  in  alco- 
hol. Composition,  C10H8O=  carbon  78'96,  hydrogen  10'51,  oxygen 
10'52.  Analysis,  a  by  Drapier,  b  by  Schrotter; 

a 

Carbon,  .  80-99 

Hydrogen,  -  -       7  31 

Oxygen,  6'73 

Lime,          -  -  -        1-54 

Alumina,  -  -  1*10 

Silica,          .  -       0-63 

The  vegetable  origin  of  amber  is  now  fully  established.  According  to 
Prof.  Goeppert,  it  is  derived  from  at  least  eight  species  of  plants,  besides 
the  Pinites  succinifer.  He  detects  the  remains  of  163  species  of  plants 
imbedded  in  the  substance  of  amber ;  the  fragments  of  a  large  number 
of  insects  are  also  present. 

It  occurs  in  beds  of  bituminous  and  brown  coal,  as  well  as  in  various 
parts  of  the  green  sand,  of  the  tertiary  formation.  The  principal  supply 
is  from  the  Prussian  borders  of  the  Baltic  sea,  where  it  is  collected  for 
the  government,  immediately  after  storms,  which  loosen  it  from  its  bed 
and  throw  it  on  shore.  It  is  likewise  found  on  the  coast  of  Denmark, 
Spain,  Sicily,  Greenland,  China,  and  other  countries.  Besides,  it  exists 
in  clay  near  Paris,  France;  and  with  coal,  in  the  departments  of  1'Aisne, 
du  Gard,  and  du  Bas  Rhin.  In  England  near  London,  and  on  the  coast 
of  Norfolk,  Essex  and  Suffolk  ;  it  is  found  near  Catania  in  Sicily,  where  it 
sometimes  exhibits  a  peculiar  blue  tinge  of  color.  In  the  Royal  Museum  at 
Berlin,  there  is  a  mass  weighing  14  Ibs. ;  and  another  still  larger  is  known 
in  Ava,  India,  which  is  traversed  by  veins  of  calcite. 

It  is  valued  for  ornamental  purposes,  and  in  the  fabrication  of  varnish, 
as  well  as  for  the  production  of  succinic  acid  and  the  oil  of  amber. 

Sp.   10.     MELLITE,  Hauy ;   Honey-Stone,  Honigstein. 

[H.=2'0  . . .  2'5.     G.=l-55  . . .  1-65.     In  flat  8-dral  xls. ;  inclin- 
ation of  upper  to  lower  pyramid— 93°  6'.] 
Primary  form,  right  square  prism. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  662. 
Fig.  661 . 

143°  16' 
126  44 

129  58 
118  14 

rona     -      120°  58'   V"    |, 1   "  /       r  on  r"       -          8654 

ronr      -      11804 

Cleavage  parallel  with  r  very  difficult.     Fracture  conchoidal.    Surface 
P  and  e  rough  and  curved  :  the  others  smooth  and  shining. 
47 


370  APPENDIX     TO     ORDER     RESIN.  [Class  III. 

Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Color,  honey-yellow,  inclining 
to  red  or  brown.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Sectile. 
It  also  occurs  in  small  massive  nodules  and  angular  grains. 

In  the  matrass,  yields  water,  and  carbonizes,  without  emitting  any  per- 
ceptible smell.  B.  B.  on  charcoal,  burns  white,  leaving  nothing  but  alu- 
mina. Soluble  in  nitric  and  in  hydrochloric  acid,  and  in  caustic  potash. 
Composition,  HC4HO3+18HO  =  mellitic  acid  4031,  alumina  14*35, 
and  water  45*34.  Analysis,  by  Wohler : 

Mellitic  acid,      -  -  41  4 

Alumina,      .  14'5 

Water,  441 

Found  in  imbedded  xls.  in  beds  of  brown  coal  at  Artern  in  Thurin- 
gia,  Lauschitz  near  Bilin  in  Bohemia,  and  at  Walchow  in  Moravia. 


APPENDIX   TO    ORDER    RESIN. 

Dinite,  Meneghini.  A  crystalline  aggregate,  resembling  ice,  with  a  yellowish 
tinge.  Without  odor,  or  taste.  Fragile.  Insoluble  in  water ;  very  soluble  in  ether, 
and  in  bisulphide  of  carbon ;  little  soluble  in  alcohol.  The  etherial  solution  on 
standing,  deposits  large  crystals  of  the  dinite.  Melts  with  the  warmth  of  the  hand ; 
heated  in  a  close  vessel,  distils  over,  without  suffering  decomposition.  When  melted, 
resembles  a  yellowish  oil ;  on  cooling,  crystallizes  in  large  transparent  crystals. 
Found  by  Prof.  Dini  in  lignite,  at  Lunigiana,  Tuscany. 

Dopplerite.  G.  =  1'089.  In  thin  plates.  Color  brownish  black.  Streak  dull 
brown.  Lustre  resinous  to  vitreous.  When  in  thin  plates,  reddish  brown,  by  trans- 
mitted light.  Becomes  elastic,  on  exposure  to  the  light.  Heated  to  100°  C.,  loses 
78-5  p.  c.  of  water.  Composition  C8H&05.  According  to  Schrotter,  a  homogene- 
ous peaty  substance,  from  whose  cellulose,  two  parts  of  water  are  removed.  It 
resembles  a  black  pitch.  On  treating  the  fresh  mineral  with  potash,  ammonia  is 
given  off.  Named  after  M.  Doppler.  Occurs  near  Aussee,  in  Styria. 

Piauzite,  Haidinger.  An  earthy,  laminated  resin.  Color  brownish  black.  Streak 
yellowish  brown.  H.  =1-5.  G.  =1'22.  Fuses  at  315°  C.  (600°  F.),  and  burns  with 
an  aromatic  odor  and  much  smoke,  leaving  5'96  p.  c.  of  ash.  Soluble  in  ether  and 
caustic  potash,  also  in  absolute  alcohol.  Heated  in  a  glass  tube,  a  yellowish  oily 
fluid  volatilizes,  having  an  acid  reaction.  Occurs  in  brown  coal  at  Piauze,  near  Neu- 
stadt  in  Carniola. 

Pyropissite,  Kenngott.  Massive.  Forms  a  seam  from  six  to  eight  inches  thick,  in 
brown  coal.  Fracture  earthy ;  color  dull  yellowish  brown.  Opaque.  Streak  shin- 
ing and  greasy.  Unctuous.  Burns  readily,  with  a  brownish  yellow  flame,  and  a 
weak  aromatic  odor.  Heated,  fuses  to  a  pitchy,  porous  mass,  soluble  in  oil  of  tur- 
pentine, and  slightly  so  in  alcohol.  Burns  like  bitumen.  Soluble  in  sulphuric  acid ; 
slightly  so,  in  hydrochloric,  or  nitric  acid.  According  to  Marchand,  affords  on  distil- 
lation, 62  p.  c.  of  paraffine,  one  pound  of  the  mass  giving  three  cubic  feet  of  illumin- 
ating gas.  Occurs  at  Weissenfels. 

Pyroretin,  Reuss.  In  plates,  an  inch  thick,  and  in  nodules.  Brittle,  brownish 
black.  Lustre  resinous.  Unctuous.  H.  =  2.  Streak  dull  wood-brown.  When 
heated,  it  blackens  and  melts  at  21 2°  F. ;  but  on  cooling  forms  a  pitchy  mass. 
Burns  with  a  reddish  yellow  flame,  with  a  smell  like  amber,  and  leaving  a  coaly 
residue.  Dissolves  in  hot  alcohol,  and  is  deposited  again  on  cooling.  Analysis  by 
Stanek,  carbon  80-02,  hydrogen  9*42,  oxygen  10'56.  Found  in  the  brown  coal  of 
Aussig,  Bohemia. 


JH 


Ord.  II.  Resin.]       APPENDIX  TO   ORDER  RESIN.  371 

Scleretinite,  Mallet.  In  small  oval  masses,  from  the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a 
hazel-nut.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  1'136.  Color  black,  but  red-brown  by  transmitted  light. 
Streak  cinnamon-brown.  Lustre  vitreous  to  resinous,  rather  brilliant.  Translucent 
in  thin  splinters.  Brittle  ;  fracture  conchoidal.  Heated  in  platinum  foil,  swells  up, 
burns  like  pitch,  with  a  disagreeable,  empyreumatic  smell,  and  a  smoky  flame, 
leaving  a  coal,  rather  difficult  to  burn,  and  finally,  a  little  gray  ash.  In  a  glass  tube, 
yields  a  yellowish  brown,  oily  product  of  a  nauseous,  empyreumatic  odor.  Insolu- 
ble in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  caustic  and  carbonated  alkalies,  or  dilute  acids ;  and 
even  strong  nitric  acid  acts  slowly.  Composition  C10H70  =  carbon  77'05,  hydro- 
gen 8*97,  oxygen  10'28.  Analysis,  by  Mallet : 

Carbon,  -    76-74  77*15 

Hydrogen,  -  8*86  9*05 

Oxygen,  -    I(r72  10*12 

Ash,          -  3*68  3-68 

Occurs  in  the  coal  formation  of  Wigan  England,  and  appears  to  be  identical  with 
pyroretin. 


1 


372  COAL,  [Class  III, 


ORDER  III.     COAL. 

Sp.  1.     COAL,  Anthracite,  Glance-coal,  Mineral  Carbon,  Bituminous 
Coal,  Brown  Coal,  Jet. 

H.=l*5  . . .  25.  G.=1'2  . . .  1'42.  No  regular  form  or  structure : 
sometimes  dividing  easily  by  cleavages  into  cubical  or  prismatic  frag- 
ments. Fracture  conchoidal.  Color,  mostly  black,  sometimes  inclining 
to  greyish  or  brown.  Some  varieties  exhibit  tarnished  colors.  Opaque. 
Sectile  in  different  degrees.  Not  very  brittle.  G.  of  common  New- 
castle and  Pittsburg  coal  =  1  27,  of  bituminous  wood  =  T28,  of  Can- 
nel  coal  =1'43,  of  Pennsylvania  anthracite  —  1'8,  of  Rhode  Island 
=  t  "26,  of  Welch  =  1-36. 

There  are  three  leading  varieties  of  coal,  which  are  generally  known 
under  the  names  of  anthracite,  (a  dry,  non-bituminous  coal,)  common  or 
bituminous  coal  and  brown  coal.  This  last  is  of  a  brown  color,  and  exhib- 
its the  structure  of  wood  more  distinctly  than  the  others.  It  occurs  more- 
over in  the  tertiary  formations,  and  in  alluvion.  The  following  table 
illustrates  some  of  the  most  important  facts  connected  with  the  chemical 
composition  of  the  three  kinds  . 

Fixed  carbon.        Volatile  com-        Water.  Ash. 

bustible  matter. 

Penn.  anthracite,                87-45  3-84  1-34  7'37 

90-45  4-88  4-67 

Maryland  bituminous  coal,  73-01  15-80  1-25  9-84 

Virginia            "                   50-99  36'63  1'64  10-74 

Indiana             "                   58-44  33-99  2-20  4-97 

Pittsburg,  Pa.,  "                  64-72  32  95             2-31 

Newcastle,              carbon,  87*95  Hyd.,  5-24  O  &  Ni  5-41  1-40 

Lancashire,                  "        83-75  "       5-66  "  "    8-04  2-55 

Elbogen  brown  coal,  "        73'79  "       7-46  "  "  13-79  4-96 

For  additional  information  respecting  the  chemical  history  of  coal,  and 
for  a  general  survey  of  its  most  important  localities,  reference  may  be  had 
to  the  subjoined  notes,  taken  from  Schoedler  and  Medlock's  Book  of  Na- 
ture and  from  Dana's  Mineralogy.* 

"The  formation  of  brown  coal  (a  species  of  coal  which  occurs  in  many  parts  of 
Germany)  is  ascribed  to  a  period  anterior  to  the  history  of  the  human  race.  More 
or  less  large  masses  of  wood  have  been  suddenly  buried,  or  gradually  concealed  anc? 
changed  in  appearance,  by  the  constant  accumulation  of  earthy  deposits.  Brown- 
coal  pesents  the  remarkable  transition-process  between  ordinary  coal  and  mere 
wood ;  and  this,  of  course,  differs  according  to  the  circumstances  under  which  the  coal 
has  been  formed.  In  brown-coal  are  found  stems,  with  the  woody  annular  rings  quite 
apparent;  also  seeds,  leaves  and  bark.  Some  specimens  of  this  formation,  on  the 
contrary,  are  earthy,  or  black  and  solid,  affording  no  indications  of  a  ligneous  or  veg- 
etable origin.  The  brown  coal,  the  name  of  which  is  derived  from  its  color,  has  con- 
siderable density,  acquired  by  the  pressure  of  the  mass  of  earth  under  which  it  has 
been  formed.  We  can  form  an  idea  of  this  enormous  pressure  from  the  fact,  that 
trunks  of  trees  originally  cylindrical,  have  been  flattened  and  pressed  into  an  ellipti- 


^ 

Ord.  III.  Coal.]  GRAPHITE.  — COAL.  373 

Sp.  2.    GRAPHITE,  Plumbago,  Black-lead. 

[H.=rO  . . .  2'0.    G.=2'08.     Rarely  in  hexagonal  tables;   usually 
in  scales,  massive  and  granular.     Color,  iron-black.     Streak, 
black,  shining.    Opaque.] 
Primary  form,  rhomboid. 
Secondary  form. 

Cleavage,  parallel  with  o,  which  face  is  striated  tri- 
angularly, parallel  to  the  alternate  terminal  edges:  Lus- 
tre metallic ;  the  highest  degrees  on  plane  o  and  the 
perfect  faces  of  cleavage.  Sectile.  Thin  laminae  are 
highly  flexible.  When  the  composition  is  fine  granu- 
lar, or  compact,  the  fracture  becomes  conchoidal. 
B.  B.,  infusible,  but  burns  very  slowly,  leaving  a  slight 
residue  of  oxide  of  iron.  Composition,  carbon,  mixed  with  a  variable 
quantity  of  iron,  amounting  in  some  instances,  to  10  p.  c.  In  some  less 


cal  shape.  This  kind  of  coal  is  an  excellent  fuel,  though  sometimes  associated  with 
sulphide  of  iron,  which  gives  to  it  a  disagreeable  odor  when  burned. 

"  The  origin  of  our  common  coal  must  be  ascribed  to  a  still  earlier  period.  This, 
as  well  as  brown-coal,  is  undoubtedly  of  vegetable  origin,  being  formed  from  stems 
of  trees  and  other  ligneous  matter.  But  these,  in  a  long  series  of  years,  and  by 
constant  pressure,  have  been  so  much  altered,  that,  for  a  long  time,  the  vegetable  or- 
igin of  coal  was  doubted.  This  doubt,  however,  has  been  removed,  on  the  one  hand, 
by  the  fact,  that  turf  and  brown-coal  form  a  transition-series  between  the  vegetable 
matter  and  common  coal ;  and  on  the  other  hand,  by  the  circumstance  that  different 
remains  of  stems  of  well-known  forms  of  vegetables  have  been  discovered.  The  mi- 
croscope also  plainly  reveals  the  cellular  structure,  even  in  the  most  solid  coal. 

"  The  difficulty  of  accounting  for  such  astonishing  masses  of  coal,  sometimes  found 
in  layers  of  40  feet  thick,  is  still  unresolved.  It  is  certain  that  the  carbonization  of 
such  enormous  masses  of  wood  must  have  been  a  process  of  many  thousands  of 
years'  duration. 

"  Coal  is  compact,  black  and  shining,  Its  specific  gravity  is  1'3,  and  if  compared 
with  the  density  of  wood  and  of  charcoal,  it  becomes  evident,  that  the  same  bulk 
of  coal  contains  a  far  larger  quantity  of  combustible  matter.  On  this  account  it  19 
an  excellent  fuel,  but  being  denser,  it  is  more  difficult  to  kindle ;  and  requires  a 
greater  supply  of  air  to  keep  it  in  combustion,  than  either  wood  or  charcoal. 

"  We  are  not,  however,  entitled  to  consider  coal  as  pure  carbon.  It  always  con- 
tains oxygen,  hydrogen,  and  a  small  quantity,  viz.,  from  1  to  2  per  cent,  of  nitrogen. 
Moreover  we  meet  with  certain  mineral  constituents,  particularly  sulphur  in  combin- 
ation with  iron.  It  is  evident  that  the  dense  superincumbent  mass  of  earthy  mat- 
ter in  the  carbonaceous  strata  has  prevented  their  complete  carbonization.  The  car- 
bonization, however,  can  be  accomplished  by  a  process  analogous  to  that  used  in 
the  carbonizing  of  wood.  In  this  process  the  sulphur,  which  is  so  prejudicial  to 
the  use  of  coal,  is  in  the  mean  time  separated  from  it :  the  product  obtained  is  called 
coke.  As  this  material,  with  the  exception  of  its  mineral  constituents,  consists  en- 
tirely of  carbon,  and  possesses  a  great  density,  it  forms  the  most  valuable  of  all  fu- 
els, when  a  high  degree  of  heat  is  required  in  a  small  space.  Hence  it  is  almost  ex- 
clusively employed  in  generating  steam  in  locomotives.  Coke  has  a  grey,  shining, 
almost  metallic,  sometimes  a  slaggy,  appearance,  and  is  so  dense  that  it  sounds, 
when  struck  with  a  hard  body.  Coal  is  found  under  a  great  variety  of  aspects,  and 
of  very  unequal  composition  and  quality,  as  the  subjoined  tabular  view  shows  very 
conspicuously.  It  is  evident  that  it  is  of  less  value,  the  more  mineral,  and  conse- 
quently incombustible,  material  it  contains.  The  different  kinds  of  coal,  when  pul- 
verized and  heated,  comport  themselves  in  three  ways.  They  either  swell  up  and 
finally  cake  together,  and  are  therefore  distinguished  as  coking-coal,  this  kind  being 
particularly  adapted  for  forges  and  for  gas-lighting :  or  the  particles  of  pulverized 
coal,  sinter  together,  and  this  coal  is  therefore  called  sinter-coal ;  whilst  the  so-called 


,*• 


374 


GRAPHITE. COAL 


[Class  III. 


pure  varieties,  small  proportions  of  silica,  alumina,  lime  and  oxides  of  tita- 
nium and  copper  are  present. 

Found  in  beds  in  gneissoid,  slaty  and  ancient  hornblendic  rocks.     It 
sometimes  replaces  mica  and  talc  in  certain  rocks,  particularly  in  rather 


sand-coal  remains  powdery.  The  latter  is  much  less  valuable  than  the  other  varie- 
ties. One  of  the  best  kinds  of  coal  occurring  in  England  is  the  cannel,  or  candle- 
coal,  which  burns  with  a  beautifully  clear  flame,  hence  its  name.  This  property 
and  the  applicability  of  coal  for  gas-lighting  depend  chiefly  on  the  amount  of  hydro- 
gen it  contains. 

"  Now  that  we  have  become  acquainted  with  wood,  turf,  brown-coal  and  coal,  we 
will  subjoin  some  general  considerations  in  reference  to  the  value  of  these  various 
combustibles,  as  materials  for  fuel.  All  our  modes  of  obtaining  artificial  heat,  de- 
pend on  the  combination  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  with  oxygen,  which  produces  the 
phenomena  of  combustion. 

"  Hence  it  may  be  stated  as  a  rule,  that  those  bodies  which  contain  in  an  equal 
weight,  the  largest  quantity  of  unoxidized  carbon  and  hydrogen  are  the  most  valua- 
ble fuels.  In  100  Ibs.  of  green  wood  we  have  only  20  Ibs.  of  carbon,  while  100  Ibs. 
of  dry  wood  contain  40  Ibs. 

"  The  heat  which  fuel  yields  is  entirely  dependent  on  the  manner  of  its  combus- 
tion, since  equal  weights  of  coal  under  similar  circumstances,  when  perfectly  con- 
sumed, yield  an  equal  supply  of  heat.  A  perfect  combustion,  however,  is  such, 
wherein  no  particle  of  carbon  escapes  without  being  converted  into  the  highest  oxy- 
gen compound,  namely,  carbonic  acid. 

"  An  evident  loss  of  heat  is  experienced  in  every  furnace  from  which  unconsumed 
gas  and  vapor,  in  the  form  of  smoke,  or  inflammable  gas  (carbonic  oxide,  which  burns 
with  a  blue  flame),  escapes  into  the  atmosphere. 

"  In  the  use  of  fuel  the  following  points  are  of  importance,  viz.,  the  quantity  of 
carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  mineral  substances  which  they  contain ;  then  the  dens- 
ity ;  and  finally,  the  most  perfect  combustion  by  a  sufficient  draught  of  air. 


Dried  at  100°  C.  (212°  F.) 

Density. 

100  parts,  by  weight,  contain 

Carbon. 

Hydrogen. 

Oxygen. 

Mineral 
Constituents. 

Charcoal,    - 

0-187 

99-07 



— 

0-03 

Coke,      .... 

1-08 

95 



— 

to  5- 

Caking-coal, 
Cannel-coal,     ... 

1-28 
1-31 

87 
67 

5 
5 

5 

8 

1-3 
2-5 

Brown-coal  (best  quality),    - 
Turf  (best  quality),  - 

1-37 

66 
58 

4-8 
5-9 

18 
31 

2-7 
4-6 

Brown-coal  (ligneous), 

1-27 

51 

5 

30 

1-29 

Beech-wood,    -        -        - 

0-728 

49 

6 

44 



Ditto  (dried  in  the  air), 



40 



— 



"  The  above  table  clearly  shows  that  the  proportion  of  oxygen  decreases  in  the 
same  ratio  as  we  proceed  towards  older  carbonaceous  formations  ;  whilst  in  wood 
we  find  44  per  cent,  of  oxygen ;  the  quantity  in  many  kinds  of  coal  decreases  to 
about  5  per  cent."— The  Book  of  Nature,  p.  310. 

"  The  beds  of  coal  occur  interstratified  with  clay  slate,  and  sandstone,  or  grit  rock, 
forming  distinct  layers,  varying  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  30  feet  or  more  in  thick- 
ness. In  the  United  States,  the  anthracites  occur  east  of  the  Alleghany  range,  in 
rocks  that  have  undergone  great  contortions  and  fracturings,  while  the  bituminous  are 
found  farther  west  in  rocks  that  have  been  less  disturbed  ;  and  this  fact  and  other 
observations  have  led  some  geologists  to  the  view,  that  the  anthracites  have  lost  their 
bitumen  by  the  action  of  heat. 

"  Extensive  beds  of  mineral  coal  occur  in  Great  Britain,  covering  about  one-tenth 
the  whole  area,  or  11,859  square  miles  ;  in  France ;  in  Spain  ;  in  Belgium,  covering 
one-twenty-second  the  whole  area,  or  518  square  miles;  in  Netherlands,  Prussia, 
Bavaria,  Austria,  Northern  Italy,  Silesia,  Spain,  Russia  on  the  south  near  the  Azof. 


Ord.  III.  Coal.]  GRAPHITE.  —  COAL.  375 

old  beds  of  granular  limestone  It  likewise  occurs  in  rocks  as  new  as  the 
coal  formation.  A  very  remarkable  deposit  of  graphite  is  found  in  green- 
stone trap,  at  Borrowdale  in  Cumberland,  and  another  at  Craigman  in 
Ayrshire,  in  the  coal  formation.  It  abounds  in  Ceylon,  in  Greenland,  in 
Germany,  France  and  Spain.  The  most  productive  region  for  its  occur- 
rence in  the  U.  States,  is  northern  New  York,  in  the  counties  bordering 

It  is  found  in  Asia,  abundantly  in  China,  in  Persia  in  the  Cabul  territory,  and  in  the 
Khorassan  or  Northern  Persia,  in  Hindoostan,  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Outch,  in  the 
province  of  Bengal  (the  Purdwan  coal  field)  and  Upper  Assam,  in  Borneo,  Labuan, 
Sumatra,  several  of  the  Philippines,  Formosa,  Japan,  New  South  Wales  and  other 
parts  of  New  Holland,  New  Zealand,  Kerguelen's  Land ;  in  America,  besides  the 
United  States,  in  Chili,  at  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  Northwest  America  on  Vancou- 
ver's Island  near  the  harbor  of  Camosack,  at  Bellingham  Bay  in  Puget's  Sound,  at 
Melville  Island  in  the  Arctic  seas,  and  in  the  British  Provinces  of  Nova  Scotia,  New 
Brunswick  and  Newfoundland. 

"  In  the  United  States  there  are  four  extensive  coal  areas.  One  of  these  areas, 
the  Apalachian  coal  field,  commences  on  the  north,  in  Pennsylvania  and  southeastern 
Ohio,  and  sweeping  south  over  western  Virginia  and  eastern  Kentucky  and  Tennes- 
see, to  the  west  of  the  Apalachians,  or  partly  involved  in  their  ridges,  it  continues 
to  Alabama  near  Tuscaloosa,  where  a  bed  of  coal  has  been  opened.  It  has  been 
estimated  to  cover  65,000  square  miles.  It  embraces  several  isolated  patches  in  the 
eastern  half  of  Pennsylvania.  The  whole  surface  in  Pennsylvania  has  been  estima- 
ted at  15,437  square  miles,  or  one-third  the  whole  area  of  the  State.  A  second  coal 
area  (the  Illinois)  lies  adjoining  the  Mississippi,  and  covers  the  larger  part  of  Illinois, 
the  western  part  of  Indiana,  and  a  small  northwest  part  of  Kentucky  ;  it  is  but  little 
smaller  than  the  preceding.  A  third  occupies  a  portion  of  Missouri  and  Iowa  west 
of  the  Mississippi.  The  second  and  third  are  separated  by  only  a  narrow  belt  of 
Silurian  rock,  and  properly  belong  together  as  one  ;  and  the  united  area  is  half  larger 
than  that  of  the  Apalachian  coal  field.  A  fourth  covers  the  central  portion  of  Mich- 
igan. Besides  these,  there  is  a  smaller  coal  region  a  (fifth)  in  Rhode  Island,  which 
crops  out  across  the  north  end  of  the  island  of  Rhode  Island,  and  appears  to  the 
northward  as  far  as  Mansfield,  Massachusetts.  Out  of  the  borders  of  the  United 
States,  on  the  northeast,  commences  a  sixth  coal  area,  that  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick,  which  covers,  in  connection  with  that  of  Newfoundland,  18,000  square 
miles,  or  two-ninths  the  whole  area  of  these  Provinces. 

"  The  mines  of  western  Pennsylvania,  commencing  with  those  of  the  Blossburg 
basin,  Tioga  Co.,  those  of  the  States  west,  and  those  of  Cumberland  or  Frostburg, 
Maryland ;  Richmond  or  Chesterfield,  Va.,  and  other  mines  south,  are  bituminous. 
Those  of  eastern  Pennsylvania,  constituting  several  detached  areas, — one  the  Schuyl- 
kill  coal  field,  on  the  south,  worked  principally  at  Mauch  Chunk  on  the  Lehigh,  and 
at  Pottsville  on  the  Schuylkill ;  another,  the  Wyoming  coal  field,  worked  at  Carbon- 
dale,  in  the  Lackawanna  region,  and  near  Wyoming,  besides  others  intermediate, 
those  of  Rhode  Island,  Massachusetts,  and  some  patches  in  Virginia,  are  anthra- 
cites- Cannel  coal  is  found  near  Greensburg,  Beaver  Co.,  Pa.,  in  Kenawha  Co.,  Va., 
at  Peytona,  etc. ;  also  in  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Indiana. 

"  In  England,  the  principal  coal  fields  are  the  Manchester  of  Lancashire  and  Chesh- 
ire ;  the  Great  Central  of  South  Yorkshire,  Nottingham  and  Derby  ;  that  of  South 
Wales,  Glamorganshire,  <fec.;  the  Newcastle  field  of  Northern  England.  In  Scot- 
land, a  range  of  beds  extends  across  from  the  Firth  of  Forth  to  the  Firth  of  Clyde ; 
whole  area  1650  square  miles.  In  Ireland,  the  three  are  the  Limeric  fields  about 
the  mouth  of  the  Shannon,  the  Kilkenny  fields  to  the  eastward,  and  those  of  Ulster 
on  the  north.  Mineral  coal  occurs  in  France,  in  small  basins,  88  in  number,  and  cov- 
ering in  all,  according  to  Taylor,  l-ll7th  of  the  whole  surface.  The  most  impor- 
tant are  the  basin  of  the  Loire,  between  the  Loire  and  the  Rhone,  and  that  of  Val- 
enciennes on  the  north,  adjoining  Belgium.  In  Belgium,  it  occupies  a  western  and 
eastern  division,  the  western  in  the  provinces  of  Namur  and  Hainault,  and  the  east- 
ern extending  over  Liege. 

"  Coal  beds  more  recent  than  the  true  coal  era  are  sometimes  worked.  That  of 
Richmond,  Virginia,  is  supposed  to  be  of  the  has  era ;  the  coal  of  Brora  in  Suther- 


376 


GRAPHITE. COAL. 


on  Lake  George  and  Lake  Champlain.  In  a  highly  crystalline  state,  it 
occurs  also,  in  the  spinel-limestone  of  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.  and  northern 
New  Jersey.  The  most  important  mine  of  the  common  variety  (suitable 
for  black  lead  pots)  is  in  gneiss,  at  Sturbridge,  Mass.  Small  lumps  of  a 
fine  quality  for  crayons,  are  occasionally  met  with,  in  Buncombe  Co.,  N.  C. 


land,  and  of  Bovey,  Yorkshire,  are  oolitic  in  age.  Tertiary  coal  occurs  on  the  Cow- 
ILtz,  in  Oregon,  (anal.  14). 

"  Bituminous  coal,  Carboniferous  in  age,  (See  J.  Hall,  in  Rep.  of  Stanabury's 
Exped.  1852,  401),  occurs  on  the  Rocky  Mountains,  according  to  Lieut.  Abert,  near 
the  Raton  Pass — lat.  37°  15',  long.  104°  35' — also  according  to  Fremont,  and  prob- 
ably of  the  same  age,  near  lat.  41-J-0,  Ion.  111°  on  Muddy  River. 

"  R.  C.  Taylor,  in  his  extensive  work  on  coal  gives  the  following  table  showing 
the  proportional  areas  of  coal  land  in  Europe  and  America,  p.  xv. — Dana,  p.  29. 


Countries. 

Entire  area 
each  country 

Area  of 
coal  land. 

Proportions 
of  coal  to 
their  whole 
areas. 

Relative 

parts    in 
1000  of 
coal  areas. 

Square  miles 
English. 

Square 
mites. 

Great  Britain,  Ireland,  Scotland  and  Wales, 

120,290 

11,859 

1-10 

64 

Spain,  [Asturias  region],    .... 

177,781 

3,408 

1-52 

18 

France,  [area  of  fixed  concessions]  in  1845, 

203,736 

1,719 

1-118 

9 

Belgium  conceded  lands,    -.--..« 

11,372 

518 

1-22 

3 

Pennsylvania,  United  States, 

43,960 

15,437 

1-3 

84 

British  Provinces  of  New  Brunswick,  Nova 

Scotia,  Cape  Breton  and  Newfoundland, 

81,113 

18,000 

1-4 

98 

Prussian  Dominions,  -        .... 

107,937 

Austrian  Prov.  containing  coal  or  lignite, 

150,000 

The  United  States  of  America,  - 

2,280,000 

1-17 

The  twelve  principal  coal-producing  States, 

565,283 

133,132 

1-4 

724 

184,073 

1000" 

CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT 


OF    THE 


SPECIES. 


DIVISION     I.    INORGANIC    TYPE. 
DIVISION  II.     ORGANIC     TYPE. 


INORGANIC    DIVISION. 

CLASS     I.    ELEMENTS. 

CLASS    II.    OXYGEN  AND  HALOIDAL  COMPOUNDS. 

CLASS  III.    OXY-SALTS. 

ORGANIC    DIVISION. 

CLASS  I.    HYDRO-,  OXY-HYDEO-,    AND    NITRO-OXY-HYDRO- 
CARBONS. 


CLASS  II.    HYDROUS  CARBO-OXYGEN,  AND  HYDRO-CARBO  ? 

SALTS. 


CL/LSS    I.    (OF    DIVISION    I.)     ELEMENTS. 

ORDER  I.     METALLOIDS. 

Section  a,  simple. 

1.  Nitrogen  *  N. 

2.  Hydrogen  -        -  H. 

3.  Diamond  -  C. 

4.  Graphite  -  C. 

5.  Sulphur  •  S. 

6.  Selenium  -        -  Se. 

48 


378 


CHEMICAL    ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIE&, 


Section  b, 

mixed. 

7.  Air 

N2O. 

8.  Sulphoselenite 

S,Se. 

ORDER  II. 

METALS 

-*  • 

Section  a, 

single. 

1.  Iron 

Fe. 

2.  Arsenic 

As. 

3.  Antimony 
4.  Bismuth 

Sb. 
Bi. 

5.  Tellurium 

Te. 

6.  Copper    - 
7.  Lead 

Cu. 
Pb. 

8.  Mercury  -      y*» 
9.  Silver      - 
10.  Gold 

Agg' 
Au. 

11.  Platinum 

PI. 

12.  Palladium 

Pd. 

Section  6, 

mixed. 

13.  Amalgam 
14.  Iridosmine 
15.  Svanbergite 

Ag,  Hg2. 
Ir,  Os. 
Ir,  PL 

CLASS  II.     OXYGEN    AND    HALOIDAL    COMPOUNDS, 
ORDER  I.     OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 
Section  a,  Dinoxides. 

1.  Cuprite    -        -      Cu2O. 

2.  Chalcotrichite  - 


3.  Water      - 

4.  Perielase 

5.  Zincite    - 

6.  Tenorite 

7.  Lithargite 


8.  Brucite, 

9.  Nemalite 


10.  Corundum 

11.  Braunite 

12.  Hematite 


Section  b,  Protoxides. 

-  HO. 

-  MgO. 

-  ZnO. 

-  CuO. 

-  PbO. 

b l ,    Hydrous. 

-  MgO,  HO. 

-  MgO,  HO,  or  Mg,  FeO,  HO. 

Section  c,  Sesquioxides. 

-  A1203. 

-  Mn2O3. 

-  Fe2O3. 


CHEMICAL  ARRANGEMENT  OF  SPECIES. 


379 


13.  Martite     - 

14.  Arsenite   - 


15.  Chrysoberyl 

16.  Ilmenite 


17.  Diaspore 

18.  Gibbsite 

19.  Manganite 

20.  Turgite 

21.  Stilpnosiderite  - 

22.  Gothite    - 

23.  Limonite 


Fe2O3. 

-  As2O3. 

c l ,   Double  sesquioxides. 

-  Al2,  Be2O3. 
Fe2Ti2O3. 

;2,   Hydrous  sesquioxides. 

-  HO.   A12O3. 

-  3HO.  A12(X 

-  HO.  Mn2O3. 

-  HO.  2Fe2O3. 
HO.  Fe2O3. 
HO.  Fe2O». 
HO.  Fe2O3. 


Section  d,  Proto-sesquioxides. 


24.  Spinel     - 

25.  Hausmannite   - 

26.  Magnetite 

27.  Dimagnetite    - 

28.  Automalite 

29.  Chromite 

30.  Crednerite 

31.  Franklinite      - 


MgO.  A12O3. 

MnO,  2Mn2O3. 

FeO.  Fe2O3. 

FeO.  Fe2O3. 

Zn,FeO,  A12O3. 

Fe,  MgO.  Cr2Al2O3. 

3CuO.  Mn2O3. 

Fe,  Zn,  MnO.  Fe2,Mn2Os. 

dlj  Hydrous. 

32.  Volknerite       -      6MgO.  A12O3+16HO. 

33.  Houghite         -      x  MgO.  Al2O3+xHO. 

Section  e,  Binoxygen  compounds. 

34.  Carbacid  -  CO2. 

35.  Sulphacid  -  SO2. 

36.  Pyrolusite  -  MnO2. 

37.  Polianite  -  MnO2. 

38.  Cassiterite,  -  SnO2. 

39.  Plattnerite  -  PbO2. 

40.  Rutile     -  -  TiO2. 

41.  Brookite  -  TiO2. 

42.  Anatase  -  -  TiO2. 

e1.    Hydrous. 

43.  Xanthitane      -       TiO2HO. 

Section  /,  Proto-binoxides. 

44.  Psilomelane    -      RO.   MnO2+HO.   MnO2? 

RO-Mn,  Ba,  KO. 


380 


CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES. 


45.  Quartz 


46.  Opal       - 

47.  Sassolin 

48.  Vitriolacid 


1.  Bromite 


1.  Ammonia 

2.  Muriatacid 

3.  Sylvine 

4.  Salt 

5.  Salmiak 

6.  Cotunnite 
Kerate    - 


7. 

8.  Calomel  - 


9.  Hydrophilite 

10.  Eisenchlore 

11.  Carnallite 


12.  Matlockite 

13.  Mendipite 

14.  Atacamite 

15.  Marcylite. 

16.  Percylite 

17.  Embolite 


1.  lodite     - 

2.  Coccinite 


1.  Fluor     - 

2.  Fluellite 


Section  g,  Teroxy-compounds. 

-  SiO3. 

glj  Hydrous. 

-  xSiO3.  HO. 

-  3HO.  BO3. 

-  HO.  SO3. 

ORDER  II.    BROMIDES. 

-  AgBr. 

ORDER  III.     CHLORIDES. 

Section  a,  single. 
Am. 

-  HC1. 

-  KC1. 

-  NaCl. 

-  Am.  HC1. 

-  PbCl. 

-  AgCl. 

-  HgCl. 

a1,  Hydrous. 

-  CaCl.  HO. 

-  FeCl.  HO. 

-  KCl+MgCl+12HO. 

Section  6,   Oxy-chlorides. 

-  PbO,  PbCl. 

-  PbCl+2PbO. 

blj   Hydrous. 

-  CuO,  Cl.  HO,  or  CuCl+3CuO.  HO. 
(CuO,Cl.   HO.) 

-  Pb,CuO,Cl.  HO. 

Section  c,   Bromo-chlorides. 

-  AgBr,  Cl. 

ORDER  IV.    IODIDES. 

-  Agl. 

-  Hgl. 

ORDER  V.    FLUORIDES. 

Section  a,   simple. 

-  CaF. 

-  A12F3. 


CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES 


381 


3.  Cryolite 

4.  Chiolite 

5.  Yttrocerite 


6.  Fluocerite 


-  3NaF.  A12F3. 

-  3NaF.  2A12F*. 

-  Ca,  Ce,  YF. 

Section  b,   Oxy-fluorides. 

-  Ce2F3Ce2O3.    4HO. 


1.  Manganblende 

2.  Hauerite 

3.  Pyrrhotine     - 

4.  Pyrites  - 

5.  Marcasite 

6.  Blende  - 

7.  Greenockite   - 

8.  Syepoorite 

9.  Linnseite 

10.  Millerite 

11.  Realgar 

12.  Orpiment 

13.  Molybdenite  - 

14.  Pateraite 

15.  Antimonite    - 

16.  Bismuthine    - 

17.  Redruthite     - 

18.  Harrisite 

19.  Covelline 

20.  Galena  - 

21.  Cinnabar 

22.  Argentite      .  - 

23.  Akanthite 


ORDER  VI.    SULPHIDES. 
Section  a,  with  single  base. 

MnS. 

MnS2. 

FeS. 

FeS2. 

FeS2. 

ZnS. 

CdS. 

CoS. 

CoS.  Co'S3. 

NiS. 

AsS. 

As2S3. 

MoS2. 

MoS3. 

Sb2S3. 

Bi2S3. 

Cu2S. 

Cu2S. 

CuS. 

PbS. 

HgS. 

AgS. 

AgS. 


Section  b,  with  more  than  one  base. 


24.  Nicopyrite 

25.  Chalcopyrite  - 

26.  Cuban  - 

27.  Bornite 

28.  Stannine 

29.  Sternbergite  - 

30.  Griinauite      - 

31.  Tannenite     - 

32.  Wittichite     - 

33.  Patrinite 


Fe,  NiS. 

Cu2S.  Fe2S3. 

3Fe,Cu2S.  Fe2S3. 

3Cu2S.  Fe2S3. 

Cu2,Sn,Fe,  ZnS.  Sn2Fe2S3, 

3Fe,AgS.  Fe2S3? 

NiS.  Ni2,  Bi2S3. 

Cu2S.  Bi2Ss. 

Cu,  BiS. 

3Pb,Cu2S.  Bi2S3. 


382 


CHEMICAL     A  RRANGEM  ENT    O  P     SPECIES 


1.  Berzeline 

2.  Clausthalite 

3.  Naumannite 


4.  Eucairite 

5.  Zorgite 

6.  Lehrbachite 


7.  Onofrite 


ORDER  VII.    SELENIDES. 

Section  a,  single  base. 
Cu2Se. 
•       Pb  Se. 
Ag  Se. 

Section  6,  with  double  base. 
Cu2Se+AgSe. 
Pb,  Cu2Se? 
Hg,  PbSe. 

Section  c,  Sulpho-selenides. 
HgS,  Se. 

ORDER  VIII.    ARSENIDES. 


Section  a,  single. 

1.  Leucopyrite-      Fe2AS3. 

2.  Nickelin       -      NiAS. 

3.  Placodin       -       Ni4As. 

4.  Ratnmelsbergite  Ni  As2. 

5.  Chloanthite  -      Ni  As2. 

6.  Smaltine      -      Co  As2. 

7.  Skutterudite       Co  As3. 

8.  Domeykite  -      Cu3As. 


9.  Saffiorite      - 

10.  Chathamite 

11.  Mispiekel     - 

12.  Gersdorffite- 

13.  Tennantite  - 

14.  Enargite 

15.  Dufrenoysite 

16.  Proustite      - 

17.  Xanthocone 


Section  b,  double. 
Co,  Fe,  As. 
Section  c.  Sulpho-arsenides. 

Fe,  Ni  As2(CoS?) 

Fe  As2+FeS2. 

NiAs2+NiS2. 

4Cu2S.  As2S3. 

3Cu2S.  As2S3. 

2Pbs.  As2S3. 

3AgS.  As2S2. 

2(3AgS.  As2S3)+3Ag3.  As2S3, 


ORDER  IX,    ANTIMONIDES. 
Section  a,  single. 

1.  Discrasite     - .    Ag2Sb. 

2.  Breithauptite       NiSb. 

Section  b,  Sulpho-antimonides. 

3.  Berthierite  -      3FeS.  2Sb2S3. 

4.  Wolfsbergite      Cu2S.  Sb2S3. 


CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES. 


383 


5.  Boulangerite     - 

6.  Zinkenite 

7.  Heteromorphite 

8.  Jamesonite 

9.  Brogniardtite    - 

10.  Frieslebenite    - 

11.  Bournonite 

12.  Kobellite 

13.  Plagionite 

14.  Fireblende 

15.  Miargyrite 

16.  Pyrargyrite      - 

17.  Stephanite 


3PbS.  Sb2S3. 
PbS.  Sb2S3. 
2PbS.  Sb2S3. 
3PbS.  2Sb2S3. 
Pb,  AgS.  Sb2S3. 
3Pb,  AgS.  Sb2S3. 
3Pb,Cu2S.  Sb2S3. 
3Pb;FeS,Bi2,  Sb2S3, 
4PbS.  Sb2S3. 
Ag,  Sb  S. 
AgS.  Sb2S3. 
3AgS.  Sb'S3. 
6AgS.  Sb2S3. 


Section  c,  Sulpho-arseno-antimonides. 
18.  Ullmannite      -      NiSb2+NiS,  or  NiSb2.  NiS 
4Cu2,  Fe,  Ag,  ZriS.  Sb2S3, 
5PbS,  Sb2,As2S3.- 
Pb,Cu2S,  Sb2,As2S3. 
9AgS.  Sb2,As2S3. 


19.  Tetrahedrite 

20.  Geocrinite 

21.  Wolchite 

22.  Polybasite 


ORDER  X.    TELLURIDES. 

Section  a,  tingle. 

1.  Hessite  -        -       AgTe. 

2.  Altaite    -        -      PbTe. 

Section  b,  double. 

3.  Sylvanite       -      Au,  Ag,  Fe 3,  and  Au,  Ag,  Pb,  Fe 3Sb 3  ? 

Section  c,  Sulpho-tellurides. 

4.  Nagyagite      -      Pb,  Au,  Fe  S,  &c. 

CLASS  III.   OXY-SALTS. 
ORDER  I.    CARBONATES. 

Section  a,  single. 

1.  Witherite      -  BaO.  CO2. 

2.  Strontianite  -  SrO.  CO2. 

3.  Calcite  -        -  CaO.  CO3. 

4.  Aragonite      -  CaO.  CO2. 

5.  Magnesite      -  MgO.  CO2. 

6.  Diallogite      -  MnO.  CO2. 

7.  Chalybite      -  FeO.  CO2. 

8.  Smithsonite  -  ZnO.  CO2. 


9.  Carbammonite 


a1.  Hydrous. 
Am.2CO'+HO. 


384  CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT      OF     SPECIES. 

10.  Natron-        -  NaO.  9HO+HO.  CO2. 

11.  Trona  -         -  2NaO.  CO2+2(2HO.  CO2). 

12.  Thermonatrite  2NaO.  COa-j-HO.  CO2. 

13.  Hydrocalcite  -  CaO.   Co3+5HO. 

14.  Hydromagnesite  Mg,  CaO.  4HO-h3(Mg,  CaO.    CO3). 

15.  Lanthanite     -  LaO.  3HO+2LaO.  CO2. 

16.  Hydrozincite  ZnO.  3HO+2ZnO.  CO2. 

17.  Texasite        -  2(NiO.  3HO)+NiO.  CO3. 

18.  Malachite       -  CuO.  HO-f  CuO.  CO3. 

19.  Azurite          -  CuO.  HO+2(CuO.  CO3). 

Section  b,  double. 

20.  Barytocalcite  Ba,CaO.  CO3. 

21.  Alstonite      -  Ba,  CaO.     CO2. 

22.  Dolomite      -  Ca,  MgO.  CO2. 

23.  Ankerite       -  Ca,  FeO(Mn,  MgO).   CO2. 

24.  Mesotine       -  Mg,  FeO.  CO2. 

25.  Manganocalcite  Mn,  CaO.  CO2. 

bl,  Hydrous. 

26.  Gaylussite    -      Na,  CaO.  HO+2(2HO.  CO2). 

27.  Hydrodolomite   Mg,  CaO.  4HO+3(Mg,  CaO.  CO2). 

Section  c,  carbonate  with  chloride. 

28.  Phosgenite  -       PbO,  Cl.  CO2. 

Section  d,  carbonate  with  fluoride. 

29.  Parisite        -      Ce,  La,  DiO,  FHO+4(Ce,  La,  DiO.  CO2). 

ORDER  II.    PHOSPHATES. 
Section  a,  anhydrous. 

1.  Apatite       -  lOCaO,  F,  Cl.  3P2O5. 

2.  Pyromorphite  lOPbO,  Cl,  F.  3P2O5. 

3.  Zwieselite  -  lOFe,  MnO,  F.   3P2O5. 

4.  Wagnerite  -  4MgO,  F.   P3O5. 

5.  Amblygonite  3Li,NaO,  F.   P2O5+3A12O3F32P2O5. 

6.  Herderite     -  CaO,  F  ;  A12O3  ;  P2O5. 

7.  Monacite     -  3Ce,  LaO.  P2O5.    and  3Ce,  La,  ThOPaO5, 

8.  Xenotime    -  4YOP2O5.  (3YO.  P2O5?). 

Section  b,  Hydrous ,  or  with  hydrates,  fluorides,  chlorides,  $*c. 

9.  Pyroclasite  -       (HO,  CaO,  F,  Cl.  P2O».) 

10.  Wavellite    -  (HO.  A12O3.)+2(5HO.  P3O5.) 

11.  Fischerite    -  3HO.     2A12O3+5HO.  P2O*. 

12.  Hitchcockite  (HO,  A12O3,  P2O5,   ZnO.) 

13.  Hopeite        -  ZnO,  CdO;    HO;  P2O5. 

14.  Turquoise    -  2(HO.   A12O3) +3HO.  P2O5. 


CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES. 


385 


15.  Cacoxene 

16.  Dufrenite 

17.  Delvauxene    • 

18.  Vivianite 

19.  Uranite 

20.  Torberite 

21.  Plombgomme 

22.  Cherokine 

23.  Lunnite 


2(3HO.  Fe2Al2O3)+5HO.  P2O5  ?. 
5(FeO,  HO)+3FeO.  2P2O5  ? 
3HO.  2Fe2Os+20HO.  P2OS. 
3(FeO.  HO)+5HO.  P2O5. 

[2(CaO,HO)+5HO.  P2O3]+[4(HOU2O3) 

+5HO.  P2O5]. 
[2(Cu.    HO)  +  5HO,  P2O5]  +  [4(HO. 

U2O3)+5HO.  P2O5]. 
6(3HO.  Al2O3)+3PbO.  P2O5. 
(HO,  A12O',  P2O5,  PbO). 
3(CuOHO)+3CuO.  P2OS. 


ORDER  III.    ARSENIATES  WITH  CHLORIDES. 


1.  Mimetite 

2.  Hedyphane 

3.  Kuhnite 


4.  Roselite 

5.  Pharmacolite 

6.  Haidingerite 

7.  Scorodite 

8.  Simplesite 

9.  Pharmacosiderite 

10.  Erythrine 

11.  Euchroite 

12.  Chalcophyllite 

13.  Liroconite   .  - 

14.  Aphanesite     - 

15.  Kupaphrite    - 

16.  Arseniosiderite 

17.  Beudantite     - 

18.  Lavendulan  - 


Section  a.  Anhydrous. 

3(Pb,CaO)  (As2O«,P205)+iPbCl. 
lOPb,  CaO,Cl.  3As2,P2O5. 
3(Ca,  Mg,  MnO)  As2Os. 

Section  6,    Hydrous. 

Co,  Ca,MgO;   HO;  As205. 
2(CaO.  HO)+3HO.  As2O5. 
2(CaO.  HO)+HO.  As2O5. 
HO.  Fe2O3+HO;  As2O5. 
FeO;    HO;   As2O5. 
4(2HO.  Fe2O'.)+3(3HO.  As2O3). 
3(CoO.  HO)+5HO.  As2O5. 
4(CuO.  HO)+3HO.  As2O5. 
8(CuO.  HO)+15HO.   As2O5. 
[2(3HO.  A12O3)  +  5HO.  As2O5]  + 

[8(CuO.5HO)+5HO.  As2O3]. 
3(CuO.  HO)+3CuO.  As3O5. 
5(CuO.   HO)+5HO.  As2O5. 
[2(CaO.  HO)+3CaO.  As2O5]  +  3[3HO, 

Fe2O3+Fe2O3.  As3O5]. 
HO;  Fe2O3;  As2O5  ;  PbO;   SO3. 
CO,NiO;  HO;  As2O5. 


Section  v.  Arseniates  with  phosphates. 
19.  Olivenite       -,,  CuO.  HO+3CuO(As2,  P2O5). 


ORDER  IV.  ANTIMONIATES. 

.  Romein         -      4CaO.  3Sb2O5. 
49 


386 


CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES 


1.  Aphthitalite  - 

2.  Thenardite    - 

3.  Bacytes 

4.  Celestine 

5.  Anhydrite 

6.  Anglesfte 

7.  Glauberite     - 


ORDER  V.    SULPHATES. 

Section  a.  Anhydrous. 

KO.  SO3. 
NaO.    SO3. 
BaO.  SO3. 
SrO.  SO3. 
CaO.  SO3. 
PbO.  SO3. 
Na,  CaO.  SO3. 

Section  b.  Hydrous. 


8.  Mascagnine  -  3AmO.  SO3+3HO.  2SO3. 

9.  Mirabilite      -  NaO.  9HO+HO.  SO3. 

10.  Gypsum        -  CaO.  HO+HO.  SO3. 

11.  Epsomite       -  MgO.  HO+6HO.  SO3. 

12.  Aluminite     -  3HO.  A12O3.  SO3+6HO.  SO3. 

Keramohalite,    A12O3.  SO3+2(9HO.  SO3). 

13.  Alum  -  KO.  A13O3+4(6HO.  SO3). 

Solfatarite  NaO.  A12O3+4(6HO.  SO3). 

Tchermigite  Am.  O.  A12O3+4(6HO.  SO3). 

Iron  alum.  FeO   A12O3+4(6HO.  SO3). 

Apjohnite  MnO.  A12O3+4(6HO.  SO3). 

Pickeringite  Fe,  MgO,  A12O3+4(6HO.  SO3). 

14.  Manganvitriol  MnO.  HO+6HO.  SO3. 

15.  Melanterite    -  FeO.  HO+6HO.  SO3. 

16.  Coquimbite   -  F2O3.  2SO3+HO.   SO3. 

17.  Copiapite       -  3HO.  2Fe2O3+5(3HO.  SO3). 

18.  Goslarite       -       ZnO.  HO+6HO.  SO3. 

19.  Johannite      -  UO,  CoO,  HO,  SO3. 

20.  Chalcanthite  CuO.  HO  +  4HO.  SO3. 

21.  Pyromeline   -  NiO.  HO  +  6HO.  SO3. 

22.  Botryo'gene  -  [3(FeO.  HO)+2(3HO.  SO3)]+3[3HO. 

Fe2O3+2(3HO.  SO3)]. 

23.  Voltaite         -       [3Fe,  KO,    SO3)+2(3HO.    SO3)  + 

2[Fe2Al2O32S03+3HO  SO3.] 

24.  Alunite       '^  [KO.  A12O3+3HO.  2SO3]  +  [3HO  A12OS 

+A12O3.  2SO3]. 

Jarosite  KO.  SO3+4(Fe2O3.  SO3)+6HO+Fe2O3HO. 

25.  Pissophane    -  2(3HO.  Fe2,  A12O3)  +  9HO.  SO3. 

26.  Astrakanitc   -  Mg,  NaO.  HO+HO.  SO3. 

27.  Polyhalite      -  2(3Ca,  Mg,  KO.  2SO3)+3HO.   2SO3. 

28.  Cyanochrome  K,  CuO,  2SO3+6HO. 

29.  Picromerid    -  Mg.  CuO.  SO3+3HO. 

30.  Brochantite  -  3(CuO.  HO)+CuO.  SO\ 

31.  Linarite         -  CuO.  HO+PbO.  SO3. 


CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES. 


387 


32.  Lanarkite 

33.  Caledonite    - 

34.  Leadhillite   - 


Section  c,  with  carbonates. 

PbO.  C02+PbO.  SO3. 
Pb.  CuO.  CO3+PbO.  SO3, 
3(PbO.  CO2)+PbO.  SO3. 


Section  d,  with  phosphates. 

35.  Glaubapatite  -       (HO,  CaO,  P2O5,  P,  Cl,  NaOSO3.)  ? 

36.  Diadoehite     -       [3HO:   Fe2O3 -f  2(5HO.    P2O5)] -f 

4[3Fe2O3+3HO.  SO3.] 

ORDER  VI.  BORATES. 


1.  Boracite 

Rhodizite 


Section  a.  Anhydrous. 

3MgO.     4BO3. 
CaO,  BO3. 


Section  b.  Hydrous. 

3.  Borax  -      NaO.  6HO+2(3HO.  BO3). 

4.  Hydroboracite     2(Ca,  MgO.  BO3)+6HO.  BO3. 

5.  Hayesine     -       3(Ca,  NaO.  Bo3)+6HO.  BO3. 

ORDER  VII.    SILICATES. 
Section  a,  of  anhydrous  protoxides 


1.  Chrysolite    - 

2.  Chondrodite- 

3.  Willemite     <• 

Troostite, 

4.  Wollastonite 

5.  Pyroxene     *' '' 

Achmite 

Diopside 

Saussurite 

Diallage 

Bronzite 

Hypersthene 

6.  Rhodonite    - 

7.  Fowlerite 

8.  Spodumene  - 

9.  Hornblende  - 

Tremolite 
Anthophyllite 
Arfvedsonite 
10.  Gadolinite     - 


3Mg3.  SiO3. 

4MgO.  F.  SiO\  F3. 

3ZnO3  SiO3. 

3Zn,  Mn,  FeO.  SiO3. 

3CaO.  2SiO3. 

3Ca,  Mg,  FeO.  2SiO.c 

NaO.  SiO3+Fe2O3.  2SiO3 

3Mg,  CaO.  2SiO3. 

3Ca,NaO.  SiO3+2(Al2Fe2O3.  SiO3) 

3Mg,  Ca,  FeO.  2SiO3. 

3Mg.  FeO.  2SiO3. 

3Mg,  FeO.  2SiO3. 

3MnO.  2SiO3. 

3Mn,  FeO.  2SiO«. 

3LiO.  2SiO3+4(Ai3O3.  2S1O3). 

4Mg,Ca,  FeO.  3SiO3. 

4Mg,  CaO.  3SiO.3 

4Mg,  FeO.  3SiO3. 

4Fe,  NaO.  3SiO3. 

5(3RO.    Si03)+2R203SiO»,  where  RO= 

Y,   Ce  La,   Ca,   MgO,   and  R2O3  : 

Be2Ce2Fe2O3, 


CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES, 


11.  Babingtonite       5Ca,  FeO.  4SiO8. 

12.  Danburite     -      Ca,  NaO.  Si,  BO3. 

Section  6,  of  anhydrous  sesquioxides. 


13.  Staurotide  - 

14.  Kyanite  - 

15.  Fibrolite  - 

16.  Andalusite  - 

17.  Zircon  - 

18.  Phenacite  - 

19.  Beryl  - 

20.  Euclase  - 

21.  Topaz  - 

22.  Eulytine  - 


2Al2Fe2O3.  SiO. 

3Ai2O3.  2SiOs. 

3A12O3.  2SiO3. 

4A12O3.  3SiO3. 

Zr2O3.  SiO3. 

Be2O3.  SiO3. 

Al2Be2O3.  2SiO3. 

4A13,  Be2O3.  3SiO3. 

3A12O3,  F3.  2SiO3,  F3. 

Bi2O3,  Fe2O3;  SiO3.  P2O5  ; 


Section  c,  of  anhydrous  proto-sesquioxides. 

23.  Gehlenite    -      3(3CaO.  SiO3)+3Al2O3.  SiO3. 

24.  Lievrite       -       3(3Fe,  CaO.  SiO3)+2Fe2O3.  SiO3. 

25.  Melilite       --      2(3Ca,  Mg,  NaO.  SiO3)+A2O'SiO*. 

26.  Dipyre         -       4(Ca,  NaO.  Si.  O3)+3(A12O3.  SiO3> 

27.  Garnet  (almandine)  3FeO.  SiO3+Al2O3.  SiO3. 

Essonite  3CaO.  SiO3+AFO3.  SiO3. 
Spessartine     3MnO.  SiO3+Al2O3.  SiO3. 

Pyrope  3Mg,  Fe,  CrO.  SiO3+Al2O3.  SiO3. 
Allochroite  and  Aplome     3CaO.  SiO3+Fe2O3.  SiO3. 

28.  Uwarowite  -  3CaO.  SiO3+Cr2O3.  SiO3. 

29.  Idocrase       -  3Ca,  FeO.  SiO3Al2Fe2O3.  SiO3. 

30.  Sarcolite      -  3CaO.   SiO3+Al2O3.  SiO3?. 

31.  Scapolite      -  3Ca,  NaO.  2SiO3+2(Al2Fe2O3.  SiO3), 

32.  Epidote        -  3Ca,  FeO.  SiO3+2(Al2Fe2O3.   SiO3). 

Zoisite          3CaO.   SiO3+2(Al2O3.SiO3. 

33.  Allanite       -      3(3RO.  SiO3)+2(RaO3.  SiO3),   or  3RO. 

SiO3+R2O3SiO3  ;  where   RO=Fe,   Ce, 
La,  Y,  Mg,  MnO,  and  R2O3=Al2Fe2O3. 

34.  Cerite          -      CeO.  3HO+2CeO.  SiO3. 

35.  Sodalite       -       3NaO.  SiO3+3(Al2O3)+NaCl. 

36.  Hauyne        -       3NaO.  SiO3+  3(A12O3.   SiO3)  +  2(CaO. 

SO3). 

37.  Ultramarine  Na,  CaO;   Al2O3;Si03;  SO3. 

38.  Nepheline     -  2Na,  KO.  SiO3+2(Al2O3.  SiO3). 

39.  Leucite        -  3KO.  2SiO3+3(Al2O3.     2SiO3). 

40.  Barsowite    -  3CaO.  2SiO3+3(Al2O3.  SO3). 

41.  Boltonite      -  Mg,  Fe,  CaO;  A12O3  ;  SiO3. 

42.  lolite  -  3Mg,  FeO.    2SiO'+3(Al2O3.  SiO3). 

43.  Axinite        -  3CaO.  2SiBO3+2  (Al2,   Fe2.    Mn2O3Si. 

BOM. 


CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES. 


389 


44.  Isopyre 

45.  Feldspar 

46.  Albite 

47.  Oligoclase    - 

48.  Ryacolite     - 

49.  Labrador! te  - 

50.  Anorthite     - 

51.  Mica 

52.  Lepidolite    - 

53.  Phlogopite  - 

54.  Biotite 

55.  Margarite     - 

56.  Lepidomelane 

57.  Tourmaline 


58.  Petal  ite 


CaO.  SiO3+Al2Fe'O3.  SiO3. 

KO.  SiO3+Al2O3.  3SiO3. 

NaO.  SiO3+Al2O3.  3SiO3. 

Na,  CaO.  SiO'-fAl'O3.  2SiO3. 

Na,  CaO.  SiO3+Al2O3.   SiO3. 

Ca,  NaO.  SiO3+3Al2O3.  SiO3. 

3Ca,  MgO.  SiO3+3(Al2O3.  SiO3). 

KO.  Si03+4Al2O3.  4SiO3. 

Li,  KO.  F.  SiO3-fAl2O3  F3.  SiO3. 

2(3Mg,  KO.  F.  SiO3)-f-Al203SiO3. 

3Mg,  K,  FeO,  F.  SiO3-f  Ai'Fe2O3.  SiO3. 

2(0a,  NaO.  HO)  +  4A12O3.  3SiO3. 

3Fe,  KO.  SiO3+3(Fe2Al2O3.  SiO3). 

Si,  BO' ;  Al2Fe'Mn2O3  ;   Ca,  Mg,  Li,  Fe, 
MnO,  &c.   The  oxygen  ratios  for  the  pro- 
toxides, the  peroxides  and  boric  acid,  vary 
much. 
-       3Li,  NaO.  4SiO3+4(Al2O3.  4SiO3). 

Section  d,  of  hydrous  protoxides. 


59.  Apophyllite 

60.  Okenite 

61.  Pectolite       - 

62.  Talc 

63.  Steatite 

64.  Nephrite 

65.  Serpentine    - 

66.  Antigorite     - 

67.  Picrosmine   - 

68.  Kerolite 

69.  Meerschaum 

70.  Hemimorphite 

71.  Dioptase 

72.  Chrysocolla  - 

73.  Cerite 

74.  Thorite 


2Ca,  KO.  F.  SiO2+HO.  SiO'. 
3CaO.  2Si03+2(3HO.  SiO3). 
Ca,  NaO.  HO.+3(Ca,  NaO.  SiO3). 
MgO.  2HO+5(Mg,  FeO.  SiO3). 
MgO.  2HO-h5(Mg,  FeO.  SiO3). 
3Mg,  CaO.  2SiO3. 
3(MgO.  2HO)4-2(3Mg,  FeO.  2SiO3 
MgO.  HO.  +3Mg,  FeO.  2SiO3. 
2(3MgO.  SiO3)  +  3HO.  2SiO3. 
3(MgO  HO)+HO.  2SiO3. 
MgO.  HO+HO.  SiO3 
3(ZnO.  HO)+3ZnO.  2Si03. 
3CuO.  SiO3+3HO.  SiO3. 
3(CuO.  HO)+3HO.  2SiO3. 
CeO.  3HO+2CeO.   SiO3. 
ThO.  3HO+2ThO;  SiO3. 


Section  e,  of  hydrous  proto-sesquioxides. 


75.  Comptonite  - 

76.  Prehnite 

77.  Gismondin    - 

78.  Ittnerite 

79.  Analcime 

80.  Laumonite    - 

81.  Eudnophite  - 

82.  Chabasie 


3(Ca,  NaO.  A12O3)+2(3HO.  2SiO3). 

2CaO.  A12O3+HO.  2SiO3. 

2(Ca,  KO.  A13O3)+3(2HO,  SiO3.) 


Ca,  Na,  KO  ;  A12O3  ;  HO  ;  SiO: 
3(NaO.  A12O3)+2(3HO.  4SiO3). 
3(CaO.  Al2O3)-f4(3HO.  2SiO3). 
3(NaO.  A12O3)+2(3HO.  4SiO3). 
CaO.  A12O3+3(2HO.  Si2O3). 


SO3. 


390 


CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT     OP     SPECIES. 


Na,  CaO.  A12O3+3(2HO.  SiO3). 

NaO.  A12O3+2(HO.   SiO3). 

CaO.  A12O*4-3HO.  2SiO3. 

CaO.  A12O^+2(2HO.  SiO3). 

3(BaO.  A12O3)+5(3HO.  SiO3). 

Ca,  NaO.  A12O3+3(3HO.  SiO3). 

3[CaO.  A12O3+2(3HO.  2SiO3]  +  [A12O3. 

SiO3+3HO.  2SiO3)]. 
CaO.  A1203+4(HO.  SiO3). 
Sr.  BaO.  A12O3+4(HO.  SiO3). 
CaO;  HO;  A12O3  ;  SiO3. 
3(3HO.  Al2,  Fe2O3)  +  2(5Mg,   FeO.  2Si 
O3). 

4HO.  Al2Fe2O3+5Mg,  Fe  O.  2SiO3. 

HO;  Al2,Fe2O3  ;  Mg,  FeO;  SiO3. 
Leuchtenbergite  3HO.   Al2O3+5MgO.  2SiO3. 

94.  Stilpnomelane     3HO.    Al2,  Fe2O3+3(Fe,  MgO.  SiO3)  ? 

95.  Cronstedite  -       5(FeO.  HO)+3Fe,  MgO.  2SiO3). 

3Na,  CaO.  2Zr2O3+6(HO.  SiO3). 
Fe2O3.  2SiO3+HO.  SiO3. 
3HO.  Al2Mn3Fe2O3+Al2Mn2Fe2O3. 
[3(MgO.   2HO)+2(3MgO.    2SiO3)]  + 


83.  Gmelinite     - 

84.  Natrolite 

85.  Scolezite 

86.  Levyn 

87.  Harmotome  - 

88.  Faujasite 

89.  Stilbite 

90.  Epistilbite    - 

91.  Brewsterite  - 

92.  Edirigtonite 

93.  Chlorite. 


Ripidolite 
Pennin 


96.  Catapleiite    - 

97.  Anthosiderite 

98.  Carpholite     - 

99.  Saponite 


100.  Agalmatolite 


[MgO.  A12O3+3HO.  SiO3]. 
K,  CaO.  2HO+2(A12O3.  2SiO3). 


I.  Appendix  to  section  e. 

Sphragide  NaO.    Al2Fe2O3;  SiO3. 

Damourite  KO.  2HO+3A12O3.  4SiO3. 

Groppite  2(MgO.  HO)+A12O3.  2SiO3. 

Spadaite  MgO.  4HO+4(MgO.  SiO3). 

Stolpenite  [CaO.  HO+3HO.  2SiO3] +3[3HO.   A2O3 

+3HO.  2SiO3. 

Gilbertite  2(CaO.  HO)+5A12O3.  6SiO3. 

Chlorophaeite      Fe,  MgO.  3HO+3HO.  SiO3. 
Quincite  3(Fe,  MgO)  3HO.  (2SiO3).  3HO.  Fe2O3  + 

(HO.    SiO3). 
Pinguite  [FeO.  HO+2(3HO.  SiO3)]-f2[HO.  Fe2O3 

+3HO.  SiO3]. 
Pimelite  [3(NiO.  HO)+2(HO.   SiO3)]-f[3HO. 

2A12O3+HO.   SiO3. 

Pipestone  3(Ca,  NaO.  HO)+2(AFO3.  3SiO3.) 

Catlinite  SiO3;  AJ2O3 ;  HO;  MgO. 

Kaolin  (3A12O3.  2SiO3)+3Ho"  SiO3). 


* 
CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT     OF    SPECIES.  391 

Malthacite  3HO,  Al2,  Fe2O3+4(3HO.  SiO2), 

Lithomarge  3HO.  2A12O3+3(HO  SiO3). 

Pholerite  (HO.     A1'O3+HO.  SiO3). 

Nontronite  3HO.  Fe2O3+2(HO.  SiO3.) 

Halloysite  3HO.  A12O3+3HO.  SiO3. 

Dillnite  3HO.  2A12O3 +HO.  SiO3. 
Montmorillonite  3HO.  A12O3+3HO.  2SiO3- 

Allophane  2(3HO.  A12O3)+2(3HO.  SiO3). 

Lenzinite  3HO.  A12O3+HO.  SiO3. 

Wad  MnO.  HO+2(HO.  MnO2). 

Scarbroite  9(6HO.  A12O3)+2(3HO.  SiO3). 

Asbolan  Co,  CuO.  2HO+2(HO.  MnO2). 

Kollyrite  3(3HO.   A12O")+6HO.  SiO3. 

Pelokonite  CuO.  Mn2O3.  Fe2O3.  SiO3. 

Meloschin  3(HO.  Al2,  Cr2O3)+2(3HO.  SiOa.) 

Section  /.    Silicates  with  aluminates. 

101.  Clintonite    -      HO.  2A12O3  +  2Ca,  MgO.  SiO3,  or  RO. 

SiO3+RO2.    Al2O3+HO(RO=Mg,  Ca 

FeO). 

102.  Chloritoid   -       Pe3  MgO.  Al2O3+Pe2O3.  SiO3.  HO. 

103.  Ottrelite      -      Fe,  MnO.  Fe2O3  ?+Al2O3.  SiO3.  HO. 

Section  g,  Silicates  with  chlorides,  fluorides  and  sulphides, 

104  Eudyalyte  -      2(3Na,  Ca,  FeO.  Cl.  2SiO3)+Zr2O3 
2SiO3. 

105.  Leucophane       4(3Ca,  NaO,  F.  2SiO3)+3Be2O3.  2SiO3. 

106.  Pyrosmalite       3HO.    Fe2O3Cl3+2(3Fe,  MnO.  2SiO3.) 

107.  Kelvin        -      SMn.FeO.  S.  SiO3  +  Be2,  Mn2O3.  SiO3?. 

Section  h.    Silicate  with  carbonate. 

108.  Davyne      -      2NaO.    SiO3+2(Al2O3  SiO3(+Ca,   NaO. 

CO2. 

ORDER  VIII.    CHROMATES. 

1.  Lehmannite  -      PbO.  CrO3. 

2.  Melanochroite      3PbO.  2CrO3. 

3.  Vauquelinite        3Pb.  CuO.  2CrO3. 

ORDER  IX.    MOLYBDATES. 
1.  Wulfsnite     -      PbO.  MoO.3. 


392  CHEMICAL     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES. 

ORDER  X.  TUNGSTATES. 

1.  Scheelite      -      CaO.   WO3. 

2.  Wolfram      -      Fe,  Mn  O,  WO3. 

3.  Stolzite        -      PbO.  WO3. 

ORDER  XL  TITANATES. 
Section  a. 

1.  Perofskite     -      CaO.  TiO2. 

2.  Polymignite        TiO2  ;  Zr2O3  ;  Fe2O3 ;  Mn203YO.  CaO 

CeO. 

3.  Pyromelane        (Al2,  Fe2,  Be2  ?,  O3,     TiO2.)  ? 

4.  Rutherfordite      (TiO2,  (Ce2O3 ;   YO.  U2O3.) 

5.  Mengite        -       TiO2;  Fe2,  Mn2O3 ;  Z22O3. 

Section  b.    Titanates  and  silicates. 

6.  Sphene        -      2(CaO.  SiO)+CaO.  3TiO2. 

7.  Keilhauite          4Ca,  YO.  3TiO2+Al2,  Fe2O3. 

8.  Schorlomite        2(2Ca,  FeO.  TiO2)Fe2O3.  2SiO3. 

9.  Tschewkinite     Ce,  La,  Di,  CaO,  SiO3  TiO2,  &e. 

10.  Oerstedite     -       TiO2;  SiO3;  Zr2O3,  Ca,  Mg,  FeO;  HO. 

11.  Mosandrite  -       Ti.  O2 ;   SiO3  ;  Ce  La,  Mn,  Ca,  Mg,  KO 

HO. 

Section  c.    Silico-titanates,  with  boric  acid. 

12.  Warwickite  -      3  Mg,  FeO.  TiO2  +B03.  ? 

ORDER  XII.  COLUMBATES, 

(sometimes  with  titanates,  tungstates,  niobates,  pelopates   and 

silicates.) 

1.  Pyrochlore  -  Ca,  Ce  NaO,  F.  Nb.  Pe  WO3  ;  TiO2. 

2.  Microlite     -  CaO;  Ta,  WO3. 

3.  Fergusonite  6YO.  TaO3  ?  and  Ce,  Sn,  U,  FeO.  Zr3O3. 

4.  Yttrotantalite  Ta  O3 ;  YO  ;  and  Ca,  U,  Fe,  Cu,  Ce,  La,  Mg, 

Zr  TiO2,  HO. 
6.  Columbite   -       Fe,  MnO  ;  Nb,  Pe  O3. 

6.  Tantalite     -       Fe,  MnO.  TaO3. 

7.  Euxenite     -       TaO*  ;   YO,  CeO,  CaO,  UO  ;  TiO2  ;  HO. 

8.  Polycrase     -        TiO2  ;  TaO3,  ZrO32 ;  Fe2O3YO.  UO,  CeO, 

&c. 

9.  Samarsldte         Fe,  U,  YO  ;  Nb,  Pe,  WO3. 

10.  Aeschynite         2(Ce,  La,  FeO.  Nb,  ZiO2)  +  Ca2033Nb, 
TiO2. 

ORDER  XIII.  NITRATES. 

1.  Nitre  -      KO+NO5. 

2.  Nitratin      -      NaO+NO5. 


CHEMICAL    ARRANGEMENT     OF    SPECIES.  393 

a l .    Hydrous. 

3.  Nitrocalcite       CaO;   HO;   NO5. 

4.  Nitromagnesite  MgO ;  HO;  NO5. 

ORGANIC    DIVISION. 

CLASS  I.    HYDRO-,  OXY-HYDRO,  AND  NITRO-OXY-HYDRO- 
CARBONS. 

ORDER  I.  HYDRO-CARBONS. 

1.  Carbhydrogen  -  C  H. 

2.  Konleinite  -  C2H. 

3.  Phylloretin  -  C8H5. 

4.  Tekoretin  -  C6H*. 

5.  Fichtelite  -  C4H3. 

6.  Branchite  -  CH. 

7.  Hatchettine  -  CH. 

8.  Ozokerite  -  C  H. 

9.  Naphtha  -  C  H. 

10.  Chrismatine  -  CH? 

11.  Elaterite  -  CH? 

12.  Idrialite  -  CH. 

13.  Piauzite  C  H. 

14.  Ixolyte  -  CH. 

15.  Hartite  -  C4H5. 

16.  Scheererite  -  CH2. 

ORDER  II.   OXYHYDRO-CARBONS. 

1.  Pyropissite  -  CHO. 

2.  Retinite  -  CHO. 

3.  Naphthadil  -  CHO. 

4.  Succinite  -  C10H8O. 

5.  Guyaquillite  -  C20H13O3. 

6.  Berengelite  -  C40H31O8. 

7.  Middletonite  -  C12H8O. 
S.  Copaline  -  C40H32O. 
9.  Psathyrite  -  C20H17O2. 

10.  Butyrite  -      C33H33O3. 

ORDER  III.  NITRO-OXYHYDRO  CARBONS. 

1.  Coal        -        -      C  H  O  N. 

2.  Dopplerite        -      CHON. 

50 


394 


CHEMICAL     A  RRANGEMENT   OF    SPECIES. 


CLASS  II.    HYDKOUS  CARBO-OXYGEN,  AND  HYDRO-CARBO- 

SALTS. 

ORDER  I.  OXALATES. 

1.  Oxacalcite       -      CaO+C2O3+HO. 

2.  Thierschite     -      CaO+C2O3+HO? 

3.  Oxalite  -      2FeO+2C2O3+3HO. 

ORDER  II.  MELLATES. 
1.  Mellite  -      A12O3+3C4O3+18HO. 

ORDER  HI.  PIGOTATES  ? 
1.  Pigotite          -      4A1203+C"H50»+27HO. 


NATURAL    HISTORY    ARRANGEMENT 


or  THE 


SPECIES, 


ADOPTED     IN     THIS    TREATISE;     WITH     ANNOTATIONS    AND 
REFERENCES. 


[Following  the  species  will  generally  be  found  its  author's  name :  if 
in  capitals,  it  denotes  that  he,  both  described  and  named  the  mineral;  if 
abbreviated  and  in  italics,  it  is  intended  to  show  that  the  author  has  merely 
changed  the  name,  in  order  to  avoid  the  compound  or  chemical  designation 
under  which  it  had  been  previously  kntnon.  The  numbers  occasionally  met 
with  in  parentheses,  refer  to  notes  at  the  bottom  of  the  page,  introduced  to 
supply  information  not  in  the  body  of  the  work.  The  page  on  which  the 
general  description  occurs,  is  also  designated.] 


CLASS     I. 

ORDER  I.    GAS. 

Sp.  1.  Hydrogen,  p.  64. 

2.  Ammonia,  p.  64. 

3.  Carbhydrogen,  Shep.,  p.  64. 

4.  Nitrogen,  p.  64. 

5.  Air,    p.  64. 

6.  Sulp  hydrogen,  Shep.,  p.  64. 

7.  M  u  r  i  a  t  a  c  i  d,  Shep.,  p.  64. 

8.  C  a  r  b  a  c  i  d,  Shep.,  p.  64. 

9.  S  u  1  p  h  a  c  i  d,  Shep.,  p.  64. 

ORDER  II.     LIQUID. 

Sp.  1.  W  a  t  e  r,  p.  65. 

2,  Vitriolacid,  Shep.,  p,  65. 


396     NATURAL    HISTORY    ARRANGEMENT    OP     SPECIES, 

ORDER  III.    SOLUBLE. 

f  S  e  c  t  i  o  n    A. 

Sp.  1.  N  i  t  r  o  c  a  1  c  i  t  e,  SHEPARD,  p.  65. 

2.  Nitromagnesite,  SHEPARD,  p.  65. 

3.  Nitre,  p.  65. 

4.  N  i  t  r  a  t  i  n,  Haid.,  p.  65. 

5.  Hydrophilite  (i),  HAUSMANN. 

6.  Eisenchlore,   HAUSMANN,  (2),  Chloride  of  Iron. 

7.  Salmiak,   Haus.,  p.  65. 

8.  Salt,  Chloride  of  sodium,  p.  65. 

9.  S  y  1  v  i  n  e,  Beud.,  p.  66. 

10.  M  a  s  c  a  g  n  i  n  e,  Reuss,  p.  66. 

11.  Pissophane,  BREITHAUPT,  (s). 

12.  Carnal  lite,  ROSE,  (4). 

Section    B. 

13.  Carbammonite,   Shep.,  p.  66. 

14.  Natron,  p.  66. 

15.  Thermonatrite,  Haid.,  p.  66. 

16.  T  r  o  n  a,   KLAPROTH,  p.  66. 

17.  Borax,  p.  67. 

18.  P  h  o  s  p  h  a  m  m  o  n  i  t  e,  Shep.,  p.  67. 

19.  M  i  r  a  b  i  1  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  67. 

20.  E  p  s  o  m  i  t  e,  Beud,  (s)  p.  67. 

21.  M  e  1  a  n  t  e  r  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  67. 

(1)  Hydrophyllite.     Known  only  in  very  dilute  solution.     Composition,  chloride 
of  calcium. 

(2)  Eisenchlore.    Known  only  in  solution,  and  in  a  state  of  mixture  with  the 
sesquichloride  of  iron.     Composition,  chloride  of  iron. 

(3)  Pissophane.   Amorphous,  or  stalactitic.    H.=1'5.    G.=l'93...1'98.    Lustre 
vitreous.    Color  pistachio-,  asparagus-,  or  olive-green.    Transparent.   Fragile.    Frac- 
ture conchoidal.    B.B.,  becomes  black.    Heated  in  a  glass  tube,  gives  alkaline  water. 
Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid ;  nearly  insoluble  in  water.     Analysis  by  Erdmann  : 

Green.  Yellow. 

Alumina, 34-155  6*799 

Peroxide  iron,  -         -        -        -  9'738  40'060 

Sulphuric  acid,      ....      12*700  11-899 

Water, 41'69  40'141 

Found  at  Garnsdorf  ( Garnsdorfite)  near  Saalfield,  and  at  Reichenbach,  Saxony,  on 
alum-slate. 

(4)  Carnallite.    Occurs  mixed  with  salt  at  Stassfurt.     Granular ;  lustre  shining, 
somewhat  greasy.     Structure  undetermined.     Dissolves  easily  in  water.     Composi- 
tion, according  to  Oesten,  chloride  of  magnesium  31'36,  chloride  of  potassium  24-27, 
chloride  of  sodium  5'10,  chloride  of  calcium  2'62,  water  85'57.     Part  of  this  water 
is  united  to  the  chloride  of  calcium,  so  that  the  water  of  the  pure  mineral  is  reduced 
to  about  33  p.  c.     The  composition  then  becomes  KCl-f-Mg  C1-J-12HO.     The  name 
is  in  honor  of  von  Carnall,  of  the  Prussian  mines. 

(5.)  Epsortute.    Masses,  a  foot  in  diameter,  are  found  at  the  Alum  Cave  in  Sevier 
Co.,  Tenn. 


NATURAL     HISTORY      ARRANGEMENT     OP     SPECIES.      397 

22.  Coquimbite,  BREITHAUPT,  (i). 

23.  Manganvitriol,  GLOCKER,  (a). 

24.  Goslarite,  Haid.,  p.  68. 

25.  C  h  a  1  k  a  n  t  h  i  t  e,  Kenn.,  p.  68  ;   Blue  Vitriol. 

26.  P  y  r  o  m  e  1  i  n  e,   Kob.,  p.  68  ;   Nickel-vitriol. 

27.  A 1  u  m,  p.  68. 

S  o  1  f  a  t  a  r  i  t  e,  Shep.,  (3). 
Tschermigite,  Daw.,  (4). 
Apjohnite,  GLOCKER,  (s). 
Pickeringite,  HAYES,  (e). 

(1)  Coquimbite.    In  hexagonal  prisms,  with  terminal  edges  _.     717 
deeply  replaced.  *Ig'  71/* 

x  on  o  151°  0' 

a;  on  xr  128     8 

Cleavage  a  and  a4,  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal,  to  une- 
ven. Transparent ;  white,  passing  into  blue  and  green.  H.= 
2-0  . . .  2-5.  G.=2-0  ...  2-1.  Taste  vitriolic.  In  the  matrass, 
yields  water  and  sulphurous  acid.  Soluble  in  cold  water.  On 
heating  the  solution,  peroxide  of  iron  is  thrown  down.  Analy- 
sis by  Rose : 

Sulphuric  acid,          ....      43-55  43'55 

Peroxide  iron,       ....  24-11  62'21 

Alumina, 0'92  0'78 

Lime, 0'73  0-14 

Magnesia, 0-32  0-21 

Silica,  0-31  0-37 

Water, 30-10  29'98 

Found  in  xls.,  and  massive,  in  a  thick  bed,  in  green  feldspar,  in  the  district  of  Co- 
piapo  in  Coquimbo.  The  Blakeite  of  Dana,  is  referred  by  him  to  this  species,  not- 
withstanding it  assumes  the  8-dral  form  on  re-crystallization. 

(2)  Manganvitriol.     Sulphate  of  manganese.     Imperfectly  distinguished. 

(3)  Solfatarite.     In  white,  or  yellowish  fibrous  crusts.     Analysis,  by  Thomson, 
sulphate  of  soda,  15-5,  sulphate  of  alumina  37'4,  water  47!1.     Found  at  the  island 
of  Milo,  at  the  Solfatara  near  Naples,  and  at  Mendoza,  on  the  eastern  Andes. 

(4)  Tschermigite,  Ammonia-alum.     Fibrous  and  in  8-dra.    That  from.  Tschermig, 
Bohemia,  according  to  Pfaff,  contains  ; 

Alumina,        -        -        -        -        -  -         12-14 

Ammonia,  6'58 

Sulphuric  acid, 36*00 

Water,       - 45-00 

(5)  Apjohnite,  Manganese-alum.    In  silky  fibres,  resembling^  asbestus.    Apjohn 
obtained, 

Alumina, 10'65 

Sesquiox.  mang.,  7'33 

Sulphuric  acid, 39*79 

Water, 48-16 

SuL  magnesia, 1-08 

Occurs  at  Lagoa  Bay,  S.  Africa,  and  at  Alum  Point,  Great  Salt  Lake,  Rocky 
Mountains. 

(6)  Pickeringite.     Magnesia-alum.      In  white,  silky,  fibrous  masses,  becoming 
opaque  on  exposure.    Composition,  from  Iquique,  according  to  Hayes, 

Sulphate  of  magnesia, 13 -4 

F  Sulphate  of  alumina, 38-3 

Water, 483 

Found  covering  the  floor  of  a  cave  (to  the  depth  of  six  inches)  near  the  Bosjes- 
man  river,  S.  Africa. 


398        NATURAL    HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT    OP    SPECIES 

28.  V  o  1 1  a  i  t  e,    SCACCHI,  (i),  p.  71. 

29.  R  e  u  s  s  i  n,  KARSTEN,  p.  68. 

30.  T  h  e  n  a  r  d  i  t  e,  CASASECA,  p.  69. 

31.  Gaylusite,  BOUSSINGALT,  p.  69. 

Section     0. 

32.  S  a  s  s  o  1  i  n,  KARSTEN,  p.  69. 

33.  C  o  p  i  a  p  i  t  e,  HAIDINGER,  p.  69. 

M  i  s  y,  p.  69. 

34.  A 1  u  n  o  g  e  n  e,  Beud. 

Keramohalite,  JURASKY,  (2). 

35.  B  o  t  r  y  o  g  e  n  e,  HAIDINGER,  p.  70. 

36.  Stypticite,   HAUSMANN,  (z). 

37.  Johannite,   HAIDINGER,  p.  70. 

38.  B  i  e  b  e  r  i  t  e,  HAIDINGER,  p.  70. 

39.  A  r  c  a  n  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  70. 

40.  M  i  s  e  n  i  t  e,  SCACCHI,  p.  71. 

41.  P  o  1  y  h  a  I  i  t  e,  STROMEYER,  p.  70. 

42.  Loweite,  HAIDINGER,  p.  71. 

43.  Astrakanite,   ROSE,  p.  71. 


(1)  Voltaite.    In  8-dra  cubes  and  dodecahedrons.     Lustre  resinous.    Oil-green, 
greenish-black,  brown  to  black.  Streak  greyish-green.  Opaque.  Soluble  in  water  with 
difficulty,  and  at  the  same  time  suffering  decomposition.    Composition,  according  to 
Scacchi, 

Sulphate  protox.  iron, 15*4 

"         perox.  iron, 40*6 

Water, 44- 

First  found  at  the  Solfatara  near  Naples,  by  Breislak  (1792),  and  since  by  Ulrich, 
at  the  Rammelsberg  mine,  near  Goslar.  At  the  latter  place,  it  contains  traces  of 
protox.  manganese,  also. 

(2)  Keramohalite.    In  crystalline  crusts  and  six-sided  tables,  with  two  angles  of 
92°,  and  four  of  134°.    Primary  form,  an  oblique  rhombic  prism.    G.=1'6  ...  1*7. 
Composition,  according  to  Jurasky, 

Alumina, 14-80 

Protox.  iron, 2-15 

Sulphuric  acid,          -        -                 -        -        -  36  76 

Water,  44-60 

Insoluble,  2'01 

Occurs  in  druses  with  melanterite,  near  Konigsberg,  Hungary. 

(3)  Stypticite.     Fibrous;  silky;  yellowish-green,  greenish-grey.    Brittle.    Single 
fibres  slightly  flexible.    H.=2'5.    G.=2-5.    Taste  sour  and  astringent.     Analysis,  a 
from  Copiapo,  by  Rose,  b  from  Chili  (variety  fibroferrite)  by  Prideaux. 

a.  b. 

Sulphuric  acid,  -      31'73  28'9 

Perox.  iron,  28'11  34'4 

Lime,  -    ,     1 91 

Magnesia,  059 

Water,  -       36'56  36-7 

Found  with  coquimbite  in  the  province  of  Coquimbo.    -^^ 


NATURAL    HISTORY    ARRANGEMENT    OF    SPECIES.      399 

CLASS    II. 

ORDER!.  HALOID. 
Section    A. 

Sp.     1.  Pelsobanyite,  HAIDINGER  (i). 

2.  Apatelite,  MEILLET,  p.  71. 

3.  A 1  u  m  i  n  i  t  e,  Jam.,  p.  72. 

4.  Struvite,    Ulex.,  p.  72. 

5.  V  i  v  i  a  n  i  t  e,  p.  72. 

6.  E  r  y  t  h  r  i  n  e,  Beud,  p.  73. 

7.  R  o  s  e  1  i  t  e,  LEVY,  (2). 

8.  K  6 1 1  i  g  i  t  e,  Dan.  (3).    Zinkarseniat,  OTTO  KOTTIG. 

9.  Pharmacolite,   HAUSMANN,  p.  73. 

10.  H  a  i  d  i  n  g  e  r  i  t  e,  TURNER,  p.  74. 

11.  Gypsum,  p.  74. 

12.  Hydroboracite,  Hess,  p.  75. 

13.  H  a  y  e  s  i  n  e,  Dan.     Borate  of  lime,   HAYES,  p.  75. 

U 1  e  x  i  t  e,  Dan.,  Tiza,  p.  76. 

14.  Hydrozincite,     Kenn.      Zinc-bloom,  SMITHSON, 

p.  76. 

15.  Hydromagnesite,   KOBELL,  p.  76. 

(1)  Felsobanyite.  In  six-sided  folia  with  two  angles  of  112°.  Cleavage  face  pearly. 
Usually  in  concretions.  H.=lf5.   G.=2'33.   Color  snow-white,  surface  often  yellowish. 
Analysis,  by  von  Hauer,  sulphuric  acid  16'47,  alumina  45'53,  water  37.27.     Occurs 
at  Felsobanya  in  Hungary. 

(2)  Roselite.    Right  rhombic  prisms  of  185°.     Secondary  form. 

M  on  M        -        135°  0'  Fig.  718. 

Mono          -         157    30 
a'onc          -        140   42 

H.— 3-0.  Cleavage  parallel  with  shorter  diagonal,  per- 
fect. Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color 
deep  rose-red.  Streak  white.  In  the  matrass,  yields  water,  and 
becomes  black.  B.  B.,  in  the  outer  flame,  imparts  a  deep  blue 
color  to  borax.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Contains  arsenic 
acid,  lime,  magnesia,  oxide  of  cobalt  and  water.  Occurs  in  small 
attached  xls.  at  Schneeberg. 

(3)  Kottigite.    In  fibrous  crusts  and  massive  (supposed  to  be  isomorphous  with 
erythrine  and  vivianite). 
H.=2-5  . . .  3-0.    G.=3-l. 

Cleavage,  perfect  in  one  direction.  Translucent.  Lustre  of  fracture  silky.  Color 
light  carmine-red  to  peach-blossom  red.  Streak  reddish-white.  In  the  matrass, 
yields  water  and  assumes  a  pale  smalt-blue  color.  B.  B.,  on  charcoal  in  the  outer 
flame,  fuses,  emits  fumes  of  arsenic,  leaving  a  slag  of  oxide  of  zinc.  Gives  the  re- 
action of  cobalt  and  nickel  Soluble  In  acids.  Composition,  ZnO  AS203+8HO. 
Analysis,  by  Kotting, 

Arsenic  acid  (loss),        -  -      37'17 

Oxide  of  zinc,  20'62 

Oxide  of  cobalt,  -        6 '91 

Oxide  of  nickel,       -  2-00 

Lime,    -  -       trace 

Water,         -  23'40 

Found  with  smaltine  in  the  Daniel  mine,  near  Schneeberg. 


400      NATURAL    HISTORY    ARRANGEMENT     OF    SPECIES. 

16.  Hy  d  rodol  omite,  Dan.,   (i).      Dolomite-sinter, 

KOBELL. 

17.  W  i  s  e  r  i  t  e,    HAIDINGER,  (2). 

18.  Oxalite,  Haus.,  Humboldtine,   RIVERO,  p.  76. 

19.  M  e  d  j  i  d  i  t  e,  SMITH,  p.  76. 

20.  H  o  u  g  h  i  t  e,  SHEPARD,  p.  77. 

21.  Volknerite,  HERMANN,  p.  77. 

22.  Arseniosiderite,  DUFRENOY,  p.  77. 

23.  O  x  a  c  a  I  c  i  t  e,    Shep.,  p.   78.     Whewellite,  BROOKE 

and  MILLER. 

24.  H  o  p  e  i  t  e,  BREWSTER,  p.  78. 

25.  D  i  a  d  o  c  h  i  te,  BREITHAUPT,  p.  90. 

26.  Pitticite,   HAUSMANN,  p.  78. 

27.  Delvauxine,  DUMONT,  p.  89. 

28.  Lanthanite,  Haid.  (3).    Garb,  cerium,  BERZELIUS. 

29.  Anhydrite,   p.  78. 

30.  Cryolite,  ABILDGAARD,  (4),  p.  79. 

31.  Ohio  lite,  Haid.,  p.  79. 

32.  Calcite,   Haid.,  p.  79. 

33.  Hydrocalcitc,  Dan.j  (s).    Hydrous  earb.  lime, 

SCHEERER. 

34.  F  I  u  e  1 1  i  t  e,  WOLLASTON,  p.  88. 

35.  A 1 1  o  p  h  a  n  e,    STROMEYER,  p.  88. 

(1)  Hydrodolomite.    In  sinter-like,  globular  or  stalactitic  masses  of  a  yellowish- 
white  color  and  a  dull  earthy  fracture.     Found  in  isolated  masses  at  Somma. 
Analysis,  by  Kobell, 

Lime,  -  25-92 

Magnesia,  24*28 

Carbonic  acid,  -  -  33'10 

Water,    -  -  17'40 

(2)  Wiserite.     A  hydrated  carbonate  of  manganese,    found  at  Gonzen,  near 
Sarganz  in  Switzerland. 

(3)  Lanthanite.   In  thin  rectangular  plates,  aggregated  by  their  broader  faces,  and 
with  their  edges  variously  replaced.     Primary  form  a  right  rectangular  prism.    Also 
botryoidal  and  massive  :  coarsely  granular ;   particles  slightly  coherent.    Color  pale 
rose-red,  pink,   or  pale  yellowish  white.      Lustre  pearly  to  vitreous,  resembling 
stilbite.   Transparent  to  translucent.   It  is  not  found  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  but  with  the 
zinc  ores  of  the  Saucon  valley,  Lehigh  Co.,  Pa.,  and  with  blende  and  marcasite  in 
the  Canton  copper  and  lead  mine,  in  Cherokee  Co.,  Georgia.    Exceedingly  rare. 

(4)  Cryolite.   Occurs  at  Evigtok,  12  miles  from  Arksut,  on  the  Arksut  Fiord,  in 
granitic  gneiss.    It  forms  an  interstratified  mass  80  feet  thick  and  300  long,  bounded 
by  chalybite,  quartz,  fluor  and  galena;  and  is  intersected  by  a  vein  of  quartz-rock  con- 
taining coarsely  crystallized  feldspar,  cryolite,  cassiterite,  columbite  and  ores  of  iron, 
lead  and  zinc.     The  galena  contains  45  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton ;  and  is  worked.    The 
cryolite  is  black  upon  the  under  side  of  the  bed.     Mr.  J.  "W.  Taylor,  who  describes 
it,  infers  that  the  white  color  of  its  superior  surface,  is  owing  to  the  former  contiguity 
of  trap,  which  is  now  seen  only  at  the  extremities  of  the  deposit. 

(5)  Hydrocalcite.    This  is  the  hydrous  carbonate  of  lime  of  SCHEERER,  and  the 
hydrokonite  of  Hausmann.    It  occurs  in  small  rhomboids,  forming  an  incrustation  on 
wood,  under  water.    Composition,  carbonate  of  lime  52'4,  water  47 '6.     Exposed  to 
the  air,  the  water  passes  off.   The  xls.  contain  1  p.  c.  of  organic  matter.   By  the  action 
of  absolute  alcohol,  it  loses  two  equivalents  of  water  and  becomes  CaO,  C02-f- 
3HO.  A  blue  limestone  from  Vesuvius,  analyzed  by  Klaproth,  had  11  p.  c.  of  water. 


NATURAL     HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES.    401 

36.  Schrotteri  t  e,  GLOCKER,   (i). 

37.  Pyrargiliite,  NORDENSKIOLD,  p.  88. 

38.  D  i  1  1  n  i  t  e,   HAIDINGER,  (2). 

39.  H  i  tc  h  c  o  c  k  i  t  e,    SHEPARD,  (s). 

40.  G  i  b  b  s  i  t  e,  TORREY,  p.  89. 

41.  Dufrenite,  BRONGNIART,  p.  89. 

42.  C  a  r  p  h  o  s  i  d  e  r  i  t  e,   BREITHAUPT,  p.  89. 

43.  C  aco  x  en  e,  STEINMANN,  p.  90. 

44.  W  a  v  e  1  1  i  t  e,  PHILLIPS,  p.  90. 

45.  Pen  n  i  t  e,  Herm.   Hydro-nickel  magnesite,  SHEPARD, 

p.  91. 


r 

46.  A  r  a  g  o  n  i  t  e,  p.  90. 

47.  Dolomite,  p.  92 


i.  97. 


.  ,     .      . 

48.  Diallogite,  Bead.,  p.  96. 

49.  M  a  n  g  a  n  o  c  a  1  c  i  t  e,  BREITHAUPT,  p 

(1)  Schr'otterite.    Called  also,  Opat-allopk  ane.    H.—  3'0  ..  .  3'5.    G.=1'95  ...  2'05. 
Color  greenish,  yellowish,  and  spotted  with  brown.    Analysis,  by  Schrotter.   Soluble 
in  acids.  B.  B.,  like  allophane. 

Silica,  -       11-95  11  -93 

Alumina,  4330  46'28 

Perox.  iron,  2'95  2  68 

Lime,      -  1-30  1-03 

Protox.  copper,  -                                        25  25 

Water,    -  35-50  3550 

In  nests,  between  clay  slate  and  limestone.    From  Freienstein,  Styria, 

(2)  Dillnite.    Fracture  flat  conchoidal,  even,  earthy.    Opaque.    Dull  white.  H.= 
3-5.     G.=1'8  ..  .  20.    Analysis,  by  Hutzelmanu  aud  Karafiat,  «  compact,  6  earthy, 

a.  b. 

Silica,         -                                                     22-40  33'53 

Alumina                                                        5«-90  53'00 

Lime,         -                                                    trace  0'88 

Magnesia,                                                         0-44  1-76 

Water,       -                                                       21-13  20'05 

It  is  the  gangue  of  the  diaspore  of  Schemnirz. 

(3)  Hitchcockite.     Massive.      In  coatings  and  botryoidal.    'Sometimes  concentric 
like  allophane.    H.=2-75  ...  3.     Gr.=2'909.     Color,  white,  greyish,  bluish  and  rarely 
with  a  tinge  of  green.     Lustre  vitreous  to  adamantine.    Transparent  to  translucent. 

Heated  in  a  glass  tube,  it  emits  much  moisture.  B.  B.,  phosphoresces  brightly, 
turning  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  while  hot.  Infusible.  Moistened  with  nitrate  of  co- 
balt and  ignited,  it  assumes  a  very  rich  blue  color.  In  the  state  of  powder,  when 
moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  and  heated,  it  tinges  the  flame  of  the  candle  green. 
With  borax,  it  readily  melts,  attended  by  effervescence,  into  a  transparent  glass, 
which  on  cooling,  has  a  faint  tinge  of  blue.  With  soda,  it  quickly  changes  to  a  deep 
yellow  color,  attended  by  the  reduction  of  oxide  of  zinc,  and  by  a  deposit  of  its 
oxide  upon  the  charcoal,  which  has  a  yellow  color  while  it  is  hot.  Soluble 
without  effervescence,  in  warm  nitric  or  hydrochloric  acid.  By  full  ignition,  in  the 
state  of  powder,  it  loses  29'45  p.  c.  ;  and  is  inferred  to  be  a  hydrated  phosphate  of 
alumina,  with  oxide  of  zinc.  Occurs  in  thin  crusts,  like  hyalite,  upon  the  joints  of 

?uartzy  mica-slate,  at  the  Canton  copper-,   and  lead-mine,  in  Cherokee  county,  Ga, 
t  is  associated  with  marcasite,  pyrites,  galena,  chalcopyiite,  automalite  and  staturo- 
tide.    Named  after  Dr.  Hitchcock,*  of  Amherst  College, 

51 


402       NATURAL      HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT      OF     SPECIF.  S 

50.  Mag  n  e  si  te,  (i). 

51.  A  u  k  e  r  i  t  e,  HAIDINGER,    p.  94. 

52.  M  e  s  i  t  i  n  e,  BREITHAUPT,  p.  94. 

E  m  m  o  n  s  i  t  e,   THOMSON,    (2). 

53.  P  1  u  m  bo  ca  Ic  i  t  e,  JOHNSTON,  (3). 

N  e  o  t  y  p  e,   BREITHAUPT,  (4). 

54.  F  1  u  o  r,  p.  95. 

Section   B. 

55.  G  la  u  ba  pa  t  i  te,   SHEPARD,  (s). 

56.  D  r  e  e  I  i  t  e,  DUFRENOY,  p.  97. 

57.  C  e  1  e  s  t  i  n  e,  p.  97. 

58.  B  a  r  y  t  e  s,  p.  98.    Heavy  Spar. 


(1)  Magnesitc.     Not  known  to  exist  in  acicular  xls.,  as  stated  on  p.  90,  but  is  sim- 
ply massive ;  usually  amorphous  :  very  rarely  cleavable.     Chiefly  from  Gulsen  and 
Steinmarck ;  also  from  Hrubschitz,  Moravia.    Analysis  of  cleavable  varieties,  a  from 
Snarum,  by  Scheerer,  b  from  Saltzburg  by  Dufrenoy,  e  from  Arendal  by  Miinster. 

a.                     6.  c. 

Garb,  acid,         -                          -        51'45  60'6  52'57 

Magnesia,                               .                47'30  43'1  46'22 

Protox.  iron,     -                                      0'79                 5'2  0'37 
Water,        •                                            0-47 

Analysis  of  compact,  c/from  Baumgarten,  e  from  Salem,  both  by  Stromeyer,yfrom 
Hrubschitz  by  Lampadius,  g  from  Salem  by  Henry,  h  from  Greece  by  Brunner,  i 
from  Madras  by  Pfeiffer. 

d  c  f  g  h  i 

Carb.acid,     -  -     50'22         51'83       51'0          51'0         49"47         50'64 

Magnesia,  47'36         47'89       47'0          46'0         51'03         46-12 

Lime,  0'28      0'35 

Ox.  mang.,         -  0'21          silica  1-5        

Water,         -  -        1'39 1-6  0'5 0'16 

The  specimen  from  Madras  contained  in  addition,  soda,  O40,  potash  0*67,  alumina 
0'26,  silica  0'23,  phosphoric  acid  and  chlorine,  in  traces. 

(2)  Ernmonsite.     Snow-white,  massive,  granular  to  compact.     Composition,  ac- 
cording to  Thomson,  carbonate  of  strontian,  with  12'5   p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  lime. 
Found  at  Schoharie,  N.  Y.    The  strontianocalcile  of  Genth  is  probably  related  to 
this  mineral. 

(3)  Plumbocalcite.     In  rhomboids  of  104°  53',  having  a  peculiar  greyish-white 
color,  with  a  somewhat  oily  lustre.     Also  massive.     H.  rather  below  3.     According 
to  Johnston,  contains  carbonate  of  lime  92'2,  carbonate  of  lead  7'8.    Found  at  Wau- 
lockhead,  in  the  Lead  Hills,  Scotland 

(4)  Neotype.     Contains  beside  carbonate  of  lime,  a  little  carbonate  of  barytes. 
G.=2'82  ...  2-83. 

(5)  Glaubnpatite.     Crystals  small  tabular ;  in  druses,  forming  botryoidal  and  sta- 
lactitic  masses  :  columnar,  fibres  somewhat  flattened  and  radiating  from  the  centre 
of  little,  oval  masses  and  stalactites.     Color,  pale  yellowish,   or  greenish  brown. 
Translucent.     H.— 3'5.    G.=2'6.     Also  massive,  with  a  conchoidal  fracture,  and  of 
a  dark  chocolate  brown  oolot',  to  nearly  black.     Brittle. 

When  heated  in  a  glass  tube,  gives  water  ;  at  the  same  time  turning  brown  and 
evolving  a  slight  organic  odor.  B.  B.,  it  does  not  decrepitate,  but  turns  brown  on  the 
first  impression  of  the  heat,  aiid  quickly  fuses  with  ebullition,  coloring  the  flame  yel- 
low, with  a  very  distinct  tihge  of  green,  around  the  heated  mass.  It  finally  yields 
a  semi-transparent  glass.  With  borax,  melts  into  a  colorless  glass.  When  pow- 
dered, the  mineral  dissolves  without  effervescence,  in  hydrochloric  and  in  nitric  acid, 


NATURAL     HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT     DF     SPECIES.       403 

59.  Witherite,  WERNER,  p.  101. 

60.  B  a  r  y  t  o  c  a  1  c  i  t  e,  BROOKE,  p.  102. 

61.  Alstonite,  BREITHAUPT,  p.  102. 

62.  S  t  r  o  n  t  i  a  n  i  t  e,  SULZER,  p.  103. 

63.  C  h  a  1  y  b  i  t  e,  GLOCK,  p.  105. 

64.  Pyroclasite,    SHEPARD,  (i). 

65.  P  a  r  i  s  i  t  e,    SPADA,  p.  105. 

66.  Y  1 1  r  o  c  e  r  i  t  e,  BERZELIUS,  p.  105. 

67.  F  1  u  o  c  e  r  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  105. 

Fluocerine,  Haus.,   p.  106. 

68.  X  e  n  o  t  i  m  e,  BEUDANT,  p.  106. 

affording  solutions  of  a  porter-brown  color,  from  which,  ammonia  throws  down  the 
same  precipitate  as  in  pyroclasite.     Analysis  gave  the  following  result : 
Phosphate  of  lime,         -  74*00 

Sulphate  of  soda,     -  -  -     15-10 

Water,  with  traces  of  organic  matter  ;  sulphate  of 

lime  and  chloride  of  sodium,  10-30 

99-4.0 

It  occurs  abundantly  in  irregular  corroded,  drusy  shaped  passes,  (but  very  rarely 
crystalline)  often  coated  on  one  side  with  pyroclasite  ;  and  sometimes,  the  two  spe- 
cies are  intimately  blended  together.  It  is  named  out  of  regard  to  its  relationship 
to  apatite,  and  to  glauber's  salt. 

From  Mong's  Island  on  the  Musquito  coast  of  the  Caribbean  Sea ;  where  it  is  found 
along  with  pyroclasite,  closely  associated  with,  and  apparently  altered  by^trap. 

(1)  Pyrodaxite.  Massive;  in  large  tuberose  and  reniform  masses,  much  resem- 
bling the  menilite-opal,  from  Menil  Montant  near  Paris ;  except,  that  they  are  flatter, 
more  irregular,  and  rarely  oval  on  both  sides.  In  this  respect,  they  more  resemble 
the  large  druses  of  calcedony  from  Faroe  or  the  hemimorphite  from  Cumberland. 
Structure  indistinctly  concentric ;  and  when  broken  across  (through  masses  of  an 
inch  thick)  it  presents  a  banded  surface,  like  agates  or  ribbon-jasper.  Color,  cream- 
white  ;  but  on  the  botryoidal  surfaces  which  have  been  exposed  to  the  weather, 
milk-white  :  and  presenting  when  viewed  with  a  single  lens,  a  very  remarkable  cor- 
roded appearance,  much  resembling  the  vermicular  surface  of  marble,  as  employed 
in  architecture.  Lustre  dull,  feebly  resinous  on  a  fresh  fracture.  Opaque.  Brittle. 
Fracture  even,  to  sub-conchoid aL  H.=4  0.  G.=2'36  . . .  2'4. 

Heated  in  a  glass  tube,  it  flies  to  pieces  with  a  brisk  decrepitation ;  much  of  the 
mineral  being  at  the  same  time  projected  from  the  tube.  At  the  same  time,  it  turns 
of  a  dark  color,  emits  moisture  and  a  feeble  animal  odor,  .not  more  perceptible  how- 
ever than  in  many  secondary  limestones  when  heated.  It  is  impossible  to  hold  a 
piece  of  the  unheated  mineral  'before  the  flame  of  tiie  blowpipe,  long  enough  to  acquire 
redness ;  but  occasionally,  a  fragment  large  enough  for  this  purpose,  coming  from 
the  heated  glass  tube,  will  bear  ignition  in  the  platina  forceps,  without  flying  to 
pieces.  It  then  instantly  becomes  white,  phosphoresces  strongly,  tinging  the  flame  yel- 
low, slightly  tipped  with  green.  At  length,  it  fuses  on  the  edges  into  a  white  glassy 
enamel ;  and  the  fragment  being  placed  upon  a  piece  of  moistened  tumeric  paper,  oc- 
casions a  feebly  alkaline  reaction.  The  heated  mass  on  being  moistened  with  sul- 
phuric acid,  tinges  the  flame  of  the  blowpipe  momentarily,  of  a  still  deeper  green. 
The  powdered  mineral,  mixed  into  a  paste  with  sulphuric  acid,  and  heated  i,n  a  glass 
tube,  produced  an  etched  ring  just  above  the  charge  in  the  tube,  indicating  the  pres- 
ence of  fluorine.  Fused  with  borax,  the  mineral  dissolves  into  a  clear  glass,  unless 
there  is  an  excess  of  the  powder. 

The  powdered  mineral  is  almost  wholly  taken  up,  by  hydrochloric  and  by  nitric 
acid,  without  sensible  effervescence ;  forming  a  porter-colored  solution,  from  which 
ammonia  precipitates  the  characteristic  bulky  white  precipitate  of  hydrated  triphos- 
phate  of  lime.  It  consists  of  about  80  p.  c.  phosphate  of  lime  (mingled  with  some 
magnesia),  and  10  p.  c.  of  water ;  the  remaining  10  p.  c.  consisting  of  a  mixture  of 
carbonate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  soda,  insoluble  matter,  and  traces 


404      NATURAL     HISTORY      ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES. 

Castelnaudite,  DAMOUR,  (i.) 
6&  Childrenite,  LEVY,  p.  106. 
70i  A 1  u  n  i  t  e,  BEUDANT,  p.  106. 

Jarosite,  BREITHAUPT,  (2). 

71.  Herder  Me,    HAIDINGER,  p.  107. 

72.  Monacite,  BREITHAUPT,   p.  109. 

73.  C  r  y  p  t  o  H  t  er  WOHI.ER,  p.   1 10. 

74.  Z  w  i  e  s  e  1  it  e,  BREITHAUPT,  p.  112,  j(s). 

75.  Phosphocerite,  WATTS,  p.   110; 

76.  W  a  g  n  e  r  i  t  e,    FUCHS,  p.  1 10. 

77.  S  m  i  t  h  s  o  n  it  e,   Beud.,  p.  110.     Calamine. 

78.  H  e  m  i  m  o  r  p  h  i  t  e,   Kenn.,  p.    111.     Electric  Gala- 

mine. 

79.  W  i  1 1  a  m  i.  t  e,  LEVY,  p.  1 12. 

T  r  o  o  s  t  i  t  e,  SIIEPARD,    (4).. 

80.  Tr  ipl-ite,  p.  112. 

81.  Ber&elite,    KUHN,  p.  118. 

82.  F  i  e  in  i  t  e,  BERNHARDI,  (s). 

<trf  chloride  of  sodium  and  fluorine.    The  name  alludes  to  its  property  of  flying  top 
pieces,  when  heated. 

From  Mong's  Island  on.the  Musquito  coast  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  where  it  is  found 
along  with  glaubapatite,  closely  associated  with,  and  apparently  altered  by  trap. 

(1)  Oantelnaudite.    In  imperfect  xls.  and  irregular  grains.     Cleavage  in  two  direc- 
tions.   H.  above  4.     Lustre  greasy,  adamantine.     Color  greyish- white  to  pale  yel- 
low.   B.  B.,  whitens,  but  does  not  melt.     With  borax,  dissolves,  and  gives  a  colorless- 
pearl,  which  becomes  white  and  opaque  in  the  oxydating  flame.     Dissolves  with  ex^ 
treme  slowness  in  salt  of  pliosphorus,  giving  a  colorless  glass.     Soluble  in  heated, 
concentrated  sulphuric  acid  Probably  a  hydrous  phosphate  of  yttria.    From  the  dia- 
mond sands  of  Bahia,  in*  Brazil. 

(2)  Jarosite.    An  iron-alum^  found  at  Baranco  Jaroso  in  the  Sierra  Almagera, 
Spain,  which  crystallizes  irv. rhomboids  of  88°' 68'.    Color,  yellowish.    Cleavage  ba- 
sal.   Analysis  by  Scheerer ; 

Sulphuric  acid,  28'8 

Perox.  iron>         -  62  5 

Potash,        -  6-7 

Alumina,  -        1'7 

Water,         -  9-2 

(S)  ZwtesdUe.  Prismatic.  Cleavage  in  one  direction,  perfect ;  indistinct  in  ser- 
«ral  others.  Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  resinous.  Color  clove-brown.  Streak  greyish-white.  H.  =£•().  G.  =  3t>7. 
Secrepitates,  when* heated.  B.  B.,  melts  easily  into  a  blackish-blue,  magnetic  globule. 
With  fluxes,  gives  the  reaction  of  iron  and  manganese.  Soluble  in  warm  hydro- 
ohloric  acid.  When*  moistened  in:  powder,  by  strong  sulphuric  acid,  affords  hydro- 
fluoric acidi.  Analysis,  a  by  Fuchs,  b  and  c  by  Rammelsberg. 

a  b<-  e 

Phospiioric  acid,      -  -     35  60  not  determ'd.  30'33 

Protoxide  of  iron;  35-44  40-90  41-42 

Protox.  of  mang.,    -  -     20'34  24-33  35  25 

Fluorine,     -•  8-18  not  determ'd.  6'00 

Iron,  -        4-76  

Silica,     -  0'68 

Found  at  Zwiesel  near  the  Bodenmais,  Bavaria. 

(4)  Troostite.    Its  identity  with  willemite  has  not  yet  been  fully  established. 

(5)  Ficinite.     Oblique  rhombic  prs.    Cleavage  perfect  in  one  direction,  also  in  a 
second,  inclined  129°  to  the  former.    Color,  black  ;  within,  greenish  brown.     Lustre 
weak,  waxy  to   pearly.     H.=5D  . . .  5:5.     G=3'4  . ..  3'53.     Subtranslucent.     In  a 


NATURAL     HISTORY    ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECfES.      405» 


ORDER  II.     MALACHITE. 

Sp.  1.  Aurichalchite,  BOTTGER,   p.  76. 

2.  B  u  r  a  t  i  t  e,  DELESSE,  p.  76. 

3.  A  u  n  a  b  e  r  gi  t  e,  B.  and  Af.,  p.  117.     Nickel' greerr. 

4.  K  u  p  a  p  h  r  i  t  e,  Shep.,  p.  1 17.  Kupferschaitn,  WERNERV 

5.  Chrysocolla,  Jam.,  p.  1 17. 

6.  T  a  m  a  r  i  t  e,  B.  and  A/.,  p.  118.     Copper-mica,  Janv, 

7.  L  i  r  o  c  o  n  i  t  e,  Bend.,  p.   1 18. 

8.  Sym  pie  site,   BREITHAUPT,  p.   118. 

9.  Pharmacosiderite,  Haus.,   p.   119. 

10.  Texasite,  Kenn.,  p.  119.  Emerald-Nickel.  SILLIMANV 

It.  Upanite,  Jam.,  p.  119. 

12.  T  o  r  b  e  r  i  t  e,  B.  and  M.,  (i).    p.  120. 

13.  Liebigite,  SMITH,  120. 

14  A  p  h  a  n  e  s  i  t  e,  Beud.,  p.  121. 

15.  Atacamite,  BLUMENBACH,  p.  120. 

16*.  Marcylite,  SHEPARD,   (2). 

17.  Yolborthite,  ROSE,   p.  121. 

18.  C  h  H  e  i  t  e,  Kenn.    (3).      Vanadiate  lead  and  copper. 

DOMEYKO. 

glass  tube  yields  water,  without  much  change.  B.  B.,  fuses  to  a  semi-metallic  slag, 
which  is  magnetic ;  with  boras  and  salt  of  phosphorus  to  a  clear  bead,  colored  by 
iron,  which  on  cooling,  becomes  opaque.  Analysis  by  Ficinus. 

Phosphoric  acid,         -  ]  2  82' 

Sulphuric  acid,  4'07 

Protox.  iron,  -  58'85 

Protox.  mang.,     -  6-82 

Lime,  0'17 

SHica,     -  0-17 

Water,  16-87 

From  Bodenmais,  Bavaria. 

(1)  Torberite.     This  is  the  copper-uranite.    H.=2'0  . . .  2-5.   G.=^5  . ..  3-6  :   and? 
is  now  regarded  as  a  distinct  species  from  uranite. 

(2)  Marcylite..    In  flattened  reniform  masses,  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter.    Color 
black.    Fracture  even ;   dull,    H.=3.      G.=4-0  .. .  4*1.     In<  small  fragments,  fuses 
in  the  flame  of  a  candle,  tinging  it  of  a  rich  greenish-blue  color.    B.  B.  chloride  of 
copper  is  volatilized  and  spreads  over  the  support,  pure  copper  being  finally   ob- 
tained.    In  powder,  it  is  chiefly  dissolved  in  aqua  ammoniae.     Analysis,  by  the  au* 
thor.  Copper,  54-30 

Oxygen  and  chlorine,         -  36*20 

Water,  9'50 

Fmmd  in  a  red  gypseous  clay  ;  and  loose,  in  the  soil  of  the  Wachita  Mts.,  in  the- 
Red  River  country  ;  and  named  from  Capt.  Marcy,  its  discoverer. 

(3)  Chileite.    Color  dark  brown,  or  brownish-black ;  earthy,  resembling  a  ferru- 
ginous clay.   Found  in  cavities,  in  an  arseniated  pyromorpKite,  along  with  amorphous- 
cerussite  and  malachite:    B.  B.,  fuses  easily  into  a  blebby,  black  pearl.    With  salt  of 
phosphorus,  or  borax,  gives  a  clear  green  pearl  and  a  mixed  globule  of  lead,  anti- 
mony and  copper.    Soluble  in  nitric  acid.     Analysis,  by  Domeyko. 

Vanadic  acid,                                                  13*5  13-33 

Arsenic,       "      -                                                4-6  4'68 

Phosphoric "                                                       0'6  O68 

Protox.  copper,   -                                       -       14'6  16-97 

lead,        -                                       54-9  51--97 

Found  at  the  silver-mine,  called-  Jdina  Grande,  in  Chili, 


406       NATURAL     HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES. 

19.  O  1  i  v  e  n  i  t  e,  Jam.  p.  122. 

20.  S  c  o  r  o  d  i  t  e,    BREITHAUPT,  p.  122. 

21.  E  u  c  h  r  o  i  t  e,  BREITHAUPT,   p.  123. 

22.  B  r  o  c  h  a  n  i  t  e,  LEVY,  p.   123. 

23.  C  y  a  n  o  t  r  i  c  h  i  t  e,   Glock.,  p.  124.     Lettsomite. 

24.  Azurite,   Beud.,  p.   180. 

25.  Malachite,  WERNER,  p.  125. 

26.  Thrombolite,    BREITHAUPT,  p.  128. 

27.  L  i  b  e  t  h  e  n  i  t  e,  BREITHAUPT,   p.  126. 

28.  Lu  n  u  i  t  e,  BERNHARDI,   p.  126. 

29.  Conichalcite,  BREITHAUPT.  (i). 

30.  Corn  wall  i  te,  ZIPPE,  (2). 

31.  Erinite,  HAIDINGER,  p.  128. 

32.  Dioptase,  HENRY,  p.  127. 

ORDER  III.    BARYTE. 

t.  Percy  lite,   BROOKE,   p.  129. 

2.  S  el  bite,  Haid.,  p.  129 

3.  Kerate,  Haid.,  p.  129. 

4.  lodite,    Haid.,  p.  130. 

5.  Bromite,    Haid.,   p.  130. 

6.  E  m  b  o  I  i  t  e,   BREITHAUPT,  p.  130. 

7.  Coc.cinite,  Haid.,  p.  130. 

8.  Calomel,   p.   130. 

9.  Vale  n  t  in  i  t  e.  p.  131. 

10.  S  e  n  a  r  m  o  n  t  i  t  e,  Dan,    Octahedral  oxide  antimony, 

M.  H.  DE  SENARMONT. 

11.  Va  u  q  u  e  I  i  n  i  t  e,   STEFFENS,   p.  131. 

12.  L  e  h  m  a  n  n  i  te,  B.  and  M.,  p.  132.    Beresofite,  Shep. 

13.  Melanochroite,  HERMANN,   p.  132. 

14.  W  u  1  f  e  n  i  t  e,    Haid.,  p.  132. 


(1)  Conichalcite.   Reniform  and  massive.    H.=4'5.    G.=4.12.    Color,    pistachio- 
•green,  inclining   to   emerald-green.  Subtranslucent.    Brittle.    Fracture  splintery. 
Analysis,  by  Fritzsche, 

Arsenic  acid,  -     30'6S 

Phosphoric  acid,  8*81 

Vanadic  acid,        -  -         1'78 

Protox.  copper,  31'76 

Lime,         -  -                          -      21 '36 

"Water,  5'61 
From  Andalusia,  Spain. 

(2)  Cornwallite.    H.=4'5.    G.=4-166.    Amorphous.   Color,  blackish,  or  verdigris- 
green.    Analysis,  by  Lerch, 

Arsenic  acid,         -  -                      30'21 

Phosphoric  acid,          -  -                  2'16 

Protox.  copper,    -  -         54-61 

Water,                        -  -            >        /  *                13'02 
Found  with  olivenite  at  Cornwall. 


NATURAL     HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES.      407 

15.  L e  ad  h  i  1 1  i  t  e,  Beud.,  p.  133.   Sulphatotri-carb.  lead, 

BROOKE. 

16.  C  a  1  e  d  o  ii  i  t  e,    Beud.,  p.   134.     Cupreous  sulphate- 

carb.  lead,  BROOKE. 

17.  L  i  n  a  r  i  t  e,   BROOKE,  p.  134. 

18.  L  a  n  a  r  k  i  t  e,    Beud.,    p.    134.     Sulphato-carb.  lead, 

BROOKE. 

19.  A  n  g  1  e  s  i  t  e,   Beud.,  p.  135. 

20.  M  e  n  d  i  p  i  t  e,    Breit.,  p.  136. 

21.  C  o  t  u  n  n  i  t  e,    Kob.,  p.  136. 

22.  Phosgenite,  Breit.,  p.  136. 

23.  M  a  1 1  o  c  k  i  t  e,  GREGG,  p.  136. 

24.  Ce  russi  te,  Haid.,   p.  137. 

25.  S*t  o  1  z  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  138. 

26.  Pyromorphite,  Haus.,  p.  139. 

27.  M  i  m  e  t  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  140. 

28.  Hedyphane,  BREITHAUPT,   p.  140. 

29.  Cherokine,  SHEPARD,  (i). 

30.  Vanadinite,    Haid.,   p.    140. 

31.  B  I  e  i  n  e  r  i  t  e,  Nic.,  p.  140. 

32.  D  e  c  h  e  n  i  t  e,  BERGEMANN,  p.    14L 

33.  Descloizite,  DAMOUR,  (2). 

34.  Plombgomme,  p.i  141. 

35.  B  i  s  m  u  t  i  t  e,  Breit.,  p,   l4l» 

36.  S  c  h  e  e  1  i  t  e,  Leonh.,  p.  142. 


(1)  Cherokine.     In  slightly  acuminated  hexagonal  prisms,  somewhat  drusy ;  bo- 
tryoidal  and  massive.   Color,  white,  with  a  tinge  of  pink,  interiorly  ;  the  outside  be- 
ing often  greenish  or  bluish- white.    Lustre  adamantine.    Several  indistinct  cleav- 
ages parallel  to  the  prismatic  axis.     Fracture  uneven.    Translucent.    fl.=8'75  ...  4. 
G.=4-81.     Heated  in  a  tube,  affords  a  little  moisture,  becomes  milk-white  and 
opaque.    B.  B.,  becomes  yellow,  while  hot,  phosphoresces  slightly,  swells  up  and 
melts  with  effervescence  into  a  yellow  globule  (a  slight  yellow  areola,  surrounding 
the  mass) ;  on  cooling  does  not  crystallize,  but  is  perfectly  glassy,  colorless  and  semi- 
transparent.    In  powder,  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid,  does  not  tinge  the  flame  of 
the  candle  green.     With  soda,  effervesces  violently,  is  brick-red  while  hot,  yellow 
•when  cold,  affording  an  abundance  of  lead  globules  and  a  large  ring,  yellow  while 
hot  but  white  on  cooling.    Heated  with  nitrate  of  cobalt,  it  affords  the  deep  blue, 
characteristic  of  alumina.     Soluble  in  nitric  acid  without  effervescence.    It  is  chiefly 
phosphate  of  lead  ;  but  also  contains  hydrate  or  phosphate  of  alumina  (or  both)  and 
oxide  of  zinc.    It  differs  from  plombgomme  by  containing  much  less  water,  and  pos- 
sessing an  inferior  specific  gravity.     Found  in  seams  and  cavities  with  pyrites,  chal- 
copyrite,  quartz  and  staurotide  at  the  Canton  mine  in  Cherokee  Co.,  Ga. ;  and  named 
from  the  county  in  which  it  occurs. 

(2)  Descloizite.     In  right  rhombic  prisms  of  122°   6',  having  the  acute  angles 
deeply  replaced,  to  form  dihedral  summits  of  116°  25'.    H.=3-5.   G.=5'83.    Lustre 
bright.    Color  olive-green  to  black.     Lustre  bronze.    By  transmitted  light,  the  color 
approaches  red.     B.  B.,  fuses,  and  is  partially  reduced  to  a  globule  of  metallic  lead, 
enveloped  in  black  scoria.     Gives  in  the  reducing  flame  with  borax,  a  green  glass  ; 
and  with  nitre  in  the  oxydating  flame,  a  violet-color,  due  to  manganese.    With  salt 
of  phosphorus,  in  the  reduction  flame,  gives  a  chrome-green  color.  Dissolves  in  cold 
dilute   nitric  acid.    Analysis,  by  Damour :  vanadic  acid  22-46,  ox.  lead  54-70,  ox< 
zinc  2'04,  oxides  of  mang.  11'32,  sand  3'44. 

In  very  minute  xls.,  with  pyromorphite,  from  South  America. 


408     NATURAL     HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT     OP     SPECIES. 

37.  E  u  1  y  t  i  n  e,  Breit.,  (i). 

38.  R  o  m  e  i  n,  DUFRENOY,  p.  114. 

ORDER  IV.  OCHRE. 

1.  Xanthitane,  SHEPARD,  (2). 

2.  Tellurite,  NIC.,  143. 

3.  M  o  I  y  b  d  i  n  e,  L.  and  Gregg,  p.   143. 

4.  Arsenite,  Haid.,  p.  143. 

5.  B  i  s  m  u  c  o  n  e,  Shep.,  p.  143.     Bismuth-ochre. 

6.  Wolframirie,  L.  and  Gregg,  p.  144. 

7.  Cervantite,  /><m.   p.  144. 

8.  C  u  m  e  n  g  i  t  e,  Kerm.,  (s).    Hydrous  Antirnonic  acid, 

CUMENGE. 

9.  Plattnerite,   HAIDINGER.  (4). 

10.  Minium,  p.   144. 

11.  Paiiadinite,  Skep.,  p.  144 

(1)  Evlytine.   (Bisnauth4)leode).   Primary  form,  cube. 

Secondary  form.  Fig.  719. 

Also  in  twins.  Ibe  faces  1  are  striated  parallel  to  their  inter- 
sections with  tfoose  of  the  dodecahedron.  Lustre  adamantine. 
Color  brown  to  yellow  and  black.  Semi-transparent.  H.=4'5  . . . 
4>'0.  G.=5'96.  B.  B.,  on  charcoal,  melts  with  effervescence  into 
a  brown  bead,  coating  the  support  of  a  yellowish-brown  color. 
With  soda,  yields  bismuth.  In  salt  of  phosphorus,  leaves  a  skele- 
ton of  silica.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  jelly. 
Analysis,  by  Karsten : 

Silica,     -  22-23 

Oxide  of  bismuth,    -  6  9  "3  8 
Perox.  iron,         -  2'40 

Ox.  mang.,  0-80 
Phosphoric  acid,  3-3l 

Water,  fluorine  and  loss,  2*38 
Found  in  very  small,  attached  crystals  and  druses,  in  the  cobalt  veins  of  Schnee- 
\>erg,  and  at  Braunsdorf,  Saxony. 

(2)  Xantkitant.    In  hollow  crystals  with  the  form  of  sphene,  and  pulverulent. 
Color,  pale  yellowish  white,  resembling  some  varieties  of  sulphur  or  of  decomposing 
•wulfenite.    Lustre  generally  feeble,  but  in  some  instances  bright  and  resinous.   Brittle. 
H.=3'5.     G.=2'7  to  3-0.     Cleavage  indistinct.     Heated  in  a  glass  tube,  emits  mois- 
ture ;  and  B.  B.,  has  all  the  reactions  of  titanic  acid.     It  contains  1 2'5  p.  c.  of  water, 
and  consists  of  titanic  acid  with  traces  of  zirconia.     It  is  found  in  a  decomposing 
feldspar,  associated  with  zircon,  at  Green  River,  Henderson  Co.,  N.  C. ;  and  probably 
proceeds  from  the  decomposition  of  spheae. 

(3)  Cumenyite.    A  white  powder  or  crust,  occurring  with  cervantite  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Constaotine,  Algeria,      It  afforded  Cumeoge, 

Antimony,  62 

Oxygen,          -  -     17 

Water,    -  15 

Perox.  iron,  -  -         1 

Gangue,  -  3 

(4)  Plattnerite.   In  hexagonal  prisms  with  replaced  basal  edges ;   pseudomorphous 
after  pyromorphite.     Cleavage  indistinct.     G.=9'39  . ..  9'45.     Lustre  metallic  ada- 
mantine.   Color  iron-black.    Streak  brown.     Opaque.    Composition,  PbO2  2     Lead- 
bills,  Scotland,  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  many  other  places. 


41 

NATURAL     HISTORY      ARRANGEMENT     OP     SPECIES.      409 
*r 

SUB-ORDER,  ARGIL. 

Me  1  an o lite,  WURTZ,  p.  162. 

P  i  m  e  1  i  t  e,  KARSTE,  N  p.  145. 

Wad,  KARSTEN,  p.  145. 

Asbolane,  B.  and  M.t   (i). 

M  i  1  o  s  c  h  i  n,  HERDER,   p.   144. 

Wolchonskoite,  KAMMERER,  p.  145. 

Pel  okonite,  RICHTER,  (a).    Copper-black. 

Bole,  WERNER,  p.  115. 

Pinguite,  BREITHAUPT,  p.  116. 

Q,  u  i  n  c  i  t  e,  BERTHIER,  p.  147. 

Nontronite,  BERTHIER,  p.  115. 

Montmorillonite,  SALVETAT,  (s). 

G  r  o  p  p  i  t  e,  SVANBERG,  p.  149. 

Lithomarge,  p.  115. 

Meerschaum,  WERNER,  p.  162. 

S  p  a  d  a  i  t  e,  KOBELL,  p.  152. 

Pipestone,  THOMSON. 

Sap  on  ite,  p.  151. 

G  i  1  b  e  r  t  i  t  e,  THOMSON,  (4). 

P  holer  ite,  p.  114. 

D  a  m  o  u  r  i  t  e,  DELESSE,  p.  161. 

H  a  11  o  y  s  i  t  e,  BERTHIER,  p.  114. 

Kaolin,  pp.  114,187. 

L  e  n  z  i  n  i  t  e,  JOHN,  p.  114. 

K  o  1 1  y  r  i  t  e,  FRIESLEBAN,  p.  1 14. 

Scarbroite,  VERNON,  p.  115. 

ORDER  V.    PICROSMINE. 

«jP»* 

Sp.  1.  Agalmatholite,  Leonh.,  p.  146. 
2.  Dysyntribite,  SHEPARD,  p.  146. 

(1)  Asbolane.  To  the  account  on  p.  145  of  earthy  cobalt,  the  following  analysis  of 
asbolane  from  Kamsdorf,  by  Rammelsberg,  is  added : 

Protox.  mang.,  -                                       40"05 

Oxygen,     -  '.*           -         ,&                       -          9*47 

Oxide  cobalt,  .         ^*j*                                 -    19'45 

Oxide  copper,  -                                                           4"86 

Perox.  iron,    -  -                                                  -     4'56 

Barytes,    -  -                                                 0-50 

Potash,          -  -.   .     ,.  ^          -                         -       0-37 

Water,  •                                   21-23 

(2)  Pelokonite.  Supposed  to  be  a  variety  of  asbolane.    Color  liver-brown.   H.— S. 
G.=2-567. 

(3)  Montmorillonite  Rose-red,  fragile.    From  Montmorillon,  Confolens  in  Cha- 
rente,  France. 

(4)  Gilbertite.     An  altered   mica,  which  has  lost  the   alkalies,  wholly,  or  in 
part.   H.=2-75.    G.=2-648.      From  Stonagwyn,  St.  Just.,.  Cornwall.     The  vari- 
ety from  Saxony  is  supposed  by  Zschau,  to  be  derived  from  topaz. 

52 


410     NATURAL     HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES 

3.  K  e  r  o  1  i  t  e,  BREITHAUPT,  p.  146. 

4.  M  a  r  m  o  1  i  t  e,  NUTTALL,  p.  147. 

5.  Hi  singe  rite,  BERZELIUS,  p.  115. 

6.  Dermartine,  BREITHAUPT,  p.  147. 

7.  Serpentine,  p.  147. 

8.  Picrosmine,  HAIDINGER,  p.  148. 

9.  A  n  t  i  g  o  r  i  t  e,  SCHWEISSER,  p.  155. 

10.  P  i  c  r  o  1  i  t  e,  HAUSMANN,  p.  148. 

Chrysotile,  KOBELL,  p.  149. 

11.  Bastite,  HAIDINGER,  (i),  p.  199. 

12.  W  i  1 1  i  a  m  s  i  t  e,  SHEPARD,  p.  149. 

ORDER  VI.    MICA. 

i 

Section    A. 

Sp.     1.  Talc,  p.  150. 

2.  Chlorite,  p.  150.     Pennine. 

3.  Chalcodite,   SHEPARD,    152. 

4.  Graphite,  p.  373. 

5.  C  o  r  u  n  d  o  p  h  i  1  i  t  e,  SHEPARD,  p.  153. 

6.  Epichlorite,  RAMMELSBERG,  p.   154. 

7.  Brucite,  Bead.,  p.  154. 

N  e  m  a  1  i  t  e,  NUTTALL,  p.  154. 

8.  T  h  u  r  i  n  g  i  t  e,  BREITHAUPT,  (2). 


(1)  Bastite.    In  addition  to  the  properties  of  this  mineral  given  on  p.  199,  the 
following  may  be  supplied.     In  the  matrass,  yields  water.     B.  B.,  becomes  brown 
and  magnetic,  melting  only  on  the  edges  of  the  thinnest  splinters.     With  borax, 
forms  a  glass,  which  while  hot,  shows  the  color  of  iron ;   and  when  cold,  that  of 
chrome.     Completely  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid  ;    imperfectly  by  hydrochloric. 
Analyses  ;  a  and  b,  of  crystallized  bastite  from  the  Harz  by  Kohler,  c  of  compact. 

a  b  c 

Silica,  43-90  43-07  42-36 

Magnesia,  -       25'85  26-16  28'90 

Lime,  -  2-64  2'75  0'63 

Protox.iron,        -  -        1302  10-91  18-27 

mang.,  0-53  0-57  0'85 

Ox.  chrome,        -  -         2*37 

Alumina,        -  -  1-28  1'73  2'18 

*        Water,    -  -         12-43  1243  1207 

(2)  Thuringite.    Massive.     Cleavage  distinct  in  one   direction.     Lustre  pearly. 
Olive-green.     Streak  siskin-green.    H.=2-0  ...  2-2.  G.=3'151  ...  3-157.     Analysis 
by  Rammelsberg, 

Silica,              ....-<:.        ....        ^-.,-  22-41 

Perox.  iron,                                                    -            -            -  21 '94 

Protox.  iron,     -  42-60 

Magnesia,           "  &.,-•  1'16 

Water,                       '£££.  £&>f?    /  *  -^   "  "/ i  l7'40 
It  occurs  at  Saalfeld 


t    * 

NATURAL    HISTORY    ARRANGEMENT    OF    SPECIES.      411 

9.  J  e  n  k  i  n  s  i  t  e,  SHEPARD,  p.  155. 

10.  Cronstedite,  STEINMANN,  p.  155. 

Section    B. 

11.  L  e  p  i  d  o  1  i  t  e,  WERNER,  p.  156. 

12.  Mica,  p.  156. 

13.  B  i  o  t  i  t  e,  HAUSMANN,  p.  158. 

14.  P  h  1  o  g  o  p  i  t  e,  BREITHAUHT,  p.  158. 

15.  M  a  r  g  a  r  i  t  e,  FUCHS,  p.  159. 

i 

Section    C. 

16.  Lepidomelane,  SOLTMANN,  p.  159. 

17.  S  ti  Ipno  mel  an  e,  GLOCKER,  p.  159. 

18.  Pyrosmalite,  HAUSMANN,  p.  160. 

19.  C  1  1  i  n  t  o  n  i  t  e,  FITCH  and  MATHER,  p.  160, 

20.  Chi  o  r  i  t  o  i  d,  BREITHAUPT,   p.  160. 

21.  Ottrelite,  HAUI,  p.  161. 


ORDER  YII.    ZEOLITE. 

1.  S  t  i  1  b  i  t  e,  HAUY,  p.   163. 

2.  H  e  u  1  a  n  d  i  t  e,  BROOKE,  p.  163. 

3.  E  p  i  s  t  i  1  b  i  t  e,  ROSE,  p.  164. 

4.  Chabasite,  WERNER,  p.  164. 

5.  Gismondine,  MARIGNAC,  p.  165. 
6-  Edingtonite,  HAIDINGER,  p.  166. 

7.  Harmotome,  HAUY,  p.  166. 

8.  P  h  i  1  1  i  p  s  i  t  e,  LEVY,  p.  167. 

9.  A  p  o  p  h  y  1  1  i  t  e,  HAUY,  p.  167. 

10.  Comptonite,    BREWSTER,  p.  168. 

11.  Scolecite,  FUCHS,  (i),  p.  168. 


(1)  Scolecite.  The  lime-mesotype  (p.  169)  properly 
constitutes  the  species  now  called  scolecite.  Primary 
form  an  oblique  rhombic  prism.  M  on  M.=91°  36'. 

Secondary  form.    M  on/=131°  12'. 

Cleavage  parallel  to  M  perfect.  H.=5'0  ...  55.  G.=2'2 
. . .  2'3.  It  is  completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid, 
leaving  a  residue  of  oxalate  of  lime.  B.  B.,  curls  up,  and 
melts  into  a  blebby  glass. 


Fig.  720. 


AT 


» 

* 


412      NATURAL    HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT    OP    SPECIES. 

12.  Natrolite,  KLAPROTH,  (i),  p.  168. 

13.  Pectolite,  KOBELL,  (2). 

14.  Okenite,  KOBELL,  p.  170. 

15.  Laumonite,  HAUY,  p.  170. 

16.  Brewsterite,  BROOKE,  p.  171. 

17.  Datholite,  WERNER,  p.  171. 

18.  A  n  a  1  c  i  m  e,  HAUY,  p.  172. 

19.  Eudnophite,  WEIBYE,  p.  176. 

20.  F  a  u  j  a  s  i  t  e,  DAMOUR,  p.  173. 

21.  Davyne,  B.  and  M.,  p.  174.     Cancrinite,  ROSE. 

22.  Ittnerite,  GMELIN,  (s). 

23.  H  a  ii  y  ri  e,  NEERGARD,  p.  173. 

24.  Ultramarine,  p.   173. 

25.  S  o  d  a  I  i  t  e,  THOMSON,  p.  144. 

26.  N  e  p  h  e  1  i  n  e,  HAUY,  p.  174. 


(1)  Natrolite.  This  is  the  soda-mesotype,  p. 
169.  Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.  M  on 
M=9l°.  Secondary  form, 


Fig.  721. 


M  on  e  f><i 
Mon/  '  &g 
e'l  on  e'l  on/ 
e'\  on  el  - 


115°    60' 
134     30 
108     20 
143     20 


Cleavage  parallel  to  M  perfect.  B.  B.,  melts 
quietly  into  a  clear  glass.  Almost  entirely  soluble 
in  oxalic  acid.  Sometimes  a  small  portion  of  the 
soda  is  replaced  by  lime.  Natrolite  is  the  most 
usual  species. 

(2)  Pectolite.  Imperfectly  fibrous,  radiating,  greyish-white.  Lustre  pearly 
Translucent  on  the  edges  H.=4'0  . . .  5U  G.=2'74  . . .  2-75.  In  the  matrass,  yields 
water.  B.  B.,  melts  easily  into  a  white  lead.  In  powder,  is  decomposed  by  hy 
drochloric  acid,  leaving  a  flocky  residue  of  silica.  After  ignition,  forms  a  jelly  wit! 
hydrochloric  acid.  Analyses  by  Heddle,  a  from  Ratho,  6  from  Bishoptown,  c  from 
Bavaria  (variety  Osmelite). 


Silica, 
Lime, 
Soda, 
Water,  - 
Alumina, 
Perox.  iron, 
Manganese  soda, 
Potash,    - 


3'2-79 
9-75 
3-04 

0-88 


b 

62-07 
32-80 

9-60 

2 

4-20 


c 

62-91 

32-76 

6-10 

4-01 

0'86 
2'79 


Radiated  groups  of  this  mineral,  according  to  Greg,  occurs  in  Ayrshire,  havii 
the  fibres  three  feet  long.  It  is  the  stellite  of  Thomson.  It  occurs  at  Bergen  Hi 
N.  Jersey,  and  at  Isle  Royal,  Lake  Superior.  Also  at  Skye. 

(3)  Ittnerite.  Primary  form,  cube.  Secondary,  rhombic  dodecahedron.  Cleavage 
parallel  with  the  latter,  distinct.  Fracture  flat  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Translucent  on 
the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous  to  resinous.  Color  dark  bluish,  to  ash-grey.  H.=5'6 
G.=2-373  . . .  2-377.  In  the  matrass,  yields  water.  B.  B.,  melts  easily,  with  intu 
mescence  and  evolution  of  sulphurous  acid,  into  a  blebby  opaque  glass.  It  is  de 
composed  by  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid,  disengaging  hydrosulphuric  acid,  and 


. 

NATURAL    HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT     OP    SPECIES.     413 

••      ".••'*        T*  W 

27.  L  e  u  c  i  t  e,  WERNER,  p.  175. 

28.  Car  pho  lite,  WERNER,  p.  182. 

29.  P re  hnite,  WERNER,  p.  176. 

ORDER  VIII.    SPAR. 

1.  Leucophane,  ESMARK,  p.  91. 

2.  W  o  1 1  a  s  t  o  n  i  t  e,  HAUY,  p.  177. 

3.  S  c  a  p  o  1  i  t  e,  WERNER,  p.  177. 

4.  S  a  r  c  o  1  i  t  e,  THOMSON,  (i),  p.  172. 

5.  D  y  p  y  r  e,  HAUY,  p.  179. 

6.  C  h  i  a  s  t  o  1  i  t  e,  KARSTEN,  (a),  p.  223. 

7.  M  e  1  i  1  i  t  e,  CARPI,  p.  179. 

8.  E  u  d  y  a  1  i  t  e,  STROMEYER,  p.  180. 

9.  L  a  z  u  I  i  t  e,  KARSTEN,  p.  180. 

10.  Turquoise,  p.  181.     Kallaite,  FISCHER. 

11.  Periclase,  SCACCHI,  p.  181. 

(12.  Amblygonite,  BREITHAUPT,  p.  181. 
13.  Feldspar,  p.   185. 

14.  Albite,  ROSE,  p.  188. 

15.  Oligoclase,  BREITHAUPT,  p.  189. 

16.  R  y  a  c  o  I  i  t  e,  ROSE,  p.  189. 

17.  A  n  o  r  t  h  i  t  e,  ROSE,  p.  190. 

18.  Labradorite,  Beud.,  p.  191. 

forming  a  jelly  of  silica.     Boiling  water  dissolves  out  sulphate  of  lime.     Analyses, 
by  0.  Gmelin  and  Whitney : 

Silica,        -  4^;        -  -•  34-02  35-69 

Alumina,          -  *   '*  -          28-40  29-14 

Perox.  iron,  -  *      0'62 

Lime,    -  7'27  5-64 

Soda,  -      12-15  12-57 

Potash,  -  1-57  1-20 

Sulphuric  acid,      -  1-86  4'62 

Chlorine,  0-75  1'25 

Water  and  loss,    -  -  -       10'76  9-83 

Found  in  xls.  and  massive  in  basalt  on  the  Eichberg,  at  Ober-Rotwheil  on  the 
Kaiserstuhl,  in  Baden. 

(1)  Sarcolite.    Primary  form,  right  rhombic  prism.     Summits  surmounted  by  25 
planes,  one  set  of  which  are  hemihedral  (only  the  alternate  occurring).    H.=6-0. 
G.=2'54.    Fracture  conchoidal.    Semi-transparent . . .  translucent.     Lustre  vitreous. 
Color  flesh-red  to  white.    Very  brittle.    B.  B.,  fusible.    Analysis  by  Scacchi ; 

Silica,  -    42-11 

Alumina,  -  24-50 

Lime,  -      32'43 

Soda,        **i  £'  -  ^  -  2-93 

Found  among  the  debris  of  the  older  eruptions  of  Vesuvius. 

(2)  Chiastolite.  The  crystals  of  this  mineral  found  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  manifest  a 
tendency  to  an  acute  pyramidal  termination,  not  agreeable  to  any  observed  forms  of 
andalusite.  Its  constantly  preserved  lower  degree  of  hardness,  equalling  only  45  . . .  5, 
and  an  inferior  Gr.,  which  is  but  2-9,  seem  to  justify  the  separation  of  this  mineral 
from  andalusite,  with  which  species  it  has  been  associated  for  the  last  twenty  years. 


» 
414      NATURAL    HISTORY    ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPEC 

19.  Barsowite,    ROSE,  p.  190. 

20.  S  p  o  d  u  m  e  n  e,  D'ANDRADA,  p.  182. 

21.  Babin  g  to  n  i  t  e,  LEVY,  p.  183. 

22.  E  p  i  d  o  t  e,  HAUY,  p.  183. 

23.  Hornblende,  WERNER,  p.  193. 

24.  Pyroxene,  HAUY,  p.  196. 

25.  F  o  wle  r  i  t  e,  (i). 

26.  B  o  1 1  o  n  i  t  e,  SHEPARD,  p.  182. 

27.  Rhodonite,  Baud.,  p.  192. 

28.  P  e  t  a  i  i  t  e,  D'ANDRADA,  p.  193. 

29.  Nephrite,  WERNER,  p.  192. 

ORDER  IX.    GEM. 

1.  Opal,  PLINIUS,  p.  201. 

2.  P  i  t  c  h  s  t  o  n  e,   WERNER,  p.  202. 

3.  Isopyre,  HAIDINGER,  p.  202. 

4.  Kelvin,  WERNER,  p.  204. 

5.  C  h  o  n  d  r  o  d  i  t  e,  D'OHSSON,  p.  203. 

6.  Idocrase,  HAUY,  p.  205. 

7.  Garnet,  WERNER,  p.  206. 

8.  Ouarowite,  HESS,  p.  206. 

9.  Schorlomite,  SHEPARD,  p.  257. 

10.  Chrysolite,  WERNER,  p.  208. 

11.  Quartz,  p.  209. 

12.  lolite,  p.  130.     Dichroite,  CORDIER,  p.  130. 

13.  B  o  r  a  c  i  t  e,   WERNER,  p.  208. 

Rhodizite,  ROSE,  p.  218. 

14.  D  a  n  b  u  r  i  t  e,  SHEPARD,  p.  218. 


PECIES. 


(1)  Fowlerite.    Primary 

form,  doubly  oblique  prism.                              Fig.  722. 

Secondary  form. 
M  on  T 

Greg.                   Dauber.                   s^s\     x  \ 
92°  40'                 92°  22'                  l*\      \           \ 

M  on  ?„-    | 

-        93    50                  93    28£ 

\  / 

T    on  P 

110    40                111      8£ 

M  on  2 

•  >     136    20                136      8£ 

M  on  z' 

138    20                 138     11-fc 

M 

Z 

T  Z 

M   on  n    - 

148    42                 148    47 

T    on  x 

142    30                 142    39£ 

M  on  a;    - 

86    35                  85     24 

Cleavage  parallel  to  M 

and  T  nearly  equally  perfect.    The  fore-     \     ^^o      S 

going  angles  have  been  obtained  by  Greg  and  Dauber  from  xls., 
coming  from  the  Paisberg  iron-mine  in  Phillipstadt,  Sweden,  and 
•which  were  named  paisbergite  by  Igelstrom.  It  now  appears  that  they  are  iden- 
tical with  the  rhodonite  of  Przibram,  Bohemia,  the  silicate  of  manganese,  of  Cumber- 
land, R.  I.,  (see  Am.  Journ.  of  Science,  vol.  xvii,  p.  142)  and  the  fowlerite  of  Franklin 
N.  Jersey.  This  last  mineral  was  thus  designated,  thirty  years  ago,  by  Nuttall  and 
others,  in  honor  of  the  late  Dr.  Fowler,  of  Franklin.  It  is  not  certain  that  it  is 
distinct  from  rhodonite. 


NATURAL     HISTORY    A  R  R  A  N  G  E  M  £  N  T   O  F    SPECIES.      415 

15.  A  x  i  n  i  t  e,  HAUY,  p.  239. 

16.  Tourmaline,  WERNER,  p.  219. 

17.  Staurotide,  HAUY,  p.  22. 

18.  A  n  d  a  1  u  s  i  t  e,  LAMETHERIE,  p.  223. 

19.  Kyanite,  p.  224. 

20.  F  i  b  r  o  1  i  te,  BOURNON,  p.  225. 

21.  Zircon,  WERNER,  p.  226. 

22.  P  h  e  n  a  c  i  t  e,  NORDENSKIOLD,  p.  228. 

23.  D  i  a  s  p  o  r  e,  HAUY,  p.  228. 

24.  E  u  c  1  a  s  e,  HAUY,  p.  223. 

25.  Beryl,  WERNER,  p.  229. 

26.  C  h  r  y  s  o  b  e  r  y  1,  WERNER,  p.  231. 

27.  Topaz,  WERNER,  p.  232. 

28.  Spinel,  WERNER,  p.  239. 

29.  A  u  t  o  m  a  1  i  t  e,  ECKEBERG,  (i). 


(1)  Automalite.     Primary  form,  cube. 
Secondary  forms. 

Fig.  723.  Fig.  724. 


Fig.  725. 


Surface  b,  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  a, 

Cleavage,  cubic,  (distinct),  and  octahedral.  Color  dark  leek-green,  to  greyish- 
black.  H,=7-5...80.  G.=4-23  .  .  .  4-9.  B.B.,  infusible.  In  powder,  with  soda, 
on  charcoal,  in  the  inner  flame,  deposits  a  sublimate  of  zinc.  In  powder,  fuses  with 
bisulphate  of  potash,  into  a  mass  which  is  completely  soluble  in  water.  Analysis, 
a  from  Fahlun,  6  from  the  U.  States  by  Abich,  c  from  Bodenmais  by  Kobell  : 

a  b 

Alumina,  -         55-14 

Perox.  iron,  -      5'85 

Oxide  zinc,       -  30'02 

Protox.  iron, 

Magnesia,        -  5'25 

Protox.  mang.,      -  -     traces. 

Silica  (from  the  mortar),  3-84 

The  dysluite  has  G.=4-65,  and  contains, 


57-00 
- 
34'80 
5'55 
2'22 
traces. 
1-22 


c 

49'62 
9-60 
26"67 
7'99 
3'40 
1'44 


Alumina, 
Perox.  iron, 
Protox.  "      - 
Oxide  zinc, 
Protox.  mang.. 


-  30-49 
27-97 

-  12-55 
16-80 

7-60 


Very  perfect  xls.  of  automalite  occur  in  the  Canton-mine  in  Cherokee  Co.,  Ga., 
associated  with  chalcopyrite,  galena,  hitchcockite  and  staurotide  :  also  at  Haddam, 
Conn.,  along  with  chrysoberyl,  beryl,  zircon  and  bismuthine. 


416      NATURAL     HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT     OF'sPKCIES. 

30.  Corundum,  WERNER,  p.  235. 

31.  Diamond,  p.  237. 

ORDER  X.    ORE. 

Section  A. 

1.  Cuprite,  Haid.,  p.  241. 

2.  Chalcotrichite,  GLOCKER,  p.  241. 

3.  Z  i  n  c  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  242. 

4.  Thorite,  Beud.,  p.  242. 

O  r  a  n  g  i  t  e,  KRANTZ,  p.  243. 

5.  Warwickite,   SHEPARD,  p.  243. 

6.  P  e  r  o  f  s  k  i  t  e,   ROSE,  p.  243,  (i). 

7.  T  r  i  t  o  m  i  t  e,  WEIBYE,  p.  244. 

8.  C  e  r  i  t  e,   BERZELIUS,  p.  244. 

9.  S  p  h  e  n  e,  p.  245. 

10.  Keilhauite,  ERDMANN,  p.  286. 

11.  W  o  h  1  e  r  i  t  e,  SCHEERER,  p.  247. 

12.  Pyrochlore,  WOHLER,  p.  248. 

13.  M  i  c  r  o  1  i  t  e,  SHEPARD,  p.  248. 

14.  L  i  e  v  r  i  t  e,  WERNER,  p.  249. 

15.  T  s  c  h  e  ff  k  i  n  i  t  e,  ROSE,  p.  249. 

16.  Al  Unite,  THOMSON,  p.  250. 

17.  G  a  d  o  1  i  n  i  t  e,  EKEBERG,  p.  252. 

18.  P  y  r  o  m  e  1  a  n  e,  SHEPARD,  p.  253. 

19.  A  n  a  t  a  s  e,  HAUY,  p.  253. 

20.  B  r  o  o  k  i  t  e,  LEVY,  p.  254. 

21.  R  u  t  i  1  e,  WERNER,  p.  255. 

22.  P  ol  y  m  i  g  n  i  t  e,  BERZELIUS,  p.  256. 

23.  E  u  x  e  n  i  t  e,  SCHEERER,  p.  256. 

Section   B. 

24.  Mengite,  ROSE,  p.  257. 

25.  Y 1 1  r  o  t  a  n  t  a  I  i  t  e,  EKEBERG,  p.  258. 

26.  ^Eschynite,  BERZELIUS,  p.  258. 

27.  Samarskite,  ROSE,  p.  259. 

28.  Rutherfordi  te,  SHEPARD,  p.  260. 

29.  Polycrase,  SCHEERER,  p.  261. 

30.  Columbite,  p.  261. 

31.  Tantalite,  p.  262. 

32.  C  a  s  s  i  t  e  r  i  t  e,  Beud.,  p.  263. 

33.  Wolfram,  p.  264. 

34.  P  e  c  h  u  r  a  n,  p.  265. 

(1)  Perofskite.    This  rare  mineral  is  also  found  in  the  valley  of  Zermatt,  Switzer- 
land.   Color  pale  yellow  to  brown.     G.  =  4'03.    H.  =  5'5. 


NATURAL     HISTORY    ARRANGEMENT     OF    SPECIES.     417 

Section  C. 

35.  C  h  r  o  m  i  t  e,  Plaid.,  p.  267. 

36.  1 1  m  e  n  i  t  e.  Kup.,  p.  267. 

37.  I  r  i  t  c,   HERMANN,  p.  269. 

38.  I  s  e  r  i  n  e,  WERNER,  p.  269. 

39.  Magnetite,  Haid.,  p.  270. 

40.  D  i  m  ag  ne  t  i  t  e,  SHEPARD,  p.  271. 

41.  Hematite,  p.  271. 

42.  M  a  r  t  i  t  e,  BREITHAUPT,  p.  275. 

43.  F  r  a  n  k  1  i  n  i  t  e,  BERTHIER,  p.  275. 

S  e  c  t  i  o  n  D. 

44.  Turgite,  HERMANN,  p.  276. 

45.  G  6  t  h  i  t  e,  Bcud.,  p.  277.    Pyrrhosiderite,  ULLMANN. 

46.  Stilpnosiderite,  ULLMANN,  p.  278. 

Section  E. 

47.  P  y  r  o  1  u  s  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  279. 

48.  M  a  n  g  a  n  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  280. 

49.  C  red  ne  rite,  Ram.,  p.  282. 

50.  H  a  u  s  m  a  n  n  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  282: 

51.  P  s  i  1  o  m  e  1  a  n  e,  Haid.,  p.  283. 

52.  B  r  a  u  n  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  283. 

53.  P  o  1  i  a  n  i  t  e,  BREITHAUPT,  p.  284. 

ORDER  XL    METAL. 

1.  Mercury,  p.  289. 

2.  Lead,  p.  287. 

3.  S  y  1  v  a  n  i  t  e,  p.  289. 

4.  N  a  g  y  a  g  i  t  e,  p.  290. 

5.  Tetradymite,  p.  291. 

6.  Tellurium,  (i). 

7.  Bismuth,  p.  291. 

8.  Schapbachite,  Kenn.,  p.  292. 

9.  Petzite,  Haid.,  p.  292. 

10.  Copper,  p.  293. 

11.  Silver,  p.  299. 

12.  Amalgam,  p.  295. 

13.  Gold,  p.  246. 

14.  Antimony,  p.  298. 

(1)  Tellurium.  Primary  form,  rhomboid.  Secondary,  double  pix-sided  pyramids 
with  summits  truncated,  and  inclined  to  pyramidal  planes  under  122°  24'.  Cleavage 
parallel  with  edges  of  the  base  of  the  pyramid,  distinct,  but  with  the  terminal  planes, 
indistinct.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Tin -white.  E.=20...25.  G.=61...6'3. 
B.  B.,  melts,  and  is  dissipated  in  a  dense  smoke  with  a  greenish  flame.  Solution  in 
sulphuric  acid  is  red.  Analysis,  by  Petz,  tellurium  97'21,  gold  2-79.  In  sandstone 
with  gold  and  pyrites  at  Facebay  in  Transylvania. 

53 


418      NATURAL     HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES. 

>5.  A 1 1  e  m  o  n  t  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  299. 

16.  Arsenic,  p.  300. 

17.  Altai  te,  Haid.,  p.  300. 

18.  D  i  s  c  r  a  s  i  t  e,  Frob.,  p.  300. 

19.  Iron,  p.  301. 

20.  P  1  a  t  i  n  u  m,  p.  302. 

21.  Palladium,  p.  303. 

22.  I  r  i  d  o  s  m  i  n  e,  p.  303. 

23.  S  v  a  n  b  e  r  g  i  t  e,    Shep.     (Platiniridium,   HAUSMANN, 

p.  213). 

ORDER  XII.    PYRITES. 

• 

1.  B  o  r  n  i  t  e,   Haid.,  p.  305. 

2.  C  h  a  1  c  o  p  y  r  i  t  e.  Bend.,  p.  306. 
•  3.  Millerite,   Haid.,  p.  307. 

4.  N  i  c  o  p  y  r  i  t  e,  Shep, ,  p.  307. 

5.  D  o  m  e  y  k  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  308. 

6.  S  t  a  n  n  i  t  e,  Beud.,  p.  308. 

7.  P  y  r  r  h  o  t  i  n  e,  Breit.,  p.  309. 

8.  Griinauite,  NIC.,  p.  309. 

9.  Mi  spickel,  p.  310. 

10.  Chat  ha  mite,  SHEPARD,   p.  311. 

11.  Gersdorff  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  312. 

12.  Ch  loanthite,  Breit.,  p.  313. 

13.  Rarnmelsbergite,   Dan.,  p.  313. 

14.  Placodine,  BREITHAUPT,   p.  313. 

15.  U  1  1  m  a  n  n  i  t  e,  FROBKL,  p.  314. 

16.  L  i  n  ti  ae  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  3 15. 

17.  C  o  b  a  1 1  i  n  e,  Btud.,  p.  315. 

18.  Smaltine,  Beud.,  p.  317. 

19.  Safflorite,  Haid.,  p.  318. 

20.  Leucopyrite,  Shep.,  p.  319. 

21.  Breithauptite,  Haid.,  p.  319. 

22.  S  k  u  1 1  e  r  u  d  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  320. 

23.  N  i  c  k  e  1  i  n,  Haid.,  p.  320. 

24.  Marcasite,  Haid.,  p.  321. 

25.  Pyrites,  Haid.,  p.  323. 

ORDER  XIII.   GLANCE. 

1.  Sternbergite,  Haid.,  p.  327. 

2.  Molybdenite,  Shep.,  327. 

3.  Cove  Mine,  Beud.,  p.  328. 

4.  A  n  t  i  m  o  n  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  328. 

5.  E  u  c  a  i  r  i  t  e,  BERZELIUS,  p.  329. 

6.  Berzeline,  Beud.,  p.  330. 


NATURAL     HISTORY     ARRANGEMENT     OP     SPECIES.       419 

7.  Naumannite,  Haid.,  p.  330. 

R  i  o  1  i  t  e,  FROBEL,  p.  330. 

O  n  o  f  r  i  t  e,  Haid^  p.  330. 
S.  A  r  g  e  n  t  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  331. 
9.  A  k  a  n  t  h  i  t  e,  KENNGOTT,  331. 

10.  P  o  1  y  b  a  s  i  t  e,  ROSE,  p.  332. 

11.  Clausthalite,  Haid.,  p.  332. 

Lehrbachite,  B.  and  Mil.,  p.  333. 

12.  Jamesonite,   HAIDINGER,  p.  333. 

13.  P  1  a  g  i  o  n  i  t  e,   ROSE,  p.  334. 

14.  F  r  i  e  s  I  e  b  e  n  i  t  e,  HAIDINGER,  p.  334. 

15.  Z  i  n  k  e  n  i  t  e,  ROSE,  p.  335. 

16.  S  t  e  p  h  a  n  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  336. 

17.  Kobellite,  SATTERBERG,  p.  336. 

18.  B  i  s  m  u  t  h  i  n  e,  Bend.,  p.  337. 

19.  Aikinite,  Chap.,  p.  337. 

20.  B  e  r  t  h  i  e  r  i  t  e.  HAIDINGER,  p.  338. 

21.  Geocrinite,  SVANBERG,  p.  338. 

22.  P  1  u  m  o  s  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  334. 

23.  B  o  u  i  a  n  g  e  r  i  t  e,  THAULOW,  p.  339. 

24.  D  u  f  r  e  n  o  y  s  i  t  e,  D  AMOUR,  p.  340. 

25.  Galena,  p.  341. 

26.  H  e  s  s  i  t  e,  FROBEL,  p.  342. 

27.  R  e  d  r  u  t  h  i  t  e,  NICOL,  p.  342. 

28.  Harrisite,  SHEPARD,  p.  344. 

29.  B  o  u  r  n  o  n  i  t  e,  PHILLIPS,  p.  344. 

30.  S  t  r  o  m  e  y  e  r  i  t  e,  Haid.,  p.  345. 

31.  Wolchite,  Haid.,  346. 

32.  Wolfsbergite,  Nic.,  p.  346. 

33.  Tetrahedrite,  Haid.,  p.  347. 

34.  T  e  n  n  a  u  t  i  t  e,  PHILLIPS,  p.  348. 

ORDER  XIV.  BLENDE. 

1.  O  r  p  i  m  e  n  t,  p.  351. 

2.  Realgar,  p.  351. 

3.  F  i  r  e  b  I  e  n  d  e,  BRKITHAUPT,  p.  353. 

4.  K  e  r  m  e  s  i  t  e,  p.  353. 

5.  Pyrargyrite,  GLOCKER,  p.  353. 

6.  P  r  o  u  s  t  i  t  e,  Beud.,  p.  355. 

7.  X  a  n  t  h  o  c  o  n  e,   BREITHAUPT,  p.  356. 

8.  Miargyrite,  ROSE,  p.  356. 

9.  O  i  n  n  a  b  a  r,  p.  357. 

10.  G  r  e  e  n  o  c  k  i  t  e,  BROOKE  and  CONNELL,   p.  358. 

11.  M  a  n  g  a  n  b  I  e  n  d  e,  Breit.,  p.  359. 

12.  H  a  u  e  r  i  t  e,  HAUSMANN,  p.  359. 

13.  Blende,  p.  360. 


420     NATURAL     HISTORY      ARRANGEMENT     OF     SPECIES 

CLASS    III. 

ORDER  I.   SULPHUR. 

1.  Sulphur,  p.  362. 

2.  Selenium,  DEL  Rio,  363. 

3.  Sulphoselenite,  Shep.,  p.  363. 

ORDER  II.    RESIN. 

1.  Bitumen,  p.  364. 

2.  Scheererite,  STROMEYER,  p.  364. 

3.  Elaterite,  HAUSMANN,  p.  365. 

4.  Hatchettine,  CONYBEARE,  p.  369. 

5.  H  a  r  t  i  t  e,  HAIDINGER,  p.  365. 

6.  I  d  r  i  a  1  i  t-e,  SCHROTTER,  p.  366. 

7.  Guyaquillite,  JOHNSTON,  p.  367. 

8.  R  e  t  i  n  i  t  e,  LEONHARD,  p.  367. 

9.  A  s  p  h  a  1 1  u  m,  p.  368. 

10.  C  opaline,  p.  368. 

11.  Amber,  p.  369. 

12.  M  e  1 1  i  t  e,  HAUY,  p.  369. 

ORDER  III.    COAL. 
1.  C  o  a  1,  p.  372.  (i). 

(1)  Coal.  The  coal  raised  from  the  mines  of  Great  Britain  in  1855,  amounted  to 
64,453,070  tons,  which  was  207,331  less  than  during  the  previous  year.  The  value, 
estimated  at  ten  shillings  per  ton  (at  pit's  mouth)  was  £32,222,000. 

The  coal  raised  the  present  year  from  the  mines  of  Illinois,  though  but  recently 
opened,  is  estimated  to  reach  362,000  tons. 


APPENDIX. 


ALLOPHANE.— Found  at  Morgantown,  Berks  Co.,  Pa. 

ALMAGERITE. — Anhydrous  Sulphate  of  Zinc,  Brett.  Found  in  xls.  isomor- 
phous  with  anglesite  and  barytes,  at  the  mine  of  Baranco  Jaroso  in  the  Sierra 
Almagrera,  Spain.  G.=4-33. 

ALVITE.— Forbes  and  Dahll.  Xls.  like  zircon.  H.— 5-5.  G.— 3-60.  Color 
red-brown ;  by  weathering  ;  changes  to  grey.  Lustre  greasy.  Translucent  on 
the  edges,  to  opaque.  Fracture  splintery.  B.  B.,  infusible,  but  losing  the 
reddish  color.  With  borax,  affords  a  glass,  which  is  greenish-yellow  while 
hot,  and  colorless  when  cold  :  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  a  yellow  glass,  to  green, 
and  finally  colorless  on  cooling.  An  analysis,  on  a  very  small  quantity  and 
somewhat  altered,  gave : 

Silica,  20-33 

Alumina  and  glucina,     -  14vll 

Zirconia,      -  3-92 

Perox.  iron,        -  9-66 

Oxide  cerium,  0-27 

Yttria,  22-01 

Thorina?     -  15-13 

Lime,  0-40 

Copper  and  tin,  -                                                traces. 

Water,  9-32 

97-24 

Found  at  Helle  and  Naresto  in  Norway. 

AMMTOLITE — Dana.  Antimonite  of  Mercury,  Domeyko.  A  red  powder, 
found  in  the  quicksilver  mines  of  Chili ;  also  proceeding  from  the  decomposition 
of  tetrahedrite,  at  Silberg,  Westphalia :  named  from  appiov  vermilion.  Ac- 
cording to  Domeyko,  consists  of 

Antimonious  acid,  12-5 

Protox.  mercury,        -  14-0 

Perox.  iron,  22-3 

Silica,  -        26-5 

Water  and  loss,    -  24-7 

100- 

ANTHOSIDERITE. — Hausmann.  In  yellow  fibrous  or  feathery  tufts  upon 
magnetite,  from  the  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil.  H.=6-5.  G.=3-6.  Opaque,  or 
slightly  translucent.  Gives  sparks  with  the  steel.  Tough.  B.  B.,  becomes 
red-brown,  then  black,  and  finally  fuses  to  a  black  magnetic  slag.  Dissolves 
in  hydrochloric  acid.  Analysis,  by  Schnedermann : 

Silica,  -       60-40 

Perox.  iron,  34-99 

Water,  3-59 

98-66 

. — In  thin  inequiangular  6-sided  prs.   Contains  oxide  of 
antimony.    Locality  unknown. 


422  APPENDIX. 

APHROSIDERITE.     See  Chlorite. 

ARJEOXENE. — Kobell.  Imperfectly  crystalline,  with  an  indistinct  fibrous 
structure.  H.=3.  Deep  red  to  brownish.  Streak  pale  yellowish.  B.  B., 
fuses  with  intumescence,  yielding  an  arsenical  odor,  and  a  globule  of  lead. 
With  borax,  gives  in  the  reduction  flame,  a  bright  green  glass  ;  in  the  oxida- 
tion flame,  a  light  olive-green,  becoming  clear  yellow,  and  pale  green,  when 
cold.  Easily  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  ;  the  liquid  first  yellow,  then 
brown,  and  after  giving  out  chlorine,  emerald-green.  On  adding  alcohol,  heat- 
ing and  pouring  off  the  solution  from  the  chloride  of  lead,  it  is  still  green ;  but 
after  concentration  by  a  vapor-bath,  and  dilution,  it  takes  a  fine  sky-blue  color: 
in  which  respect,  it  is  like  other  vanadium  compounds.  According  to  Kobell, 
it  contains  487  oxide  of  lead  and  16*32  of  zinc,  with  vanadic  acid.  From  Dahn 
in  the  Palatinate. 

ARSENOMELAN. — Waltershausen.  Longitudinally  striated  prs. ;  tin-white, 
lead-grey  and  iron-black.  Found  with  dufrenoysite.  Composition,  same  as 
zinkenite,  with  the  substitution  of  arsenic  for  antimony. 

ARSENPHYLLITE. — Breithaupt.  Has  the  composition  of  arsenite,  but  oc- 
curs under  the  form  of  a  right  rhombic  prism.  It  is  therefore  to  be  regarded 
as  a  distinct  species. 

ASTROPHYLLITE. — Schecrer.  A  mineral  closely  related  to  mica,  found  in 
large  and  very  distinct  6-sided  prisms,  from  an  oblique  rhombic  prism,  of  about 
120°.  The  xls.  generally  elongated  in  the  direction  of  the  clinodiagonal. 
Color  gold-yellow,  bronze  to  black.  Lamina;  only  slightly  elastic.  It  con- 
tains the  usual  constituents  of  mica,  with  about  3  p.  c.  of  water.  Found  at 
Brevig,  Norway. 

ATELESITE. — Breithaupt.  Xls.  oblique  rhombic  prisms.  Color,  sulphur- 
yellow.  Lustre  adamantine.  It  contains  bismuth ;  and  occurs  with  eulytine 
at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony. 

BALLESTEROSITE.  Pyrites  in  cubes,  containing  traces  of  zinc  and  tin. 
Found  in  Galicia. 

BAMLITE. — Erdmann.  Resembles  kyanite.  Columnar,  somewhat  plu- 
mose. Cleavage  only  in  one  direction.  H.=5*0  ...  7.  G.=2-98.  Greenish- 
white,  or  bluish.  Analysis  by  Erdmann ;  silica  56'9,  alumina  4073,  perox. 
iron  1*04,  lime  1'04.  Found  at  Bamle,  Norway. 

BAROLITE.  Massive;  cellular.  H.=  4.  Greenish-black.  Opaque.  Lus- 
tre glimmering.  Streak  greyish  green.  B.  B.,  infusible.  Soluble  in  hydro- 
chloric acid.  In  a  tube  yields  water,  and  becomes  brownish.  Contains  the 
usual  ingredients  of  argillite,  which  it  seems  to  be.  Found  at  Barolon,  Cote 
du  Nord,  France. 

BERAUNITE. — Breithaupt.  Found  in  limonite  near  Beraun,  Bohemia,  and 
near  Kertsh,  Crimea.  Supposed  to  be  an  altered  vivianite. 

BERGMANJVITE. — Decomposed,  or  altered  nepheline. 

BINNITE. — Heusser.  In  prismatic  xls.  striated  lengthwise.  Primary,  right 
rhombic  prism.  Color  steel-grey  to  black.  Streak  a  darker  red  than  that  of 
dufrenoysite,  with  which  it  occurs,  in  the  dolomite  of  Binnen.  Brittle.  Frac- 
ture conchoidal. 

NicKEL-BouRNONiTE. — Rammelsberg.  G.=  552  ...  5-59.  It  contains 
about  5  p.  c.  of  nickel  and  cobalt,  and  rather  less  lead  and  copper  than  belong 
to  bournonite.  Rammelsberg  considers  the  nickel-bournonite  a  compound  of 
ullmannite  and  bournonite. 

BRAGFTE. — Forbes  and  Ddhll.  In  indistinct  xls.  contained  in  feldspar,  from 
near  Helle,  Naresto,  Alve  land  Askro,  in  Norway.  Fracture  uneven.  H.= 
6-0  ...  6-5.  G.=5-13 5-36.  Color  brown.  Streak  yellowish-brown.  Lus- 
tre semi-metallic.  Translucent  in  thin  splinters.  Decrepitates  strongly,  and 
loses  water.  B.  B.,  infusible ;  but  becomes  yellow.  With  borax,  affords  a 
glass  which  is  brownish-yellow  while  hot,  but  green,  or  greenish-yellow  when 
cold.  In  salt  of  phosphorus,  it  yields  a  skeleton  of  silica. 


APPENDIX.  423 

CARMTNITE, — Carminspath,  Sandberger.  Globular,  with  a  columnar  struc- 
ture, and  in  tufts  of  fine  xls.  Cleavage  parallel  to  the  faces  of  a  rhombic 
prism.  H.=2-5.  Lustre  vitreous :  on  the  cleavage  pearly.  Powder  reddish- 
yellow.  Translucent.  Brittle.  B.  B.,  fuses  to  a  steel-grey  globule,  giving 
arsenical  vapors.  With  soda,  it  yields  a  globule  of  lead  ;  and  with  borax,  the 
reaction  of  iron.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid.  Supposed  to  be,  an  arsenate  of  lead 
and  iron.  From  Horhausen  in  Saxony,  where  it  is  found  with  beudantite. 

CAROLATHINE. — Sonnenschein.  Massive,  or  in  rounded  balls.  Honey-,  to 
wine-yellow.  Subtranslucent.  H.=2-5.  G.=l-51.  Fracture  conchoidal. 

CARPHOSTILBITE. — Massive,  columnar,  straw-yellow.  H.=1'0 . . .  2-5.  G.= 
2*36.  An  altered  comptonite.  From  Bernfiord,  Iceland. 

CHAMOISITE. — Berthier.  Supposed  to  be  a  mixture  of  magnetite,  argillite 
and  limestone.  Found  in  small  deposits,  or  beds,  in  a  limestone  abounding 
with  ammonites  at  Chamoisin  in  the  Valais. 

CHLOROPAL.— Bernhardi.  Compact,  earthy.  H.— 2-0...  3-0.  G.=l-72  ... 
1-87  (the  earthy),  2-10  (a  conchoidal  variety).  Color  yellowish-green.  Opaque 
to  sub-translucent.  Fragile.  Fracture  sub-conchoidal.  A  hydrous  silicate  of 
perox.  iron.  Composition, 

Compact.  Earthy. 

Silica,        -  -      46-00  45-00 

Protox.  iron,    -  33-00  32-00 

Alumina,    -  -        1-00  075 

Magnesia,        -  -  2-00  2-00 

Water,       -  -      18-00  20-00 

From  Hungary. 

CHLOROPHANERITE. — Jenzsch.  Resembles  chlorophseite,  or  chlorite. 
Color  blackish-green.  Streak  dirty  apple-green.  Soft.  G.=2-68.  B.  B., 
melts  to  a  magnetic  glass.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  with  separa- 
tion of  silica.  Partial  analysis  by  Jenzsch,  gave,  silica  59'4,  protox.  iron  12-3, 
water  5-7 ;  the  alumina,  magnesia,  lime  and  potash  being  undetermined. 
Found  in  the  amygdaloid  of  Weissig. 

CONNELLITE. — Connel.  In  hexagonal  prisms,  with  truncated  edges.  Lus- 
tre vitreous.  Color  blue.  Translucent.  Composition,  believed  to  be  a 
compound  of  sulphate  and  chloride  of  copper.  Found  with  other  copper- 
ores  at  Cornwall,  England. 

CYCLOPITE. — Walter sJuiusen.  Small  xls.  (found  in  dolerite  near  Catania), 
like  anorthite.  H.=6-0.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  white.  Transparent  Analy- 
sis, by  Waltershausen. 

Silica,         -        t  -.-:...         -        >'*to    v\>  t*      41-45 
Alumina,  -     29-83 

Protox.  iron,  2-20 

Lime,     -  -  20-83 

Magnesia,        -  -       0-66 

Soda,  2-32 

Potash,  -       1-72 

Water,       -  1-91 

100-92 

CYANOCHROME. — Scacchi.  Clear  blue  xls.  obtained  by  dissolving  (and 
evaporating  the  solution  obtained  from)  the  crust  of  lava  from  Vesuvius  (erup- 
tion of  1855).  Xls.  oblique  rhombic  prs.  Composition,  a  sulphate  of  potash 
and  copper. 

DELANOVITE. — Kenngott.      Reddish    and  amorphous.      H.=l-0  .  . .   1-5. 
Fracture  splintery  to  earthy.     Adheres  to  the  tongue.     Streak  reddish,  a  little 
shining.  B.  B.,  infusible.    Analysis,  by  Hauer; — Silica  50-55,  Alumina  19-15, 
Lime  0-63,  Protox.  mang.  4-40,  Water  24-05=98-78. 
/From  the  department  of  Dordogne,  France.   Related  to  montromorillonite. 


424  APPENDIX. 

DELESSITE.— JVatwwmn.  Eisenchlorit  Massive :  scaly,  or  fibrous.  H.=2-5. 
G.=2-89.  Olive  to  blackish-green.  B.  B.,  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges. 
Easily  soluble  in  acids,  depositing  silica.  Heated  in  a  glass  tube,  affords  wa- 
ter, and  turns  brown.  Analysis,  by  Dele 


Silica,        -  29-45 

Alumina,  18-25 

Perox.  iron,  8-17 

Protox.  iron,  -                                                         15-12 

Magnesia,  15-32 

Lime,  -                               0-45 

Water, 12-57 


99-33 

Related  to  the  grengesite,  p.  157. 

DIALLAGE. — Cleavage  in  two  directions,  making  right  angles  with  each 
other ;  the  one  perfect,  the  other  less  so  ;  whence  the  name  from  6taxxoy^,  differ- 
ence. Color  various  shades  of  green,  to  grey  and  brown.  Streak  white.  H.=4-0. 
G.=3-2  . . .  3-3.  Fracture  uneven  to  splintery.  Opaque :  in  very  thin  scales, 
translucent.  B.  B.,  melts  readily  into  a  grey  and  green  enamel.  It  is  not  at- 
tacked by  acids.  Analysis;  a  from  the  Baste,  b  from  Salzburg,  c  from  Prato  in 
Tuscany,  all  by  Kbhler ;  d  from  Traunstein,  e  from  Piedmont,  both  by  Reg- 
nault: 

Silica,      -  -     52-89  51-34  5320  51-25  50-05 

Alumina,        -  2-70  4-39  2-47  3-98  2-58 

Magnesia,  -      17-68  35-69  14-91  22-88  17-24 

Lime,  17-40  18-28  14-09  11-18  15-63 

Protox.  iron,  ?   Q  ,,  QOQ  8-67  6-75  11-98 

Perox.  iron,  \  8  0-38 

Water,     -  1-06  2-11  1-77  3-32  2-13 

A  variety  of  diallage  found  in  the  Harzburg  Forest  and  in  the  gneiss  of  the 
Guadarrama  mts.  in  Spain,  has  a  brass-yellowish  color,  a  greenish-grey  streak 
and  a  H.=3-5 . . .  4-0,  with  a  G.=3-05.  It  has  received  the  name  of  diaclasite. 
According  to  Kohler,  it  consists  of  silica  53*74,  magnesia  25-09,  alumina 
1-34,  lime  4-73,  protox.  iron,  1 1-51,  protox.  mang.  0-23,  water  3-76. 

EMPLEKTITE,  Kenngolt.     See  Tannerite. 

DYSODILE,  (Dusodile). — Cordier.  Houille  papyracee,  Lucas.  In  laminated 
masses  of  a  yellowish  grey  color.  Very  fragile  ;  gives  out  an  argillaceous 
odor  when  breathed  upon.  G.=l-146.  Macerated  in  water,  it  becomes  trans- 
lucent, and  its  laminse  acquire  flexibility.  It  burns  with  much  flame  and 
smoke,  and  an  almost  insupportably  fetid  odor,  leaving  a  residue  of  almost 
half  its  weight,  unaltered  in  form.  Found  at  Meliti,  near  Syracuse  in  Sicily, 
in  a  bed  of  secondary  limestone. 

EHRENBERGITE. — Noggenrath.  Amorphous.  Pale  rose-red.  Contains,  ac- 
cording to  Bischof ; 

Silica,        ....        64-54  56-77 

Alumina,  6-04  15-77 

Perox.  iron,  4-56  1-65 

Protox.  mang.,  4-61  0-80 

Lime,  3-96  2-76 

Magnesia,        -  0-41  1-30 

Potash  and  soda,  -                                    8-11  3-78 

Water,  7-77  17-11 

Found  in  trachyte,  at  Steinbruch. 


APPENDIX.  425 

. — Iron-ndtrolite.  In  prismatic  xls.,  and  in  crystalline 
plates.  Color  dull  green.  Opaque.  H.=5-0.  G.=2-35.  Supposed  to  be 
natrolite,  in  which  ^th  of  the  alumina  is  replaced  by  peroxide  of  iron.  Analy- 
sis by  Bergemann:  silica  46-54,  alumina  18-94,  perox.  iron  7-49,  soda  14-04, 
protox.  iron  2-40,  water  14-04.  Found  at  Brevig,  Norway. 

ENSTATITE. — Kenngott.  In  prisms,  resembling  pyroxene  or  scapolite  :  an- 
gle 87°.  Cleavage  parallel  to  M,  with  a  pearly  lustre.  H.=5-5.  G.=3-10. 
Greyish  or  yellowish.  B.  B.,  infusible, — from  which  property,  it  is  named. 
Analysis,  by  Hauer:  silica  56-91,  alumina  2-50,  protox.  iron  2*76,  magnesia 
35-44,  water  1-92. 

EPHESITE. — Smith.  Lamellar.  Cleavage  difficult.  H.  above  5-5.  G.= 
3-15  . . .  3-2.  Color  pearly  white.  Analysis,  by  Smitli :  silica  31-54,  alumina 
57-89,  lime  1-89,  protox.  iron,  1-34,  soda  and  potash  4-41,  water  3-12.  Found 
on  magnetite,  at  the  Emery  locality  of  Gurnuch-dagh,  near  Ephesus.  Related 
to  margarite. 

EPIGLAUBITE. — Shepard.  In  small,  interlaced  groups  of  minute  xls.  Col- 
orless, and  semi-transparent.  Lustre  vitreous.  H.— -2-5.  Yields  abundance 
of  water,  when  heated  in  a  closed  tube.  Insoluble  in  water,  until  after  addi- 
tion of  hydrochloric  acid  ;  when  it  disappears  without  effervescence.  Melts 
easily  into  a  semi-transparent,  colorless  glass,  tinging  the  flame  green.  It  is 
chiefly  a  hydrated  phosphate  of  lime.  Found  in  cavities  of  glaiib apatite,  at 
Mong's  Island  in  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

ERDMANNITE. — Berlin.      In   imbedded    uncrystalline    grains,    and   folia. 
G.=3-l.     Lustre  vitreous.     Color  dark-brown.     In  thin  splinters,  translucent. 
'Analysis,  by  Blomstrand :  silica  31-85,  oxides  cerium  and  lanthanum  34*89, 
alumina  11-71,  lime  646,  protox.  iron  8-52,  protox.  mang.  0-86,  yttria  1-43,  wa- 
ter, and  loss  4-28.     From  the  island  Stoko,  near  Brevig. 

EOKAMPTITE.— Kenngott.  G.=2-73.  H.  about  2-5.  Hyacinth-red  to  red- 
dish-yellow. Streak  greyish-green.  Resembles  chlorite.  In  the  flame  of  an 
alcoholic  lamp,  becomes  pinchbeck-brown  to  white,  semi-metallic  and  opaque. 
In  a  tube,  exfoliates,  and  yields  water.  B.  B.,  blackens.  Thin  leaves  fuse  on 
the  edge,  to  a  magnetic  globule.  With  borax,  fuses  easily.  With  soda,  swells 
up,  and  shows  a  manganese  reaction.  Analysis,  by  Hauer:  silica  38-13,  alu- 
mina 21-60,  protox.  iron  19-92,  protox.  mang.  2-61,  magnesia  13-76,  water  3-98. 
Found  at  Pressburg,  Hungary. 

FUCHSITE. — A  green  mica  from  Schwarzenstein,  in  the  Zillerthal.  Analy- 
sis, by  Schafhault ;  silica  47-95,  alumina  34-45,  perox.  iron 3-85,  magnesia  0  72, 
lime  9-37,  potash  10-75,  fluorine  0-35,  calcium  0-42. 

GALACTITE. — Kenngott.  In  needles,  resembling  natrolite.  Cleavage  par- 
allel to  a  rhombic  prism  of  91°.  Red-white.  H.=4-5— 5-0.  G.=2-21.  Vit- 
reous. Heated  in  a  tube,  yields  water  and  turns  white  and  opaque.  B.  B.,  in- 
tumesces,  and  fuses  easily  to  a  clear,  colorless  glass.  Gelatinizes  in  hydro- 
chloric acid.  Analysis,  by  Hauer:  silica  46-99,  alumina  26-84,  lime  4-36,  pot- 
ash 0-45,  soda  968,  water  10-56.  Kilpatrick,  Scotland. 

GEDRITE. — A  mineral  from  Gedre  in  the  Pyrenees,  which  resembles  tintho- 
phyllite. 

GVROLITE. — Anderson.  In  spherical  concretions,  with  a  lamellar,  radiated 
structure.  White.  Lustre  pearly.  H.=30  . . .  4-0.  Resembles  apophyllite, 
B.  B.,  and  with  acids.  Analysis,  by  Anderson :  silica  40-70,  alumina  1-48, 
lime  33-24,  magnesia  0*08,  water  18-18.  Found  at  Skye.  According  to 
SaBmann,  it  is  pectolite  which  has  lost  its  alkali ;  and  okenite  is  the  same  spe- 
cies, deprived  of  lime. 

HETEROCLIN. — Breithaupt.  An  oblique  rhombic  prism  of  128°  IG',  having 
the  acute,  lateral  edges  truncated,  two  of  the  terminil  edges  replaced,  together 
•with  the  front,  solid  angle.  Cleavage  in  one  direction,  and  indistinct.  H.=5-0. 
Gt=4-95.  Lustre  submetallic.  Color  iron-black  to  steel-grey.  Streak  brown- 

54 


426  A  P  P  E  N  D  I  jj,   T 

ish-black.  Fracture  uneven,  to  small  conchoidal.  J3.  B.,  resembles  pyrolusite. 
Analysis,  by  Evreinoff ;  silica  10-30,  sesquiox.  mang.  85-86,  perox.  iron  372, 
lime  0-52,  potash  0-44.  Found  at  St.  Marcel,  Piedmont. 

HUDSONITE. — According  to  Kenngott,  has  a  cleavage  like  hornblende:  but 
Dana  finds  it  nearer  to  pyroxene. 

HURONITE. — Thomson.  Massive,  compact,  yellowish-grey.  Translucent 
on  the  edges.  IL=:3-25.  G.=2'86.  Infusible.  Analy.-is,  by  Thomson  :  sil- 
ica 45-89,  alumina  33*1)2,  protox.  iron  4-32,  lime  8-04,  magnesia  1-72,  water  4-16. 
Found  in  blocks,  near  Lake  Huron. 

HYDROBCCHOLZITF. — Thomson.  Analysis,  by  Thomson  ;  MHca  41-35,  alu- 
mina 49-55,  water  4-85,  gypsum  3' 12.  Probably  from  Sardinia. 

HYDROHULITE, — Mitscherlich.     Hydrous  salt.     NaCl-f  4HO. 

HYDROSILICITE. —  Waller shav  sen.  Amorphous,  or  in  crusts,  associated  with 
herschelite,  phillipsite  and  calcite.  Supposed  to  h.e  a  hydrous  pyroxene.  Found 
at  Patagonia  and  Aci  Castello,  in  Sicily. 

HYPOCHLORITE. — Schiller.  Griine  Eisenerde.  Minute  crystalline  grains. 
H.=  6.  G.=2-9  . . .  3-0.  Lustre  vitreous,  color  green.  Brittle.  Fracture 
even,  to  flat  conchoidal.  B.  B.,  grows  dark,  without  fusing,  and  deposits  a  yel- 
low coating  on  the  charcoal.  Insoluble  in  acids.  Analysis,  by  Schiiler;  silica 
50-24,  alumina  14-65,  perox.  bismuth  13-03,  protox.  iron  10-54,  phosphoric  acid 
9-62.  Found  in  minute  xls.  and  prisms.  Massive  and  earthy,  at  Schneeberg, 
Johanngeorgenstadt,  and  Braunsdorf,  in  Saxony. 

IBERITE. — Svanbery.  In  6-sided  prs.,  with  basal  cleavage.  H.=2-5.  G.= 
2-89.  Vitreous  to  pearly.  B.  B.,  fuses  to  a  pearl.  Analysis,  by  Norlin ;  silica 
40-90,  alumina  30-74,  protox.  mang.  1-33,  lime  0-40,  magnesia  0-81,  potash  4'57, 
soda  0-04,  water  5-56=99-82..  From  Montalvan,  near  Toledo,  Spain. 

JAULINGITE. — Zepharovich.     A  new  resin,  from  lignite.     Found  at  Jauling. 

KANEITE. — Haidinger.  Arsenical  manganese.  Massive,  botryoidal  and 
amorphous.  Foliated  and  granular.  H.  above  5.  G.=5-55.  Color  grey- 
ish-white, with  a  black  tarnish.  Lustre  metallic.  Opaque.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  B.  B.,  burns  with  a  blue  flame,  and  falls  to  a  powder ;  at  a  higher 
temperature,  the  arsenic  is  volatilized,  coating  the  charcoal  white.  Dissolves 
in  aqua  regia,  without  residue.  Analysis,  by  Kane  ;  manganese  45-5,  arsenic 
51-8,  and  a  trace  of  iron.  Found  associated  with  galena,  and  supposed  to  be 
from  Saxony. 

KNEBILITE. — Dobereiner.  Massive.  H.  above  5?  G.=3-71.  Color 
grey,  spotted,  dirty  white,  red,  brown  and  green.  Opaque.  Lustre  glistening. 
Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  B.  B.,  infusible :  with  borax,  fuses  to  a  dark 
olive-green  pearl.  Analysis,  by  Dobereiner;  silica  32-5,  protox.  iron  32-,  pro- 
tox. mang.  35-0.  Locality  unknown. 

KUPFERPECHERZ. — Tile-Ore.  A  mechanical  mixture  of  chrysocolla  and 
limonite,  with  some  chalcanthite  and  malachite  :  rarely  also,  with  pyrites  and 
chalcopyrite.  Found  accompanying  most  copper-ores,  especially  near  the  out- 
crops of  veins. 

LAGONITE. — Earthy  incrustation.  Color  ochre-yellow.  Analysis,  by  Bechi ; 
minute  oblique  angled  tables.  Color  white.  Soluble,  but  without  taste. 
Analysis,  by  Bechi ;  boric  acid  68-55,  ammonia  12-73,  water  18-32.  Found  in 
the  lagoons  of  Tuscany. 

LAVENDULAN. — Breithaupt.  Amorphous.  Lustre  vitreo-resinous.  H.=2-5 
...3-0.  G.=3-01.  Color  lavender-blue.  Streak  paler.  Translucent.  Frac- 
ture conchoidal.  B.  B.,  gives  arsenical  odor,  and  fuses  ;  coloring  the  flame 
deep  blue,  and  yielding  a  crystalline  globule,  on  cooling.  With  fluxes,  gives  the 
reaction  of  cobalt.  Contains  oxide  of  cobalt,  nickel  and  copper,  with  water. 
Found  at  Annaberg,  Saxony. 

LEBER-BLENUE. — Breithaupt.  Hepatic  blende.  Supposed  to  be  blende 
with  a  mineral  resin,  or  some  other  carbonaceous  compound. 

LEEDSITE.— Thomson.  According  to  Thomson,  contains  sulphate  of  lime 
71-9,  sulphate  baryta  28-1.  From  Leeds,  Yorkshire. 


APPENDIX.  427 

LTNDACKERTTE. —  Vogl.  In  oblong-,  rhombohedral  tables  and  reniform. 
H.=20...2-5.  G. =20...  2  5.  Verdigris,- to  apple-green.  Streak  pale 
green,  to  white.  Vitreous.  B.  B.,  on  charcoal,  emits  odor  of  garlic,  and  fuses 
to  a  black  mass.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  gives  a  copper  reaction. 
Analysis,  by  Lindacker;  arsenous  acid  28-58,  sulphuric  acid  6-44,  protox.  cop- 
per, 36-34,  protox.  nickel  16  15,  protox.  iron  2-9,  water  9-32. 

MANCFNITE. — Massive,  with  two  unequal  cleavages,  meeting  at  92°.  Color 
brown:  lustre  shining.  According  to  Jacquot,  is  a  silicate  of  zinc.  From 
Mancino,  near  Leghorn. 

MANGANVITRIOL. —  Glocker.     Announced,  but  not  described. 

MARTINSITE  — Karsten.  Contains,  beside  chloride  of  sodium,  9-02  p,  c.  of 
sulphate  magnesia.  Fpund  at  Stassfurth. 

MELINOPHANE.— Scheerer.  Massive,  foliated.  H.=5-0.  G.=3'0.  Color 
sulphur-,  citron-,  or  honey-yellow.  Lustre  vitreous.  Brittle.  Analysis,  by 
Richter;  silica  44-8,  glucina  2-2,  alumina  124,  protox.  mang.  15,  perox.  iron 
1-1,  lime  31-5,  magnesia  O2,  soda  2-0,  fluorine  2-3.  From  the  zircon-syenite 
of  Frederic  ksvarn,  Norway. 

MELANCHYME. — Haidinger.  An  earthy  bitumen.  Found  at  Zweufelsreuth 
in  Eger,  Bohemia. 

MENCYHFNITE. — Bechi.  Massive;  compactly  fibrous.  Shining.  H.=2-5. 
Analysis,  by  Bechi;  sulphur  1752,  antimony  19-28,  lead  59-21,  copper  3-54, 
iron  0-34.  Found  with  boulangerite  and  jamesonite  at  Bottino,  Tuscany. 

MERCURY. — Found  by  Hnutefeuille,  in  an  alloy  of  copper  and  silver,  from 
the  Lake  Superior  mines.  Copper  138-56,  silver  10-90,  mercury  0-G3,  gangue 
50-00. 

METACHLORITE. — List.  Resembles  chlorite.  H.=2-5.  B.  B.,  fuses  on 
the  edges,  to  a  dark  enamel.  Gelatinizes  in  the  cold,  with  hydrochloric  acid. 
Analysis,  by  List ;  silica  23*77,  alumina  16-43,  protox.  iron  40-36,  magnesia 
3-10,  lime  0:74,  potash  1-37,  soda  0-08,  water  13-75. 

MFDDLETONFTE. — Johnston.  In  rounded  masses  of  the  size  of  a  pea. 
H.=l-6.  Brittle.  Lustre  resinous.  Color  red-brown  by  reflected,  but  deep 
red,  by  transmitted  light.  In  small  fragments,  transparent.  Blackens  on  ex- 
posure. Without  taste  or  smell.  Not  altered  at  400°  F.  Burns  like  resin. 
Analysis  by  Johnston  ;  C2°Hi°-(-HO.  Found  about  the  middle  of  the  main 
coal  at  Haigh  Moor  seam,  in  the  Middleton  mine,  near  Leeds,  and  at  New- 
castle. 

MOLYBDATE  IRON? — In  yellow  tufts,  and  pulverulent.  B.  B.,  fuses  easily. 
Analysis,  by  Owen: — molybdic  acid  40-0,  perox.  iron 35-0,  magnesia 2-0,  alkali 
8-0,  water  15.  Found  near  Nevada  City,  California. 

MOLYBDINE  and  MOLYBDENITE. — Found  at  Westmoreland,  N.  Hampshire. 

MORENOSITE. — Casnres.  In  needles,  or  slender  prisms.  Soluble  in  water  : 
solution  green.  Supposed  to  be  a  sulphate  of  nickel.  Occurs  in  Spain. 

NAPHTHADrL.  A  black,  copper-brown  substance,  derived  from  naphtha. 
Melts  at  the,  same  temperature  with  wax,  and  burns  with  a  clear  flame. 

NATROCALCITE.  Pseudomorphs  of  calcite,  after  gaylussite  ;  found  at  Sang- 
erhausen. 

NFCKEI/-BOURNONITE. — Rammdsberg.  It  gives  about  54  p.  c.  of  nickel 
and  cobalt ;  and  has  only  35-52  p.  c.  of  lead,  in  place  of  42%  the  usual  propor- 
tion, present  in  bournonite. 

NICKEL-GYMNITF. — Genth.  Amorphous,  reniform  or  stalactitic.  H=3-0 
...4-0.  G.;=240.  Lustre  resinous.  Color  pale  apple-green,  or  yellowish. 
Opaque  to  translucent.  Heated  in  a  tube,  yields  water  and  blackens.  Solu- 
ble in  hydrochloric  acid,  with  separation  of  silica.  Analysis,  by  Genth :  silica 
35-38,  oxide  of  nickel  30  64,  protox  iron  0'24,  magnesia  14-60,  lime  O26,  water 
19-09.  /In  other  analyses,  the  proportion  of  oxide  of  nickel  was  much  higher. 
From  Texas,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa. 

NOTITE  —  WaUershausen.  Analysis ; — silica  36-96,  alumina  6-36,  perox.  iron 
21-66,  lime  326,  magnesia  11-64,  soda  0-97,  potash  0-99,  water  18-16. 


428  APPENDIX. 

ONKOSIN. — Kobdl.  In  rounded  masses.  Color  apple-green,  sometimes 
greyish,  or  brownish.  Lustre  feebly  resinous.  Translucent.  H.=2-0.  G  = 
2'8.  Fracture  fine  splintery.  B.  B ,  fusees,  with  intumescences,  to  a  white  blebby 
glass.  Analysis,  by  Kobell:  silica  52-52,  alumina  30-88,  magnesia  3-82,  pro- 
tox.  iron  0-80,  potash  6-38,  water  4-60.  Occurs  at  Salzburg. 

OSTEOLITE. — Bromeis.  Compact,  earthy,  with  a  slaty  fracture.  Color  white. 
Dull:  adheres  to  the  tongue.  G.=289.  Supposed  to  be  apatite,  which  has 
lost  its  fluorine  and  chlorine.  From  near  Hanau,  and  from  Amberg,  in  the 
Erzgebirge.  It  occurs  in  dolomite. 

PAROPHITE.— Hunt.  Massive ;  slaty.  H.=2-5...3-0.  G.=2-7..,2  78.  Color 
greenish,  greyish  or  reddish.  It  is  said  to  resemble  both,  talc  and  agalmatolite. 
Analysis,  by  Hunt:  silica  48-5,  alumina  27-6,  protox.  iron  5-67,  lime  1-30,  mag- 
nesia 2-24,  potash  5:30,  water  7-00,  soda  1-71.  Found  in  Canada. 

PARTSCHIN. — Haidinger.  In  small,  oblique  rhombic  prisms  and  grains.  Re- 
sembles monazite.  H.=6'0...6-5.  G.=40..4-1.  Color  red-brown.  Lustre 
greasy.  Fracture  splintery.-  Found  in  sand  with  rutile,  ilmenite,  zircon  and 
kyanite.  From  Olahpian,  in  Hungary.  Named  for  Prof.  Partsch. 

PERIDOT,  p.  208.  Found  in  basalt,  with  a  greyish  black,  feldspathic  species, 
at  Thetford,  Vermont 

PICROPHARMACOLITE. — Stromeyer.  A  pbarmacolite ?  from  Reichelsdorf 
which  contains,  lime  24-64,  arsenic  acid  46-97,  magnesia  3*22,  oxide  of  cobalt 
0-99,  water  23-97,- 

PICROTHOMSOJSITE. — Meneghim  and  Bechi.  Massive,  radiated,  with  the 
cleavages  of  comptonite.  H.=5'0.  G.=2'27.  Lustre  pearly.  White.  Trans- 
parent in  small  fragments.  Very  fragile.  B.  B.,  fuses,  with  intumescence,  to 
a  white  enamel.  Dissolves  in  cold  acid,  and  gelatinizes.  Contains  silica 
40  36,  alumina  31-25,  lime  10-99,  magnesia  6-26,  alkalies  0  29,  water  10-79. 
Found  atCoporciano,  Tuscany  ;  and  named,  owing  to  the  magnesia  it  contains, 
from  7tixpo$,  bitter. 

PICROMERID. — Scacchi.  Obtained  by  solution,  from  the  cyanochrome  of 
Vesuvius.  Crystalline  form,  the  same  as  that  of  cyanochrome.  Color  white. 
Composition,  sulphate  of  magnesia  and  copper. 

PICROSMINE. — Abundant  in  the  marble  of  Roxbury,  Vermont. 

PITKARANDITE. — Schecrer.  A  leek-green,  hornblendic  pyroxene,  from  Pitkar- 
anda  in  Finland. 

POLYCHROILITE. — Weibye.  In  6-sided  prs.  of  about  120°:  also  massive  and 
reniform.  H. =3-0.. .3-5.  Blue,  green,  brown,  red  and  rarely  white.  Lustre 
greasy.  Fracture  splintery.  Subconchoidal  to  even.  Analysis  by  Dahl  : 
silica  52-,  alumina  37-,  magnesia  7-,  protox.  iron  3- ;  according  to  Scheerer,  it 
contains  less  alumina,  and  6  p.  c.  of  water.  Found  in  gneiss  at  Krageroe, 
Norway. 

PORTITE. — Meneghini  and  Bechi.  Massive,  radiated;  cleavage  distinct 
parallel  to  a  rhombic  prism  of  120°.  H.=5-0.  G.=2-4.  Vitreous.  White. 
Opaque.  B.  B.,  intumesces,  and  melts,  to  a  milk-white  enamel.  Dissolves  in 
acids,  followed  by  gelatinization.  Analysis,  by  Bechi ;  silica  58-12,  alumina 
27-50,  lime  1-76,  magnesia  4-87,  soda  0-16,  potash  0-10,  water  7-92.  Found  in 
the  gabbro  rosso  of  Tuscany;  and  named  after  M.  Porte  of  Tuscany. 

PRASOCHROME. — Landerer.  A  green  incrustation  on  chromite,  supposed  to 
be  merely  calcite,  stained  by  oxide  of  chromium.  Found  at  Scyro,  in  the 
Grecian  Archipelago. 

PROSOPITE. — Scheerer.  Pseudomorphs  of  fluor,  (with  some  aluminum  and 
water,)  after  datholite  ?  Found  in  kaolin,  in  the  tin-mines  of  Altenberg,  Sax- 
ony. 

PSEUDOPHITK. — Kenngott.  Resembles  serpentine.  Greyish  to  pistachio- 
green.  H.=2-5.  G.=  2-75-2-77.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Feels  somewhat 
greasy.  B.  B.,  infusible.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Analysis:  silica 
33-51,  alumina  15-42,  protox.  iron2'58,  magnesia  34-41,  water  1321. 


APPENDIX.  429 

PREHNITOID. — Blomstrand.  Massive ;  columnar.  Pale  green.  Vitrqous. 
H.=7-0.  G.=2-50.  B.  B.,  fuses  easily  to  a  white  enamel,  like  prehnite. 
Analysis  :  silica  56-00,  alumina  22-45,  lime  7-71),  soda  10-07,  potash  0'46,  mag- 
nesia 0-36,  protox.  iron  1-01,  protox.  mang.  0-18,  water  1-04. 

REMINGTONITE. — Booth.  In  rose-colored  incrustations.  Soft  and  earthy. 
Opaque.  With  borax,  gives  the  reaction  of  cobalt.  Dissolves  with  efferves- 
cence in  hydrochloric  acid.  Supposed  to  be  a  hydrous  carbonate  of  cobalt. 
From  the  copper-mine,  near  Finksburg,  Carroll  Co.,  Maryland. 

SAMOITE. — Dana.  Stalactitic,  lamellar.  Color  whitish.  Lustre  somewhat 
pearly.  H.=4-0...4-5.  G.=l-7...1-9.  Analysis,  by  Silliman  :  silica  31-25,  alu- 
mina 37-21,  magnesia  4-06,  carb.  lime  0-01,  soda'0-06,  water  30-45.  Found  in 
a  cavern  in  lava,  in  the  island  of  Upolu  of  the  Navigator  group. 

SANADIN. — Tabular  xls.  of  glassy  feldspar,  from  Vesuvius. 

SAVITE. — Meneghini.  In  radiating  acicular  xls.  H.=3.  G.=2-45.  Vitre- 
ous. Colorless  and  transparent.  B.  B.,  fuses  with  difficulty.  Soluble  in  the 
acids.  Analysis,  by  Bechi:  silica  49-J7,  alumina  19-66,  magnesia  13'50,  soda 
10-52,  potash  1-23,  water  6-57.  Found  with  picranalcime  in  the  gabbro  rosso  of 
Tuscany. 

SCHNEIDERITE. — Meneghini,  Radiated,  lamellar.  White.  Opaque.  H.=3-0. 
B.  B.,  fuses  with  intumescence,  to  a  blue  enamel.  In  a  closed  tube,  yields 
water.  Dissolves  in  the  acids  ;  and  gelatinizes.  Analysis,  by  Bechi:  silica 
47-79,  alumina  19-38,  lime  16-77,  magnesia  11-03,  potash  and  soda  1*62,  water 
3-41.  Found  with  sloanite,  in  the  gabbro  rosso  of  Tuscany ;  and  named  after 
M.  Schneider. 

SCOULERITE. — Thomson.  A  zeolitic  mineral,  allied  to  scolecite,  found  at 
Port  Rush  in  Ireland. 

SELEXBLErspATH.-T&mrfen.  Botryoidal.  Cleavage  in  one  direction.  H.=3'0. 
...4-0.'  Lustre  greasy  to  vitreous.  Sulphur-yellow.  Brittle.  B.  B.,  on  char- 
coal, fuses  readily,  giving  off  the  odor  of  selenium,  and  is  finally  reduced  to  a 
metallic  globule.  According  to  Rose,  it  contains  selenic  acid  and  oxide  of 
lead,  with  traces  of  copper.  Found  at  the  Friederichsgliick  mine,  near  Hil- 
burghausen. 

SERICITE. — List.  In  undulated  plates,  with  cleavage  in  one  direction. 
Greenish  or  yellowish-white.  Lustre  silky.  H.=l-0.  G.=2-89.  B.  B.,  ex- 
foliates strongly,  and  fuses  on  the  edges  with  a  bright  light,  to  a  greyish  enamel. 
Decomposed  slowly  by  hydrochloric  acid.  Related  to  Damourite.  Found  in 
a  slate-rock  with  quartz,  in  the  Taunus  range  in  Western  Germany. 

SISMONDINE. — Delesse.  Massive,  foliated.  Dark  greyish,  or  blackish-green. 
G.=3  56.  B.  B.,  nearly  infusible :  with  borax,  affords  the  reaction  of  iron. 
Found  in  chlorite-slate  at  St.  Marcel.  Supposed  to  be  near  to  chloritoid. 

SKOLOPSITE. — Kobell.  Massive,  granular.  H.— 5-0.  G.=2'53.  Greyish- 
white  to  pale  red-grey.  Fracture  splintery.  Rather  brittle.  B.  B.,  fuses,  with 
intumescence,  to  a  shining,  blebby,  greenish  glass.  Gelatinizes  in  hydrochloric 
acid.  Analysis,  by  Kobell :  silica  41-13,  alumina  15-42,  oxides  of  iron  2-49 
protox.  mang.  0-86,  lime  1548,  magnesia  2-23,  potash  1-30,  soda  10-16,  sulphur 
4-09,  with  7-78  of  sodalite.  Found  at  Kaiserstahl  in  Brisgau,  with  calcite  and 
magnetite. 

SLOANITE. — Meneghini  and  Becki.  In  radiated  masses,  presenting  a  frac- 
ture, transverse  to  the  radiation.  H.=4-5.  G.=2-44.  White.  Opaque.  Lus- 
tre pearly.  B.  B.,  fuses  without  intumescence,  to  a  white  enamel.  Dissolves 
in  the  acids,  with  the  formation  of  a  jelly.  Analysis,  by  Bechi :  silica  42-19, 
alumina  35-00,  lime  8-12,  magnesia  2-67,  soda  0-25,  potash  0-30,  water  12-50. 
From  the  gabbro  rosso  of  Tuscany. 

SORDAWALITE — Nordenskiold.  Massive.  H.=2'5.  G.=2*53...2'58.  Lustre 
vitreo-resinous.  Greyish  or  bluish-black.  Opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Brittle.  B.  B.,  fuses  with  difficulty,  to  a  blackish  globule.  With  borax,  it 
forms  a  green  glass.  Analysis,  by  Nordenskiold :  silica  49-4,  alumina  13-8, 


430  APPENDIX. 

protox.  iron  18-17,  magnesia  10-67,  phosphoric  acid  2-68,  water  4-38.  Forma 
thin  layers  on  trap,  near  Sordawala  in  Finland ;  and  associated  with  pyrrhotine, 
at  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria. 

STANNITE. — Breithaupt.  Amorphous.  Color  pale  yellow.  Lustre  faint. 
H.=(v5.  G.=3'54.  Fracture  conchoidal.  B.  B.,  infusible.  According  to 
Plattner,  contains,  silica,  alumina  and  36-5  p.  c.  of  oxide  of  tin.  It  is  believed 
to  be  a  mixture  of  cassiterite  and  schist.  From  Cornwall. 

STASSFURTITE. — Rose.  The  massive  boracite  of  Stassfurt  It  is  more  easily 
melted  than  the  crystallized  boracite,  and  more  readily  dissolved  by  acids. 

STIBICONISE. — Btudant.  Massive,  yellowish  in  color.  H.=5-5.  G.=5-28. 
Analysis,  by  Blum  and  Delffs  :  oxygen  19-54,  antimony  75-83,  water  4-63,  ar- 
senic, in  traces.  From  Goldkronach  in  Bavaria. 

STRAKONITZITE. — Zepharovich*  Pseudomorphs,  consisting  of  a  green,  ste- 
atitic  mineral.  G.=l-91.  Soft,  greasy.  Associated  with  fluor,  quartz,  sphene 
and  pyrites.  The  powder  is  pale  yellow,  and  changes  to  dull  brown,  on  heat- 
ing. Analysis,  by  Zepharovich :  silica  53-42,  alumina  7-00,  protox.  iron  15-41, 
limel-37,  magnesia  2-94,  water  19-86.  Found  at  Mutenitz  in  Bohemia. 

STRATOPEITE.— Igdstrom.  Amorphous,  massive.  H.  below  4.  G.=2-64. 
Pitch-black  :  brownish-red,  in  thin  splinters.  Fracture  flat  conchoidal.  B.  B., 
fuses  to  a  black,  translucent  globule.  With  hydrochloric  acid,  evolves  chlo- 
rine. Analysis,  by  Igelstrorn :  silica  35-43,  protox.  iron  10-27,  perox.  mang. 
32-41,  magnesia  8-04,  water  1375.  Found  at  the  Pajsberg  mine,  in  Philipstadt 

STRONTIANOCALCITE.-—  Genth.  Structure  like  calcite.  H.=3-5.  Affords 
some  strontia. 

SVANVERGITE. — Igtlstrom.  (This  name  was  given  to  platinindium,  p  303,) 
without  a  knowledge  of  its  previous  bestowal  on  the  following  mineral. 
Massive.  Cleavage,  parallel  with  oblique  rhombic  prism.  Pale-red.  H.=5-0. 
G.=3-3.  B.  B.,  fuses  on  the  thinnest  edges.  With  soda,  yields  a  red  he- 
patic mass,  in  the  reduction  flame.  It  becomes  green  in  water  ;  and  with  di- 
lute acid,  develops  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  In  borax,  affords  an  iron-stained 
glass.  With  cobalt  solution,  gives  a  fine  blue.  Analysis:  sulphuric  acid  17-32, 
phosphoric  acid  17-80,  alumina  37-84,  lime  6-00,  protox.  iron  1-40,  soda  12-84, 
water  6*80,  chlorine,  a  trace.  Found  in  Wermland,  with  kyanite,  rnica,  quartz 
and  hematite. 

SUSANNITE. — Haidinger.  In  rhomboids  of  94°,  with  summits  truncated ; 
cleavage  parallel  with  truncating  planes.  H.=2-5.  G.=6"35.  Color  white, 
green,  yellow  and  brownish-black.  Lustre  resinous.  Streak  uncolored.  Com- 
position, same  as  leadhillite ;  sulphate  lead  27-5,  carb.  lead  72-5.  Found  at 
Leadhills,  Scotland ;  and  at  Moldawa,  Bannat. 

TABERGITE. — Rose.    The  blue  talc  of  Werner,  from  Taberg  in  Wermland. 

TACHYDHITE. — Rrtmmelsberg.  Found  in  the  salt  of  Stassfurth.  Composi- 
tion (Ca  Cl+2MgCl)-H2HO. 

TALC-APATITE. — Hermann.  In  six-sided  xls.,  grouped  and  single.  G.=27. 
...2'75.  Contains  lime  37-50,'  magnesia  7-74,  phosphoric  acid  39-02,  sulphuric 
acid  2-10,  chlorine  0'9I,  fluorine  and  loss  2-13,  oxide  iron  1-00,  insoluble  9-50. 
From  the  chlorite  slate  in  the  Schischimskian  Mts.,  near  Slatoust. 

TANNENITE. — Kupferwismuthglanz,  Schneider.  In  thin  striated  prs.  Lustre 
metallic.  Greyish  to  tin-white.  In  an  open  tube,  yields  sulphur.  B.  B.,  fuses 
easily,  with  intumescence  ;  and  gives  with  soda,  a  globule  of  copper.  Gives, 
with  nitric  acid,  a  deep  blue  solution.  Analysis  by  Schneider :  sulphur  18'83, 
bismuth  62-16,  copper  1872.  From  Tannenbaum,  in  Johanngeorgenstadt. 

TAURISCITE. —  Volger.  In  slender,  white,  glassy  prisms,  from  Windgalle, 
St.  Gothard.  Form  of  crystal,  near  to  that  of  epsomite.  It  proceeds  from  the 
decomposition  of  pyrites  ;  and  is  supposed  to  be  related  to  melanterite. 

TECTFZITE. — Breithaupt.  In  pyramidal  xls., acicular  and  massive.  H.=l-5 
...2-0.  Clove-brown.  Attracts  moisture.  Supposed  to  be  a  hydrous  sulphate 
of  perox.  iron.  From  near  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony ;  and  at  Braunsdorf,  in 
the  Erzgebirge. 


APPB  NDIX.  431 

TEPHROITE. — Breithaupt.     Supposed  to  be  a  decomposing  fowlerite. 

THIERSCHITE. — Leidy.  A  greyish,  warty  incrustation  on  the  marble  of  the 
Parthenon  at  Athens,  originating  in  the  action  of  lichens  upon  the  marble. 
Composition,  oxalate  of  lime. 

TRINACRITE. — VTaltersIiausen.  Massive,  cleavable,  or  micaceous.  Dull 
brown.  Contains  silica  31-82,  alumina  5-25,  perox.  iron  33-95,  lime  2-57, 
magnesia  4*57,  soda  4-19,  potash  2-42,  water  14-22. 

TURNERITE.— Levy.  Oblique  rhombic  prisms  of  86°  KX.  P  on  M  99°  4(X. 
Cleavage,  parallel  with  both  diagonals  of  the  prisms  ;  one  more  perfect  than 
the  other.  H.  above  4-0.  Color  yellow  to  brown.  Lustre  adamantine. 
Transparent  to  translucent.  According  to  Children,  it  contains  alumina,  lime, 
magnesia,  and  a  little  iron.  Found  with  albite,  ilmenite  and  anatase,  at  Mount 
Sorel,  Dauphiny. 

TYRITE. — Forbes.  Crystalline,  but  without  distinct  cleavage.  H.=6%5. 
G.=5-30.  Color  and  lustre,  like  euxenite.  Heated  in  a  glass  tube,  decrepi- 
tates strongly,  evolves  water  and  turns  yellow.  B.  B.,  with  borax,  forms  a 
glass  of  a  reddish-yellow  color  when  warm,  but  colorless  when  cool.  With 
salt  of  phosphorus,  it  is  soluble  with  difficulty ;  the  glass  is  greenish-yellow  while 
hot,  but  green,  when  cold.  Analysis,  by  Forbes:  columbic  acid  44*90,  alu- 
mina 5-66,  lime  0-81,  yttria  29-72,  oxide  of  cerium  5'35,  oxide  of  uranium  3-03, 
protox.  iron  6-20,  water  4-52.  Found  with  euxenite,  at  Hampemyr,  Norway. 
It  has  some  resemblance,  both  to  rutherfordite  and  to  fergusonite. 

URANGREEN. — Hartmann.  (Uranchalzit).  A  basic  sulphate  of  copper  •end 
uranium,  from  Joachimstahl. 

URDITE. — Forbes  and  Dahtt.  Has  the  crystalline  form  of  monacite,  and  is 
believed  by  Zochau,  to  belong  to  that  species.  G.=5-l. — 5*2.  Found  in 
granite,  near  Notero  in  Norway. 

VARVACITE.— Phillips.  An  altered  manganite,  consisting  largely  of  pyro- 
lusite. 

VIOLAN. — Breithaupt.  Massive,  with  cleavage  of  a  rhombic  prism.  H=6. 
G.=3-23.  Color  dark  violet-blue.  Lustre  waxy.  B.  B.,  fuses  to  a  clear  glass. 
With  borax,  in  the  outer  flame,  gives  a  brownish-yellow  glass,  violet-red,  when 
cold ;  and  in  the  inner  flame,  a  yellow  glass,  which  is  colorless,  when  cold. 
Found  with  manganesian  epidote,  at  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont. 

VOGLITE. — Haidinger.  In  crystalline  scales,  somewhat  like  gypsum,  with 
angles  of  100°  and  80°.  Emerald-,  to  grass-green.  Possessed  of  dichroism. 
Lustre  pearly.  B.  B.,  in  a  tube,  yields  water :  on  charcoal,  does  not  fuse. 
Tinges  the  flame  green,  after  being  wet  with  hydrochloric  acid.  Dissolves  in 
hydrochloric  acid.  Analysis,  by  Lindacker:  carbonic  acid  26*43 ,  protox.  ura- 
nium 37-00,  lime  14-09,  protox.  copper  8-40,  water  13-99.  From  the  Elias 
mine,  near  Joachimstahl. 

VOIGTITE.— Schmid.  In  long,  thin  plates.  H.=2-0.  G.=2-19.  Brown. 
Opaque  :  lustre  somewhat  oily.  B.  B.,  melts  to  a  black  glass,  and  affords  the 
reaction  of  iron.  Analysis,  by  Schmid  : — Silica  33-83,  alumina  13-40,  perox. 
iron  8-42,  protox.  iron  23-01,  magnesia  7-54,  lime  2-04,  soda  1-96,  water  9-87= 
99-07. 

Found  near  Ilmenau,  in  granite;  and  is  generally  weathered.  When  fresh, 
is  leek-green,  and  translucent. 

VOLGERITE. — A  white  antimony  from  Algeria,  found  with  cervantite,  and 
resulting  from  its  decompositon  ;  it  consists,  according  to  Volger,  of  oxy- 
gen 18-8,  antimony  60-3,  and  water  21-0. 

VOLTZITE, — Fournet.  In  spherical  globules.  Structure,  curved  lamellar. 
H.=4-5.  G.=3-66.  Yellowish  and  brown:  lustre  vitreo-resinous.  Subtrans- 
lucent.  B.  B.,  like  blende.  Analysis,  by  Fournet.  Sulphuret  of  zinc  82-92, 
oxide  of  zinc  15-14,  perox.  iron  1-84,  resinous  matter,  a  trace.  Found  at  Ro- 
sieres  in  Puy  de  Dome ;  and  at  Elias  mine,  near  Joachimstahl. 

WAVELL-ITE.— Found  at  West  Chester,  Pa. 


432  APPENDIX. 

, 

WEHRLITE. — Kolell.  Massive,  granular.  H.=6*0. — 6-5.  G.=3-PO.  B.  B., 
fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges.  Analysis,  by  Wehrle ,  silica  34-64,  per- 
ox.  iron  42-38,  perox.  mang.  0-28,  alumina  0-12,  protox.  iron  15-78,  lime  5-84, 
water  1.  From  Szurrasko,  Hungary.  ' 

WEISSIGITE. — Jenzsch.  Xls.  minute,  oblique  rhombic  prisms.  Cleavage 
unequal  in  two  directions,  parallel  to  the  vertical  axis,  and  meeting  under  118°. 
Sometimes  macled  :  also  massive.  H.=6-5.  G.=2'5.  White  to  pale  rose- 
red.  B.  B.,  fuses  easily  on  the  edges,  to  a  white  enamel,  tinging  the  outer 
flame  a  pale  red  and  yellow,  at  its  extremity.  With  borax,  affords  a  colorless 
glass;  and  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  a  silica-skeleton.  Composition,  near  to 
that  of  petalite.  Found  in  a  porpyritic  amygdaloid,  near  Weissig. 

WILSONITE.— Hunt.  Massive.  H.— 3-5.  G.=2-76.  Color  reddish-white. 
Subtranslucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Fracture  uneven.  B.  B.,  evolves  moisture, 
whitens  and  fuses  with  intumescence,  to  a  white  enamel.  Analysis,  by  Hunt: 
silica  4355,  alumina  27-24,  lime  6'50,  magnesia  2-81,  potash  8-37,  soda  1-45, 
water  8'61.  It  resembles  an  altered  scapolite.  Found  at  Bathurst,  Canada 
West. 

WISSERITE. — Haidinger.    A  hydrated  diallogite,  from  Gonzen,  Switzerland. 

XENOLITE. — This  variety  of  fibrolite  is  abundant,  at  Mt.  Monadnock,  N.  H. 

XYLOCHLORE. —  Walttrshnusen.  Form  of  xls.,  like  apophyllite.  Angle  of 
pyramid  about  96 J.  Cleavage  basal,  perfect.  H.=60.  G.=2'29.  Olive-green. 
Analysis,  by  Waltershausen  ;  silica  52-07,  alumina  1*54,  lime  20*57,  magnesia 
0'33,  protox.  iron  3-40,  soda  0*55,  potash  3g77,  water  and  carbonic  acid  17'14. 
From  Iceland. 

ZAMTITE.— <Casares.  Resembles  texasite.  B.  B.,  infusible.  Yields  water 
when  heated  in  a  tube.  From  Spain.  Supposed  to  have  the  same  composi- 
tion as  Texasite. 

ZINCFAHLERZ. — Kupferblendc  of  BreifhaupL  Color  brownish-red.  G.=4'2 
— 4-4.  It  has  a  part  of  the  iron  replaced  by  zinc.  From  Freiberg. 

ZIPPEITE. — See  uran-ochre,  p.  143. 


ADDENDA. 

MINERALS  OMITTED  IN  THE  CHEMICAL  ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 

On  p.  378  (after  amalgam,)  supply  Bismuthaurite,  Bi,  Au. 
"   "    379  (after  ilmenite,)          "      Cervantite,  SWP+SbO5. 
«   "       "    (  "      automalite),      "      Pechuran,  UO.  U208. 
"   "    380  (  "      quartz),  "      Valentinite,  SbO3. 

"   «      "     (  "  "    )  "      Senarmontite,  Sb,  O3. 

"   "    383   (  "      nagyasnte)         "      Tetradymite,  Bi2Te3,  and  Bi2  Te3,  Se8,  S3. 
«   "    384   ("     zweieselite)      "      Triplite,  4Mn,  FeO.  P30&. 
«"     "      ("     pyroclasite,)      "      Lazulite,4(HO.  Al203)-}-5MGO.  4P2Q5. 
««     «      (  "  "  "      Struvite,  3(Mg,  AmO.  3tiO)+3HOP205. 

(  «  "  "      Phosphammonite,  AmO.  xHO+P3Q5. 

ldr 


«     (  "      wavellite,)         "      Cbildrenite,   [3  HO.   APO^SHOPSQ5] 

-f  2[3HO.  Al2,  Fe2Os-r-3Fe,  MnOoP^Os. 

390  (  "      stilbite,)  "      Heulandite.   Formula  same  as  stilbite. 

391  (  "      davyne,)  "      Silicate  with  borate.      Datholite,   3(HO.  Si 

B03)-f-2(3Ca02SiB08.) 

392  ("      stolzite,)  "      ORDKR  VANADATES.    Decbenite,  PbO.  VO5. 
«    (  "                                 «     Vanadinite,  3  PbO,  Cl.  VO8. 

«    (  «  "      Araoxene,  Pb.  ZnO  ;   VO3. 

"    (  «  "     Chileite,  6Pb,  CuO,  VOS. 

"    (  after  polycrase)       «      Wohlerite,  Ca,NaO;  Zra03;  SiO3;  Pe,Nb03. 

393  (  after  naphthadil,     "      Amber,  CioH.80. 


433 


PLAN    OF    ARRANGEMENT 
OF  THE   AUTHOR'S   MINERALOGICAL  COLLECTION; 

IN  THE  WOOD'S  CABINET,    AT  AMHEEST  COLLEGE. 


THIS  collection  occupies  the  second  floor  of  the  edifice.  The  apart- 
ment is  octagonal,  and  furnished  with  a  gallery.  It  is  forty  foet  in  diam- 
eter, and  lighted  from  above.  The  entrance  is  from  a  small  ante-room, 
on  the  east.  The  cases  holding  the  main  collection  are  below,  and  en- 
tirely surround  the  walls,  with  exception  only  of  the  door.  The  arrange- 
ment, which  is  after  the  natural  history  system  of  the  present  work,  com- 
mences to  the  left,  on  entering  the  museum,  with  the  front  side  of  the  top 
shelf;  the  specimens  proceeding  in  rows  to  the  rear,  and  then  returning, 
continue  forward  in  the  same  order  to  the  end  of  the  case,  (behind  each 
glazed  door,  or  pair  of  doors  secured  by  a  single  lock)  :  then  it  returns  to 
the  shelf  below.  The  spectator  is  thus  conducted  nearly  around  the 
room,  before  reaching  the  completion  of  the  system.  The  last  three 
glazed  doors,  however,  are  devoted  to  a  chemical  classification  of  the 
species  (after  the  arrangement  of  the  preceding  pages), — a  single  spe- 
cimen being  placed  to  represent  each  species.  In  this  part  of  the  ar- 
rangement, each  specimen  has  a  printed  label,  which  gives  not  only  the 
name,  but  the  chemical  formula  for  the  composition.  A  third  collection, 
arranged  in  three  horizontal  cases,  placed  upon  cabinets  in  the  room, 
illustrate  the  natural  properties  of  minerals,  as  explained  in  this  treatise. 
Each  specimen  has  a  printed  label  affixed,  pointing  attention  to  the  par- 
ticular property,  intended  for  illustration.  A  fourth  collection,  in  an  up- 
right cabinet  on  the  western  side  of  the  room,  contains  polished  and  arti- 
ficially wrought  specimens.  A  fifth  cabinet  of  still  larger  size,  and  placed 
directly  in  front  of  the  entrance,  is  mostly  devoted  to  imperfectly  known 
species,  and  minerals,  whose  independent  rank  in  the  system  is  not  yet 
fully  admitted.  Upon  the  opposite  side  of  this  case  will  be  found  the 
meteoric  collection,  with  exception  of  two  very  ponderous  masses  of  me- 
teoric iron  from  Africa;  to  each  of  which  a  separate  glazed  case  is  de- 
voted. These  are  situated  to  the  right  and  left,  of  the  lecture-table.  A 
sixth  upright  cabinet  contains  the  models  of  crystals,  the  goniometers,  bal- 
ances and  other  instruments  of  research,  employed  in  mineralogy.  Fi- 
nally, it  only  requires  to  be  stated,  that  the  lower  shelves  of  the  wall-cases 
contain  the  large-sized  specimens  belonging  to  the  species  upon  the  upper 
shelves,  together  with  a  few  geological  specimens  of  more  striking  inter- 
est, such  as  the  foot-prints  arid  rain-drops  of  Turner's  Falls,  Massachu- 
setts. The  geological  collection  at  large,  is  at  present  in  drawers;  with 
the  exception  of  the  coal-plants  and  fossil-fishes,  which  are  displayed  in 
two  cases  in  the  gallery. 

55 


434 


CATALOGUE 


OF 


C.    U.    SHEPAKD'S   METEOEIC   COLLECTION. 


I.     METEOEIC  STONES. 

1.  Ensisheim,  Alsace,  France.  -ii;;  t  ».  ;     Fell  Nov.  7, 1492. 

2.  Tabor,  Taborer  Circle,  Bohemia.  Fell  July  3,  1753. 

3.  Luce,  Dep.  de  la  Sarthe,  France.  -      Fell  Sept.  13,  1768. 

4.  Mauerkirchen,  Inn-circle,  Bavaria.        -        -       Fell  Nov.  20,  1768. 

5.  Barbotan,  Dcp.  des  Landes,  France.      -        -       Fell  July  24,  1790. 

6.  Wold  Cottage,  Yorkshire,  England.       -        -      Fell  Dec.  13,  1795. 

7.  Sales,  Dep.  du  Rhone,  France.     -         -    Fell  March  8,  or  12,  1798. 

8.  Benares,  (Krakhut)  India.   -  ••  V"    Fell  Dec.  13,  1798. 

9.  L'Aigle,  Dep.  de  1'Orne,  France.  -        Fell  April  6, 1803. 

10.  Apt,  Dep.  de  Vauclase,  France.    -  Fell  Oct.  8,  1803. 

11.  Doronisk,  Government  of  Irkutsk,  Siberia.         Fell  March  25,  1805. 

12.  Weston,  Connecticut,  U.  S.  A.     ^  -       Fell  Dec.  14,  1807. 

13.  Parma  (Casignano),  near  Borgo  St.  Domino,  Italy.  Fell  Apl.  1 9,  1808. 

14.  Stannern,  Iglauer  Circle,  Moravia.  -       Fell  May  22,  1808. 

15.  Lissa,  Bunzlauer  Circle,  Bohemia.  -        Fell  Sept.  3,  1808. 

16.  Tipperary  (Mooresfort),  Ireland.  -  Fell  Aug.  1810. 

17.  Charsonville,  (Orleans)  Dep.  du  Loiret,  France.   Fell  Nov.  23,  1810. 

18.  Kuleschofka,  Government  of  Poltawa,  Russia.     Fell  Mar.  16,  1811. 

19.  Berlanguillas,  Upper  Castilia,  Spain.     -  Fell  July  8,  1811. 

20.  Erxleben,  Saxony.       -        -  -      Fell  April  15,  1812. 

21.  Chantonnay,  Dep.  de  la  Vendee,  France.       -        Fell  Aug.  5,  1812. 

22.  Adare,  County  of  Limerick,  Ireland.     -         -      Fell  Sept.  10, 1813. 

23.  Bachmut,  Ekatherinoslaw,  Russia.  Fell  Feb.  3,  1814. 

24.  Agen,  Dep.  Lot  et  Garonne,  France.     -        -       Fell  Sept.  5,  1814. 

25.  Chassigny,  Dep.  de  la  Haute  Marne,  France.          Fell  Oct.  3,  1815, 

26.  Zaborczika,  Government  of  Volhynia,  Russia.   Fell  March  30,  1818. 

27.  Seres,  Macedonia,  Turkey.     ....        Fell  June,  18" 


CATALOGUE    OP    METEORIC    COLLECTION. 


435 


2R  Slobodka,  Government  of  Smolensk,  Russia.       Fell  Aug.  10,  1818. 

29.  Jonzac,  Dep.  de  la  Charente,  inferieure,  France.   Fell  June  13,  1819. 

30.  Politz,  Principality  of  Reuss.  -       Fell  Oct.  13,  1819. 

31.  Lixna,  Witepsk,  Russia.       -  -       Fell  July  12,  1820. 

32.  Juvenas,  Dep.  de  PArdeche,  France.     -        -      Fell  June  25,  1821. 

33.  Futtehpore,  near  Allahabad,  India.  -       Fell  Nov.  30  1822. 

34.  Nobleborough,  Maine,  U.  S.  A.      -  -       Fell  Aug.  7,  1823. 

35.  Renazzo,  Ferrara,  Italy.       -  -      Fell  Jan.  15,  1824. 

36.  Zebrak,  Berauner  Circle,  Bohemia.       -        -       Fell  Oct.  14,  1824, 

37.  Nanjemoy,  Maryland,  U.  S.  A.      -  -     Fell  Feb.  10,  1825. 

38.  Owyhee  (Hawaii),  Sandwich  Islands.    -        -    Fell  Sept.  14,  1825, 

39.  Nashville,  Tennessee,  U.  S.  A.      -  Fell  May  9,  1827. 

40.  Bialystok,  Russia.  -  Fell  Oct.  5,  1827, 

41.  Richmond,  Virginia,  U.  S.  A.  -       Fell  June  4,  1828. 

42.  Forsyth,  Georgia,  U.  S.  A.     -  -        Fell  May  8,  1829, 

43.  Deal,  near  Long  Branch,  New  Jersey,  U.  S.  A.     Fell  Aug.  15,  1829, 

44.  Wessely,  Hradischer  Circle,  Moravia.    -        -      Fell  Sept.  9,  1831, 

45.  Charwallas,  near  Hissar,  India.      -  -    Fell  June  12,  1834. 

46.  Macao,  Province  Rio  Grande  do  Norte,  Brazil.    Fell  Nov.  11,  1836, 

47.  Esnaude,  Dep.  de  la  Charente,  France.  -  Fell  Aug.  1837. 

48.  Chandakapore,  Berar,  India.  -      Fell  June  6,  1838. 

49.  Cold  Bokkewelde,  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  -        -     Fell  Oct.  13,  1838. 

50.  Little  Piney,  Pulaski  county,  Missouri,  U.  S.  A.  Fell  Feb.  13,  1839. 

51.  Griineberg,  Liegnitz,  Silesia.  -  Fell  March  22, 1841. 

52.  Chateau  Renard,  Dep.  du  Loiret,  France.  Fell  June  12,  1841. 

53.  Milena,  Warasdiner  Comitat,  Croatia.    .-^     -    Fell  April  26,  1842. 

54.  Aumieres,  Canton  St.  Georges,  France.  -        -     Fell  June  4,  1842, 

55.  Bishopsville,  South  Carolina,  U.  S.  A.      -  '      Fell  March  25,  1843. 

56.  Utrecht,  Holland.  ,  •    Fell  June  2,  1843, 

57.  Kleinwenden  (Nordhausen)  Saxony.  -  Fell  Sept.  16,  1043, 

58.  Killeter,  County  of  Tyrone,  Ireland.       •' ',    -  Fell  April  29,  1844. 

59.  Favars,  Canton  de  Laissac,  France.  '/-"  Fell  Oct  21,  1844. 

60.  Macerata,  (Monte  Milone)  Italy.     -  \  -    Fell  May  10,  1846. 

61.  Linn  county,  Iowa,  U.  S.  A.  -  ^  Fell  Feb.  25, 1847. 

62.  Castine,  Maine,  U.  S.  A.  / ',*    Fell  May  20,  1848. 

63.  Cabarras  county,  (North  Carolina),  U.  S.  A.         Fell  Oct.  31,  1849. 

64.  Gutersloh,  Westphalia.  -  -   Fell  April  17,  1851. 

65.  Mezo-Madaras  (Fekete)  Maroscher  Stuhl,  Tran- 

sylvania. -  ...   Fel1  SePl-  4>  1852- 

66.  Girgenti,  Sicily.     -  -    Fell  Feb.  10,  1853. 

67.  Boemerford,  Hanover. Fell  July,  1855. 


436 


CATALOGUE  OF  METEORIC  COLLECTION. 


II.    METEOKIC  IRONS. 

1.  Senegal,  Africa.  -  -      Found  1717. 

2.  Krasnoyarsk,  Government  of  Jeniseisk,  Siberia.  -      Found  1749. 

3.  Saxony  (Steinbach,  near  Eibenstock).    -  -       Found  1751. 

4.  Agram,  Croatia.   -                                             -  Fell  May  26,  1751. 

5.  Tecuman,  Otumpa,  Argentine  Rep.,  S.  America.  Found  1783. 

6.  Bahia  (Bemdego),  Brazil.     -  -       Found  1784. 

7.  Xiquipilco,  Toluca,  Mexico.  -       Found  1784. 

8.  Zacatecas,  Mexico.       -                                    -  Found  1792. 

9.  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     -  -      Found  1793. 

10.  Bitberg,  in  the  Eifel,  Rhenish  Prussia.    -  -      Found  1805. 

11.  Texas  (Red  River),  U.  S.  A.  -      Found  1808. 

12.  Rasgata,  New  Grenada,  South  America.  -      Found  1810, 

13.  Elbogen,  Bohemia.        ...  -      Found  181L 

14.  Durango,  Mexico.                                   -  -      Found  1811. 

15.  Lenarto,  Saroscher  Comitat,  Hungary.  -  •       Found  1814. 

16.  Lockport,  New  York,  U.  S.  A.       -  -      Found  1818. 

17.  Burlington,  Otsego  county,  New  York,  U.  S.  A.  -      Found  1819. 

18.  Guildford,  North  Carolina,  U.  S.  A.  -       Found  1820. 

19.  Atacama,  Bolivia.  -       Found  1827. 

20.  Caille,  Dep.  du  Var,  France.  -       Found  1828. 

21.  Bohumilitz,  Prachiner  Circle,  Bohemia.  -      Found  1829. 

22.  Ciaiborne  county,  Alabama,  U.  S.  A.      -  -       Found  1834. 

23.  Dickson  county,  Tennessee,  U.  S.  A.      -        -  Fell  July  30,  1835. 

24.  Black  Mountain,  Buncombe  Co.,  N.  Carolina,  U.  S.  A.  Found  1835. 

25.  Asherville,  Buncombe  county,  North  Carolina.  -       Found  1839. 

26.  Putnam  county,  Georgia,  U.  S.  A.  -       Found  1839. 

27.  Cocke  county  (and  Sevier  county),  Tennessee.  -       Found  1840. 

28.  Newberry  (Ruffs  Mountain),  South  Carolina,  U.  S.  A.   Found  1841. 

29.  Green  county  (Babb's  Mills),  Tennessee,  U.  S.  A. 

30.  St.  Augustine's  Bay,  Madagascar.  - 

31.  Arva,  (Szlanicza)  Arvaer  Comitat,  Hungary. 

32.  Otsego  county,  New  York,  U.  S.  A. 

33.  De  Kalb  county,  Tennessee,  U.  S.  A.      - 

34.  Carthage,  Tennessee,  U.  S.  A.    - 

35.  Chester  county,  South  Carolina,  U.  S.  A. 

36.  Braunau,  Koniggratzer  Circle,  Bohemia. 

37.  Seelasgen,  Neumark,  Brandenberg. 
38. 


Found  1842. 

-  Found  1843. 
.   Found  1843. 

Found  1845.. 

-  Found  1845. 
Found  1846. 

-  Found  1847. 
Fell  July  14,  1847. 

-  Found  1847. 


Schwetz,  Prussia. 


Found  1850. 


CATALOGUE    OP     METEORIC     COLLECTION.  437 

39.  Salt  River,  Kentucky,  U.  S.  A.     -  -      Found  1850. 

40.  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  U.  S.  A.    -  -       Found  1850. 

41.  Seneca  Falls,  Cayuga  county,  U.  S.  A.    -        -      Found  since  1850. 

42.  Lion  River,  Namaqua  Land,  South  Africa.       -          " 

43.  Union  county,  Georgia,  U.  S.  A.     - 

44.  Tazewell,  Claiborne  county,  Tennessee,  U.  S.  A.       "          "       " 

45.  Santa  Rosa,  New  Mexico.     - 

46.  Tuczon,  Sonora.  -  "          "       " 

47.  Chili. 

48.  Haywood  county,  North  Carolina,  U.  S.  A. 

49.  Orange  River,  South  Africa. 

50.  Madoc,  Canada  West. Found  1854. 


APPENDIX   TO   METEORIC    COLLECTION. 


I.  DOUBTFUL  METEORIC   STONES  (several  of  which,  however,  are  known 
to  have  fallen  from  the  atmosphere). 

Alais,  Dep.  du  Gard,  France,  March  15,  1806. 

Waterville,  Maine,  U.  S.  A.,  Sept.  1826. 

Waterloo,  New  York,  U.  S.  A.,  1826  or  1827. 

Concord,  New  Hampshire,  U.  S.  A.,  1840. 

I  wan,  Hungary,  Aug.  1841. 

Las  Canas,  St.  Andrews,  Cuba,  Oct.  2,  1844. 

Elizabethtown,  Essex  county,  New  York,  U.  S.  A.,  winter  of  1844 
and  1845. 

Moreton  Bay,  Australia,  July,  1845. 

Richland,  South  Carolina,  U.  S.  A.,  summer  of  1846  or  1847, 

Near  Columbia,  South  Carolina.  U.  S.  A.,  (containing  globules  of  me- 
tallic lead,)  1852. 


438     CATALOGUE  OP  METEORIC  COLLECTION. 

II.  DOUBTFDL  METEORIC  IRONS,  (several  of  which  are  destitute  of 
nickel,  chromium  and  cobalt,  and  do  not  afford  the  true  Widmann- 
staattian  figures  ;  or  if  containing  the  usual  meteoric  metals,  the  masses 
have  been  altered  and  disguised  by  a  strong  artificial  heat). 

Randolph  county,  North  Carolina,  U.  S.  A.,  1822. 

Sterlitamal,  Orenberg,  Russia,  1825. 

Bedford  county,  Pennsylvania,  U.  S.  A.,  1828. 

Scriba,  New  York,  U.  S.  A.,  1830. 

St.  Matthews,  South  Carolina,  U.  S.  A. 

Walker  county,  Alabama,  U.  S.  A.,  1839.  * 

Homony  Creek,  Buncombe  county,  North  Carolina,  U.  S.  A.,  1845, 

Montgomery,  Vermont,  U.  S.  A. 

Achen,  (Aix-La-Chapelle),  France. 

Collina,  de  Brianza,  Brazil. 

Long  Creek,  Jefferson  county,  Tennessee,  U.  S.  A.,  1853, 

Poictiers,  France. 


INDEX. 


A.                     i 

Alunogen,  70.                          lAntimonocher,  144. 

Alviie,  421.                               Antimonophyllite,  421. 

Abichite,  121. 

Amalgam,  295.                         [Antimonoxyd,  v.  Valentinite. 

Abrazite,  165. 

Amausite,  see  Feldspar.           Antimonsilber,  300. 

Acadiolite,  164. 

Amazon-stone,  185.                  Antimonsilberblende,  353. 

Acerdese,  280. 

Amber,  368.                             Antimony  blende,  t>.  Kerme- 

Achmite,  196. 

Arablygonite,  181. 

site. 

Aciculite,  337. 

Amethyst,  213. 

Antimony  bloom,  v.  Valenti- 

Acmite, 196. 

Amiant,  193. 

nite. 

Aehmatite,  183. 

Amianthoide,  193. 

Antimony  glance,  328. 

Achroiie,  219. 

Amianthus,  193. 

Antrimolite,  170. 

Actinolite,  193. 

Ammiolite,  421. 

Apatelite,  71. 

Actinote,  193. 

Ammonia-alum,  68. 

Apatite,  107. 

Adamantine  spar,  235. 

Amoibite,  312 

Aphanesite,  121. 

Adularia,  187. 

Amphibole,  193. 

Aphrite,  219. 

Aedelforsite,  177. 

Amphibolite,  193. 

Aphrizite,219. 

Aegirin,  193. 

Amphigene,  175. 

Aphrodite,  162. 

Aeschynite,  258. 

Amphodelite,  190. 

Aphrosiderite,  v.  Chlorite. 

Aftonite.  347. 

Anagenite,  v.  Chrome-ochre. 

Aphthalose,  70. 

Agalmatolite,  146. 

Analcime,  172.                         iAphthitalite,  70. 

Agapite,  181. 

Aname^ite,  v.  Labradorite.      [Aphthonite,  347. 

Agaric  mineral,  86. 

Anatase,  253. 

Apjohnite,  397. 

Agate,  213. 

Anauxite,  161. 

Aplome,  206. 

Agnesite,  141.     . 

Andalnsite,  223. 

Apophyllite,  167. 

Aikinite,  337. 

Andesine,  189. 

Aquamarine,  229. 

Akanthite,  331. 

Andreasbergolite,  v.  Harmo-  Araeoxerie,  422. 

Akmite,  li-6. 

tome. 

Aragonite,  91. 

Alabandine,  359. 

Andreolite,  166. 

Arcariite,  70. 

Alabaster,  75. 

Anglarile,  73. 

Arendalite,  183. 

Alalite,  196. 

Anglesite,  135. 

Arfvedsonite,  ]94. 

Alaun,  68. 

Anhydrite,  78. 

Argentiferous    Tetrahedrite, 

Alaunsteun,  106. 

Ankerite,  94. 

347. 

Albin,  168. 

Anabergite,  v.  Nickel-green, 

Argentine,  86. 

Albiie,  188. 

117. 

Argentite,  331. 

Alexandrite,  231. 

Anorthite,  190. 

Argyrose,  331. 

Algerite,  178. 

Anthophyllite,  193. 

Arkansite,  254. 

Ahzite,  see  Pimelite. 

Anthosiderite,  421. 

Arpidelite,  v  Sphene. 

AHagite,  192. 

Anthracite,  372. 

Arquerite,  304. 

Allanite,  250. 

Anthraconite,  86. 

Arragonite,  91. 

AHemontite,  299. 

Antiedrite,  v.  Edingtonite. 

Arseneisen,  319. 

AHochroite,  206. 

Antigorite,  155. 

Arsenic,  300. 

Allogoriite,  107. 

Antimon-arsen,  299. 

Arsenical  antimony,  299. 

AMomorphite,  101. 

Antimonblende,  353. 

Arsenicite,  v.  Pharmacolite. 

Allophane,  88. 

Antimonbliithe,v  Valentinite. 

Arsenikalkies,  319. 

Alluaudite,  112. 

Antimon-glariz,  328. 

Arsenikantimon,  299. 

Almagrerite,  421. 

Antimonial  copper,  346. 

Arsenikbleispath,   v.    Mime- 

Almandine,  206. 

Antimonial    copper-glance, 

tine. 

Alstonite,  102. 

346, 

Arsenikbismuth,  v.  Enlytine. 

Altaite,  300. 

Antimonial  nickel,  319. 

Arsenikbliithe,  v.  Arsenite. 

Alum,  68. 

Antimonial  silver,  300. 

Arsenikeisen,  319. 

Aluminite,  72. 

Antimonite,  328. 

Arsenikkobahkies,  320. 

Alumocalcite,  201. 

Antimonkupferglanz,  346. 

Arsenikmangan,  v.  Kaneite. 

Alumstone,  106. 

Antimonnickelglanz,  v.    Ull- 

Arsenikkupfer,  v.  Domeykite. 

Alunite,  106. 

mannite. 

Arseniknickel,  307. 

440 


INDEX. 


Anseniksilber,  301. 
Arseniksilberblcnde,  355. 
Arsenik-sinter,  v.  Scorodite. 
Arseniosiderite,  319. 
Arseniie,  143. 
Arsenocrocite,  v.  Arseniosid' 

erite. 

Arsenolite,  v.  Arsenite. 
Arsenomelan,  422. 
Arsenopyrite,  310. 
Arsenous  acid,  v.  Arsenite. 
Arsenphyllite,  422. 
Asbestos,  193,  196. 
Asbolan,  409. 
Asparagus  stone,  107. 
Aspasiolite,  v.  lolite. 
Asphaltum,  368. 
Astrakanite,  71. 
Astrophyllite,  422. 
Atacamite,  121. 
Atelesite,  422. 
Atlaserz,  v.  Malachite. 
Atheriastite,  v.  Scapolite. 
Atramenstein,  v.  Misy. 
Augite,  196. 
Augustite,  v.  Apatite. 
Auina,  v.  Hauyne. 
Auriclmlcite,  76. 
Auriferous  pyrites,  325. 
Auripigmentum,  v.  Orpiment 
Aurotellnrite,  289. 
Automalite,  234,  416. 
Autunite,  v.  I'ranite 
Aventurine  quartz,  213. 
Axiuitc,  219. 
Azorite,  285. 
Azure  spar,  v.  Lnzulite. 
Azure  stone,  v.  Lazulite. 
Azurite,  180. 


Babingtonite,  183. 
Bagrationite,  250. 
Baierine,  261. 
Baikalite,  196. 
Balas  ruby,  v.  Spinel. 
Ballester  ;site,  422. 
Baltimorite,  148. 
Bamliie,  422. 
Baralite,  422. 
Barnhardtite,  326. 
Barolite,  v.  Witherite. 
Baroselenite,  v.  Barytes. 
Barsowite,  190. 
Barystrontianite,  103. 
Barytes,  98. 
Barytine,  v.  Barytes. 
Baryiocalcite,  102. 
Baryto-celestine,  98. 
Baryiophyllite,  160. 
Baxanite,  213. 
Basanomelari,  v.  Ilmenite. 
Basicerine,  v.  Fluoceriile. 
Bastite,  410. 
Batrachite,  20S. 
Baudisserite,  v.  Magnesite. 
Bauliie,  192. 
Beaumontite,  127,  164. 
Beilstein,  «.  Nephrite. 
Bell-metal  ore,  v.  Stannine. 


Belonite,  v.  Aikinite. 
Beraunite,  422. 
Berengelite,  367. 
Beresofite,  132. 
Bergholz,  v.  Xylotile. 
Bergmannite,  422. 
Bernerde,  v.  Retinite. 
Bernstein,  v.  Amber. 
I  Beryl,  229. 
(Berihierite,  338. 
Berzelianite,  v.  Berzeline. 
Berzeliite,  v.  Kuhnite. 
Berzeline,  173. 
Beudantite,  119,  174. 
Bieberite,  70. 
Bildstein,  146. 
Binnite,  422. 
Biotine,  v.  Anorthite. 
Biotite,  158. 
Birousa,  v.  Turquoise. 
Bismuth,  291. 
Bismuthaurite,  304. 
Bismuth-glance,    v.    Bismu 

thine. 

Bismuth  blende,  v.  Eulytine. 
Bismuthic  gold,  304. 
Bismuth  nickel,  309. 
Bismuth  ochre,  143. 
Bismuthic  silver,  292,  309. 
Bismuthine,  337. 
Bismutite,  141. 
Bitierkalk,  92. 
Bittersalz,  108. 
Bitter  spar,  92. 
Bitumen,  364. 
Biiuminous  coal,  372. 
Black  copper,  145. 
Black  hematite,  v. 

lane. 
Blackjack,  351. 
Black  lead,  373. 
Black  manganese,  283. 
Black  silver,  336. 
Blakeite,  397. 
Blattererz,  290. 
Blatterkies,  v.  Marcasite. 
Blattertellur,  290. 
Blatterzeolith,  v.  Heulandite. 
Blaubleierz,  v.  Galena. 
Blaueisenstein,  v.  Crocidolite. 
Blauspath,  180. 
Blei,  289. 
Bleierde,  137. 
Bleifahlerz.  v.  Bournonite. 
Bleigelb,  v.  Wulfenite. 
Bleiglanz,  340. 
Bleiglas,  v.  Anglesite. 
Bleiglatte,  v.  Lithargite. 
Bleigummi,  141. 
Bleilasur,  v.  Linarite. 
Bleihornerz,  v.  Phosgenite. 
jBleimolybdat,  v.  Wulfenite. 
.Bleiniere,  140. 
iBleioxyd,  v.  Lithargite. 
JBleischeelat,  138. 
JBIeischimmer  v.  Jamesonite. 
Bleisulphotricarbonat,     v. 

Lead  hil  lite. 

Bleischweif,  v.  Galena. 
Bleivitriol,  v.  Anglesite. 
Blende,  351. 


Blodite,  70. 

Bloodstone,  213. 

Blue  asbestus,  v.  Crocidolite. 

Blue  John,  95. 

Blue  malachite,  124. 

Blue  spar,  180. 

Blue  vitriol,  68. 

Bliitstein,  213. 

Bodenite,  285. 

Bohnerz,  v.  Limonite. 

Bog  butter,  366. 

Bog  iron  ore,  v.  Limonite. 

Bole,  115,408. 

Bolognian  spar,  98. 

Boltonite,  182. 

Bonsdorffite,  216. 

Boracic  acid,  69. 

Boracile,  218. 

Borax,  67. 

Bornite,  305. 

Borocalcite,  v.  Hayesine. 

Botryogen,  70. 

Botryolite,  171. 

Boulangerite,  339. 

Bournonite.  344. 

Bournonite-nickelglanz,  422. 

Bowenite,  192. 

Branchite,  v.  Scheererite. 

Kranderz,  v.  Jdrialine. 

Bratidisite,  v.  Clmtonite. 

Braunbleierz,  v.  Pyromorph- 

ite. 

Brauneisenstein,  v.  Limonite. 
Braunite,  283. 
Braunspath,  v.  Dolomite. 
Braunstein,  v.  Hausmannite. 
Breislakite,  196. 

,  319. 

Breunnerite,  94. 
Brevicite,  170. 
Brewsterite,  171. 
Brewstoline,  364. 
Bright  white  cobalt.  315. 
Brittle  silver  ore,  336. 

sulphuret  silver,  336. 
Brochantite,  123. 
Brogniardite,  349. 
Brogniartin,  v.  Glauberite. 
Bromic  silver,  130. 
Bromite,  130. 
Bromlite,  v.  Alstonite. 
Bromsilber,  130. 
Bronzite,  196. 
Brookite,  254. 
Bmssite,  v.  Dolomite. 
Brown  coal,  372. 

hematite,  276. 

iron  ore,  276. 

spar,  v.  Dolomite, 
Brucite,  204. 
Bucholzite,  225. 
Bucklamlite,  183. 
Buritbleierz,  v.  Pyromorphite. 
Bunlkupfererz,  305. 
Buratite,  76,  126. 
Bustamite,  192. 
Butlermilcherz,  130. 
But y rite,  366. 
Byssolite,  193. 
Bytownite,  190. 


Psilome-  Breithauptite, 


INDEX. 


441 


c. 

Cacholong,  201 
Cacoxene,  90. 
Cairngorm  stone,  213. 
Calaite,  181. 
Calamine,  110. 
Calamite,  193. 
Calcareous  heavy  spar,  100. 

spar,  86. 

tufa,  v.  Calcite. 
Calcedony,  213. 
Calcite,  79. 
Calc-spar,  86. 
Caledonite,  134. 
Callais,  v.  Turquois. 
Calomel,  130. 
Calstronbaryte,  101. 
Calyptolite,  28S. 
Canaanite,  v.  Pyroxene. 
Cancrinite,  174. 
Candite,  234. 
Cantalite,  v.  Quartz. 
Capasiolite,  216. 
Capillary  pyrites,  v.  Millerite 

red  oxide  copper,  241. 
Capnite,  v.  Smithsonite. 
Caporcianite,  170. 
Carhacid,  64. 
Carbammonite,  66. 
Carbhydrogen,  64. 
Carbocerine,  73. 
Carbocerine,  v.  Lanthanite. 
Carbonic  acid,  64. 
Carbuncle,  208. 
Carinthite,  132. 
Carminite,  423. 
Carminspath,  423. 
Carnallite,  396. 
Carnat,  115. 
Carnelian,  213. ' 
Carolathine,  423. 
Carpholite,  182. 
Carphosiderite,  89. 
Carphostilbite,  423. 
Carrollite,  315. 
Cassiterite,  263. 
Cassiterotantalite,  262. 
Castelnaudite,  404. 
Castor,  193. 
Catapleiite,  200, 
Catlinite,  115,  v.  Pipestone. 
Catseye,  213 
Cavolinite,  174. 
Cawk   100. 
Celestine,  97. 
Cerasine,  136. 
Cerasite,  136. 
Cerine,  250. 
Cerinstein,  244. 
Ceririte,  244. 
Cerite,  244. 
Cerolite,  146. 
Cerusite,  137. 
Cervantite,    v.    Antiraonial- 

ochre. 

Chabasie,  164. 
Chabazite,  164. 
Chalcanthite,  v.  Blue  vitriol 

68. 
Chalcedony,  213. 


Chalcodite,  153. 
Chalcolite,  v.  Torberite. 
Chalcophyllite,  v.  Tamarite. 
Chalcopyrite,  306. 
Chalcostibite,  346. 
Chalcolrichite,  241. 

halilite,  170. 
Chalk,  86. 
Chalkosin,  342. 
Chalybite,  103. 
Chamoisite,  423. 
Chatharaite,  310. 
Chenocoprolite,  78. 

herokine,  407. 
Chert,  201. 
Chesterlite,  187. 
Chessylite,  v.  Azurite. 
Chiastolite,  223,  414. 
Childrenite,  106. 
Chileke,  277,  405. 
Chiltonite,  v.  Prehnite. 
Chimborazite,  v.  Aragonite. 
Chiolite,  79. 
Chiviatite,  349. 
Chloanthite,  313. 
Chloroastrolite,  170. 
Chlorite,  150. 
Chloritoid,  160. 

hloritspath,  160. 

hloromelan,  v.  Cronstedite. 

hloropal  423. 

hlorophaeite,  151. 
(  hlorophane,  96. 
Chlorophanerite,  423. 
Chlorophyllite,  216. 
Chlorospmel,  v.  Spinel. 
Chlorquecksilber,  v.  Calomel. 
Chodrieffite,  79. 

hondrodite,  204. 
Chomkrite,  153. 

hrismatine,  366. 

hristianite,  90. 

hromate  iron,  267. 

hromeisenstein,  267. 
Chrome  ochre,  144. 
Chromic  iron,  267. 
Chromite,  267. 
Cryolite,  79. 
Chrysoberyl,  231. 
Chrysocolla,  117. 
Chrysolite,  208. 
Cnrysophane,  v.  Clintonite. 
Chrysoprase,  213. 
Chrysotile,  148. 
Chusite,  v.  Crysolite. 
Cimolite,  l!5. 
Cinnabar,  357. 
Cinnamon  stone,  206. 

lausthalite,  332. 

lay,  114. 

lay  iron-stone,  105. 
Cleavelandiie,  188. 
Cleiopharie,  360. 
Clingmanite,  159. 
Clinochse,  v  Aphanesite. 
Clinochlore,  151. 
Clintoniie,  160. 
Cluthalite,  172. 
Coal,  372. 
Cobalt  bloom,  172. 

56 


Cobalt-gris,  315. 

Cobaltirie,  315. 

Cobalt-mica,  v.  Erythrine. 
pyrites,  315. 
vitriol,  70. 

Coccinite,  130. 

Coccolite,  196. 

Collyrite,  114. 

Colophonite,  206. 

Columbite,  261. 

Common  salt,  v.  Salt. 

Compact  brown  iron-stone,278 
manganese,  283. 

Comptonite,  168. 

Condrodite,  204. 

Condtirrite,  308. 

Conichalcite,  127,  406. 

Conite,  92. 

Connellite,  423. 

Copal,  368. 

Copalme,  368. 

Copiapite,  69. 

Copper,  293. 

Copperas,  67. 

Copper  froth,  117,  v.  Tyrolite. 
glance,  342. 
green,  v.  Malachite, 
mica,  v.  Tamarite. 
nickel,  320. 
pyrites,  306. 

Coquimbite.  397. 

Coracite,  265. 

Coral linerz,  v.  Cinnabar. 

Cordierite,  216. 

Corindon,  v.  Corundum. 

Corneous  lead,  v.  Phosgenite. 
manganese,  192. 

Cornwallite,  406. 

Corundellite,  159. 

Corundophilite,  153. 

Corundum,  235. 

Gotham  Marble,  88. 

("otunnite,  136. 

Couzeranite,  191. 

Corelline,  328. 

Crednerite,  286. 

Creitionite,  v  Spinel. 

Crichstonite,  267. 

Crisolith,  v.  Chrysolite. 

Crispite,  v.  Rutile. 

Crocidoliie,  196. 

Crocoisite,  132. 

Cronstedlite,  155. 

Cross  Stone,  Crucite  v.  Chi- 
astolite. 

Cryolite,  79,  400. 

Cryptolite  109. 

Cryptoline,  364. 

Cuban,  326. 

ube-Ore,v.  Pharmacosiderite 
ube-Spar,  v.  Anhydrite. 

Cubizite,  v.  Analcime. 

Cuboite,  172. 

Cuivre  Arsenical,  308. 
uivre  gris,  v.  Tetrahedrite. 
umengite,  408. 
ummingtonite,  193. 

Cupreous  Anglesite,  v.  Lina- 
rite. 

Cupreous  Sulphato-carb.  lead, 
134. 


442 


INDEX. 


Cuprite,  241. 
Cuprolumbite,  349. 
Cyanite,  224. 
Cyanochrome,  423. 
Cynnosiie,  Cyanoze,  v.  Cal- 

chanthile. 
Cyanotrichite,  124. 
Cyclopite,  423. 
Cymophnne,  231. 
Cyprine,  205. 

D. 

Dalarnite,  v.  Mispickel. 
Damourite,  161. 
Dannite,  310. 
Danburite,  218. 
Dark  Red  Silver,  353. 
Daiholite,  171. 
Datolith,  171. 
Dnonrite,  v.  Rubellite. 
Davidsonite,  229. 
Davyne,  174. 
Davyt,  v.  Alnnogen. 
Dechenite,  141. 
Delanovite,  423. 
Delessite,  424. 
Delphiuite,  183. 
Pelvauxene,  89. 
Demant  v.  Diamond. 
Demantspath.  v.  Corundum. 
Dermartin,  147. 
Descloizite,  407. 
Desmin  v.  Stilbite. 
Devonite,  ».  Wavellite. 
Deweylite,  146. 
Diaclasite,  199. 
Diadochite,  90. 
Diagonite,  v.  Brewsterite. 
Diallnsjf ,  424. 
Diallogiie,  96. 
Diamimd,  237. 
DiaphoritP,  v.  Allagite. 
Diaspore,  283. 
Diastaiite,  193. 
Dichroite,  216. 
Digenito,  350. 
Dihydrite,  126. 
Dillnite,  401. 
Dimngnetite,  271. 
Dimorphine,  350. 
Diniie,  370. 
Diopside,  196. 
Dioptase,  127. 
Dioxylite,  134. 
Diphanite.  159. 
Diploite,  190. 
Dipyre,  179. 
Disclasite,  v.  Diallage. 
Discrasile,  300. 
Disomose,  312. 
Disterrite,  160. 
Disthene,  224. 
Dolomite,  92. 
Domeykite,  ?0g. 
Dopple  Spath,  v.  Calcite. 
Dnp|)lerite,  370. 
Dreliie,  97. 
Ddifrenite,  89. 
Dufrenoysite,  340. 
Dyoxylite,  134. 


)ysclasite,  170. 
)y*koliie,  v.  Saussurite. 
)yhluite,  234,415. 
)yssnile,  192. 
)ysyntribite,  146. 

E. 

Earthy  Cobalt,  145. 
Sarihy  Manganese,  v.  Wad. 
Cdelforsite,  177. 
i^delith,  v.  Prehnite. 
Sdingionite,  166. 
Edwardsiie,  108. 
Egeran,  205. 

hliie,  127. 
Ehrenbergite,  424. 

isen,  301. 

iiseivapatite,  v   Zwieselite. 
nalaun,  v  Halotrichite. 
Cisenblau,  v.  Vivianite. 
iisenhliithe,  v.  Aragonite. 
nchrom,  v.  Chromite. 
Eisenchlore,  396. 

isenchlorite,  v.  Chromite. 
Sisenepidote,  180. 
Sisenerz.  318. 
Sisenglnnz,  v.  Hematite. 
Sisenglimmer,  v.  Hematite. 
KisenL«yminiie,v.  Hydrophite 
Sisenkies,  v.  Pyrites. 
Eisenkiesel,  213. 
3isenkobaherz,  v.  Safflorite. 
Kisennatrolith,  425. 
Eisennickelkies,  307. 
Eisenopal,  201. 
Eisenoxyd,  v.  Hematite. 
Eisenoxydliydrat,  v.  Limonite 
Eisenpeoherz,  '<J78. 
Eiseriperidot,  2C8. 
Eisenphylii,  v.  Vivianite. 
Eisenresin,  v.  Oxalite. 
Eisensinter  v.  Iron  flint,  213. 
Eisenrahm,  v  Red  Ochre. 
Eisenrose,  v.  llraenite. 
Eit-enrutile,  277. 
Eisenspalh,  v.  Chalybite. 
Eisentitan,  v.  Rutile. 
Eisenvitriol,  v.  Melanterite. 
Eisspath,  v.  Feldspar. 
Eisstein,  v.  Cryolite. 
Ekebergite.  178. 
Elseoliie,  174. 
Elasrnose,  290. 
Elastin  Bitumen,  365. 
Elaierite,  365. 
Electric  Calamine,  111. 
Electrum,  304. 
Elasite,  266. 
Embolite,  130. 
Embrithite,  339. 
Emerald,  229. 
Emerald-Copper,  127. 
Emerald  Nickel,  119. 
Etneraude,  v.  Beryl. 
Emery,  235. 
Emerylite,  159. 
Emmonite,  402. 
Enargite,  350. 
Enceladite,  243. 
Endellionite,  344. 


Instatite,  425. 
Cphesite,  425. 
Cpichloriie,  154. 
Epichroite,  108. 
Epidote,  138. 
^piglauhite,  425. 
ipislilbile,  164. 
Lpsomile,  67. 
"psom-salt,  67. 
Irdkobalt,  145 
irdmainiite,  425. 
Erdol,  364. 

Erdwnchs  v.  Ozocerite. 
Eremite,  108. 
Srinite,  115,  128. 
^rubescite,  305. 
Erythrine,  73. 
Sryihriie,  187. 
ischenite,  v.  Aeschynite. 
Esmarkite,  171,216. 
Essonite,  206. 
Sucainte,  329. 
Euchroite,  123. 
EnHiysiderite,  v.  Pyroxene. 
Euclase,  223. 
Endmlyie,  189. 
Eudnophite,  176. 
Eugenesite,  v.  Palladium. 
Engenglanz,  331. 
Eukairite,  v.  Eucairite. 
Enkamptite.  425. 
Kuklas,  v.  Euclase. 
Eukolite,  247. 
Eulytine,  407. 
Eumanite,  285. 
Enphyllite,  159. 
Eupyrchroite,  u.  Apatite. 
Eurite,  187. 
Euxemte,  256. 
Euzeoliih,  v.  Heulandite. 
Exanthalose,  v.  Mirabilite. 
Exitele,  v.  Valentinite. 

F. 

Fahlerz,  347. 
Fahlunite,  216. 
Fassaite,  196. 
Fanjasite,  173. 
Fayalite,  208. 

Feather-alum,  v.  Alunogen. 
Feather-ore,  v.  Plumnsite. 
Federalaun,  v.  Alunogen. 
Federerz,  v.  Heteromorphite. 
Feldspar,  185. 
Felsobanyite,  399. 
Feldspath,  185 
Fergusonite,  260. 
Ferrocobaltine,  315. 
Ferrotantalite,  262. 
Ferruginous  Quartz,  213. 
Fettbol,  115. 
Fettstein,  v.  Nephelin. 
Feuerblende,  353. 
Fihroferrile,  v.  Copiapite. 
Fibrolite,  225. 
Fichielite,  365. 
Ficinite,  404. 
Figure-stone,  146. 
Fiorite,  v.  Opal. 
Fireblende,  253. 
Fire  Opal,  201 


INDEX. 


443 


Fischerite,  181. 
Flexible  silver-ore,  327. 
Flint,  201. 
Float-stone.  213. 
Flos-ferri,  82. 
Flucerme,  106. 
Fluellite,  83. 
Fluocerine,  106. 
Fluocerite,  105. 
Fluochlore,  248. 
Fluor,  95. 
Fluor-spar,  95. 
Flusspath,  95. 
Foliated  Teliurum,  290. 
Fontainbleau  Limestone,  87. 
Forsterite,  v.  Chrypolite. 
Fowlerite,  192,  415. 
Francolite,  v.  Apatite. 
Franklinite,  275. 
Freihergite,  347. 
Freislebeiiite,  334. 
Frugardite,  206. 
Fuchsite,  425. 
Fuller's  Earth,  115. 
Fill  Ion ite,  v.  Onegite. 
Fun  kite,  196. 
Fuscite,  t>.  Scapolite. 

G. 

Gabronite,  v.  Scapolite. 
Gadolinite,  252. 
Gahnite,  239. 
Galactite,  425. 
Galapekiite,  c.  Halloysite. 
Galena,  340. 
Gallicinite,  v  Kutile. 
Galmey,  v.  Hemimorphite. 
Gansekothig-erz,  78. 
Garbenstilbit,  v.  Stilbite. 
Garnet,  206. 

Garnsdorffite,  u.  Pissophaue. 
Gay-Lussite,  69. 
God  rite,  425. 
Gehlenite,  179. 
Gekrosetein,  v  Tripe-stone. 
Gelbleierz,  v.  Wulfenite. 
Gelbeisenerz,  v.  Jarosite. 
Gelberde,  v.  Limonite. 
Gelberz,  v.  Sylvanite. 
Geocrinite,  338. 
Gersdorffite,  312. 
Geyserite,  201. 
Gibbsite,  89. 
Gieseckite,  216. 
Gigantolite,  216. 
Gilbertite,  409. 
Gillingite,  115. 
Giobertite,  94. 
Girasol,  201. 
Gismoridine,  165. 
Glance  coal,  372. 
Glance-copper,  v.  Redruthite. 
Glanzarsenikkies,  319. 
Glanzkobalt,  v.  Cobaltine. 
Glanzkohle,  372.     • 
Glaserite,  v.  Aphthitalite. 
Glaserz,  331. 
Glaskopf,  -o.  Limonite. 
Glatte,  t;.  Lithargite. 


Glauber  Salt,  v.  Mirabilite.      Gymnite,  153. 
Glaubapatite,  402.  Gypsum,  74. 

Glanberite,  71.  Gyrolite,  425. 

Glauber  Salt,  67. 
Glaucodot,  326. 

laucolite,  191. 
Glaucophane,  179,  203. 
Glaukosiderite,  v.  Vivianite. 
Slimmer,  v.  Mica. 
Slinkite,  208. 
Slottalite,  172. 
Smplinite,  164. 
"iokumire,  205. 
Sold,  296. 

Sold  amalgam,  304. 
Soshenite,  229. 
jJoslarite,  68. 
Gothite,  277. 
jiotthardite,  340. 
5rammatite,  193. 
Trammite,  v.  Wollastonite. 
?ranat,  v.  Garnet. 
Graphic  Goid,  259. 
Graphic  Tellurium,  289. 
Graphite,  373. 
iraubraunsteinerz,  v.  Pyrolu- 

sile. 
Graukobalterz,  v.  Syepoorite,  H; 

Sraugiltigerz,  347. 
Graukuplererz,  348. 
Sraulite,  v.  Tectizite. 
Sransilber,  v.  Selbite. 
Grauspiessglaserz,  «.  Antimo- 

nite. 

ray  Antimony,  328. 

ray  Copper,  v.  Redruthite. 

reen  Calamine,  67. 

reen  Diallage,  196,424. 
Green  Earth,  151. 
ireen  Iron  Ore,  69. 
Jreen  Malachite,  125. 
ireen  Tourmaline,  221. 
Jreen  Vitriol,  67. 
Treenlandite,  206. 
Greenockite,  353. 
Ureenovite,  v.  Sphene. 
irenat,  206. 
irenatite,  219. 
Jrengesite,  151. 
trey  Cohalt,  315. 
;!rey  Copper,  347. 
Grey  Manganese,  279. 
^roppite,  149. 
Troruilite,  v.  Wad. 
Jrossular,  206. 
Griinauite,  309. 
^Iriinbleierz,  v.  Pyromorphite 
Griineisenerde,  v.  Hypochlo-  Hi 

rite. 

jrriineisenstein,  v.  Dufrenite. 
jJriinerde,  151. 
jlriinerite,  v.  Pyroxene. 
Suanite,  v.  Struvite. 
Iilummierz,  265. 
jlummispath,       v.       Plomb- 

gomme. 
Gurhofian,  92. 
Gurhufire,  92. 
Surolite,  176. 
Guyaquillite,  367. 


Haarkies,  307. 
Haarsalz,  v.  Alunogen. 
Haematite,  271. 
Hafnefjordite,  v,  Oligoclase. 
Haidingerite,  74. 
Hair-salt,  v.  Alunogen. 
Halbazurblei,  v  Caledonite. 
Halliie,  v.  Aluminite. 
Hallotrichine,  70. 
Halloysite,  114. 
Halotrichite,  70. 
Hampshirile,  151. 
Harmotome,  166. 
Harringtonite,  170. 
Harrisite.  344. 
Hartbraunstein,  283% 
Hartine,  366. 
Hartite,  365. 
Hartkobalierz,  320. 
Hartkobalikies,  320. 
Hartmanganerz,  283. 
Hatchetine    365. 
Hauerite,  359. 
Hausmannite,  282. 
Hauyne,  173. 
Hayder.ile,  164. 
Hayesine,  75. 
Haytorite,  212. 
Heavy  Spar,  98. 
Hebetine,  v.  Willemite. 
Hederibergite,  199. 
Hedyphane,  140. 
Heliotrope,  213. 
Helleflinta,  187. 
Helvin,  204. 
Hematite,  271. 
Hepatic  Pyrites,  321. 
Hepaiinerz,  v.  Tile-ore. 
Hepatite,  101. 
Herciniie,  234. 
Herderite,  107. 
Hermarmitc,  v.  3Iangan-Am- 

phibole. 

Herschelite,  167. 
Hessite,  342. 
Heiepozite.  112. 
Heteroclin,  425. 
Heteromerite,  205. 
Heteromorphite,  339. 
Heierositf,  112. 
Heulandiie,  163. 
Highgate  Resin,  v.  Copaline. 
Hi^ingerite,  115. 
Hitchcockite,  201. 
Hohbpath,  223. 
Holmesite,  160. 
Holzkupererz.  v.  Olivenite. 
Holzopal,   v  Opal. 
Honey-Stone,  369. 
Honightein,  369. 
Hopeite,  78. 

Hornblei,  v.  Phosgenite. 
Hornblende,  193. 
Hornerz,  v.  Kerate. 
liurninungan,  v.  Rhodonite. 


444 


INDEX. 


Hornquicksilver,  130. 
Horn  Silver,  129. 

lodic  Mercury,  130. 
lodic  Silver,  130. 

Hornstone.  213. 

lodic  Quicksilver,  130. 

Horse-flesh  Ore,  v.  Bornite. 

lodite,  130. 

Hnughite,  77. 

lodquecksilver,  130. 

Houille,  372. 

lodyrite,  v.  lodite. 

Hudsonite,  196  and  426. 

lolite,  216. 

Humholdtine,  76. 

Iridium,  303. 

Humboldtillite,  179. 

Iridosmine,  303. 

Humboldtite,  171. 

Irite,  269. 

Humite,  204. 

Iron,  301. 

Hureaulite,  112. 

Iron  Alum,  v.  Halotrichite. 

Huronite,426. 

Iron  Foam,  271. 

Hyacinth,  226. 

Iron  Glance,  271. 

Hyalite,  201. 

Iron  Pyrites,  323. 

Hyalomelan,  203. 

Iron  Stone  glance,  278. 

Hyaloplian,  v.  Adularia. 

Iron  Sinter,  78. 

Hyalosiderite,  208. 

Iserine,  269. 

Hyblite,  v.  Pyroxene. 

Isophane,  v.  Franklinite. 

Hydrargillite,  89. 
Hydroborocalcite,  v.Hayesine 
Hydrobucholzile,  426. 

Isopyre,  203. 
Itaberite,  v.  Hematite. 
Itacolumite,      Elastic    Sand- 

Hydroboracite, 75. 

stone. 

Hydrocalcite,  400. 

Ittnerite,  413. 

Hydrochlore,  248. 

Ixolyte,  366. 

Hydrodolomite,  400. 

Hydrohalite,  426. 

J. 

Hydrogen,  64. 

Hydrolite,  v.  Gmelinite. 
Hydromagnesite,  91. 
Hydromagnocalcite,  v.  Hydro- 
dolomite. 

Jade,  192. 
Jameson  ite,  333. 
Jargionite,  v.  Galena. 
Jargoon,  226. 

Hydro-nickel  magnesite,  91. 
Hydrophane,  210. 
Hydrophite,  149,  192. 
Hvdrosilicite,  426. 
Hydrophilite,  396. 
Hydrous  Anthophyllite,  193. 
Hydrosteatite,  152. 
Hydrotalcite,  77. 

Jarosite,  404. 
Jasper,  v.  Quartz. 
Jaspery  Iron-ore,  v.  Hematite. 
Jaulingite,  426. 
Jeffersonite,  t>.  Pyroxene. 
Jellitite,  v.  Garnet. 
Jefreinoffite,  v.  Idocrase. 
Jenkinsite,  196. 

Hydrotalk,  156. 
Hydrous  lolite,  216. 
Pyrites,  326. 
Hydrozincite,  75. 
Hypargyrite,  v.  Myargyrite. 

Jet,  372. 
Johannite,  70. 
Johnite,  v.  Turquoise. 
Johnstonite. 
Junkerite,  104. 

Hypersthene,  196. 

Hypochlorite,  426. 

K. 

Hyposclerite,  191. 
Hypostilbite,  163. 
Hystitite,  267. 

Kakochlor,  v.  Wad. 
Kakoxene,  90. 
Kalait  v.  Turquoise. 

I 

Kalamit,  183. 

Knliphite,  286. 

Iberite,  426. 

Kalk-Malachite,  126. 

Ice  Spar,  v.  Feldspar. 
Iceland  Spar,  v.  Calcite. 

Kalkspath,  v.  Calcite. 
Kallochrom,  v.  Lehmanite. 

Irhthyophlhalmite,  167. 

Kaolin,  114,  187. 

Idocrase,  205. 

larnmererit,  152. 

Idrialine,  366. 

iammkies,  321. 

Idrialite,  366. 

£ampylite,  140. 

Iglesiasite,  v.  Cerusite. 

ianeite,  426. 

Igloite,  v.  Aragonite. 
lldefonsite,  v  Columbite. 

kaolin,  114,  187. 
iapnite,  111. 

Illuderite,  v.  Zoisite. 

Jarpholite,  182. 

llmenite,  257,  267. 

{arphosiderite,  89. 

llvaite,  v.  Lievrite. 
Indianite,  190. 

iarstenite,  v.  Anhydrite. 
Castor  v.  Petalite. 

Indicolite,  v.  Tourmaline. 

iataplete,  200. 

Indigo  Copper,  328. 
Indite,  v.  Calcite. 

ieilhauite,  286. 
Keramohalite,  70,  398. 

Kerargyrite,  v.  Kerate, 
Kerasite,  v.  Phosgenite. 
Keraphyllite,  v.  Carinthine, 
Kerate,  129. 
Kermes,  353. 
Kermesite,  353. 
Kermito-Tantalite,  262. 
Kerolite,  146. 
Kibdelophan,  267. 
Kieselgalmey,   v.    Hemimor- 

phite. 

Kieselkupper,  v.  Chrysocolla, 
Kiaselmalachit,t>.Chrysocolla. 
Kieselmangan,  v.  Rhodonite. 
Kieselopath,  188. 
Kieseluismut,  v.  Eulytine. 
Kieselzinkerz,  v.  Willemite. 
Kilbrickenite,  338. 
Killnite,  v.  Spodumene. 
Kirwariite,  175. 
Klaprothite,  180. 
Klinoclas,  121. 
Knebilite,  426. 
Kobaldine,  315. 
Kobalbliithe,  v.  Erythrine. 
Kobalt-glanz,  315. 
Kobaltkiee,  315. 
Kobalt-nickelkies,  315. 
Kobaltvitriol,  t.  Bieberite,  70. 
Kobellite,  336. 
Kochsalz,  v.  Salt. 
Kohle,  372. 

Kokkolite,  v.  Pyroxene. 
Kollyrit,  114. 
Kolophonit,  v.  Garnet. 
Konichalcit,  127. 
Konigine,  123. 
Konlemite,  365. 
Konlite,  365. 

Korite,  Hydrous  Labradorite, 
Kottigite,  399. 
Korund,  v.  Corundum. 
Koupholite,  175. 
Krablite,  202. 
Kraurite,  88. 
Kremersite,  v.  Sylvine. 
Kreuzstein,  v.  Harmotome. 
Krisoberil,  v.  Chrysoberyl. 
Krisurigite,  71,  123. 
Krokidolite,  v.  Crocidolite. 
Krokoit,  v.  Lehmannite. 
Kryolitet  v.  Cryolite. 
Kiihnite. 
Kupaphrite,  117. 
Kupferantimonglanz,  346. 
Kupferblau,  117. 
Kupferbleiglanz,  v.  Redruth- 

ite. 

Kupferbleispath,  v.  Linarite. 
Kupferblende,  348. 
Kupferbliithe,    v.    Chalcotri- 

chite. 

Kupferdiaspore.  126. 
Kupferfahlerz,  v.Tetrahedrite. 
Kupferglanz,  v.  Redruthite, 
[Cnpferglas,  v.  Redruthite. 
Kupferglimmer,  v.  Tamarite. 
Knpfergriin,  v.  Malachite. 
Kupferindig,  328. 
Kupferkies,  306. 


INDEX. 


445 


Kupferlasur,  v.  Azurite. 
Kupfermanganerz,  v.  Wad. 

Levyne,  164. 
Lherzolite,  v.  Pyroxene. 

Kupfernickel,  320. 
Kupferpecherz,  426. 

Lichter-Rothgiltigerz,  355. 
Libethenite,  126. 

Kupferphyllit,  v.  Tamarite. 

Liebnerite,  216. 

Kupferschaum.  117. 

Liebigite,  120. 

Kupferschwarze,  v.  Tenorite. 
Kupfersmaragd,  v.  Dioptase. 
Kupfervitriol,  v.  Chalcan- 

Lievrite,  249. 
Light  Red  Silver,  355. 
Lignite,  372. 

thite. 

Ligurite,  v.  Sphene. 

Kupferwismutherz,  v.  Witti- 

Limbelite,  v.  Chrysolite 

chiie. 

Lime  baryte,  100. 

Kupferwismutglanz,  v.  Tan- 

Lime-malachite,  126. 

nerite. 

Limestone,  86. 

Kyanite,  224. 

Lime  uranite,  119. 

Kymatine,  193. 

Limonite,  276. 

Kypholite,  v.  Serpentine. 

Limnite,  276. 

Kyrosite,  326. 

Linarite,  134. 

Lincolnite,  164. 

Lindackerite,  427. 

L. 

Lindsayite,  191. 

Linnaeite,  315. 

Labrador  Feldspar,  191. 

Linseite,  191. 

Labrudorite,  191. 
Lagointe,  426. 

Linsenerz,    Linsenkupfer.    v. 
Liroconite. 

Lampadite,  v.  Wad. 

Liparite,  v.  Fluor. 

'Lanarkite,  134. 

Liroconite,  118, 

Lancasterite,  77. 

Litheospore,  v.  Barytes. 

Lanthanite,  78,  400.                  Lithionglimmer,  v.  Mica. 
Lapis-Lazuh,  173.                     Lithomarge,  115. 
Lapis-ollaris,  v.  Chlorite  and  Loboit,  205. 

Saponite. 

Logariite,  152. 

Lardite,  152. 

Lolingite,  319. 

Lasionite,  v.  Wavellite. 

Lomonite,  v.  Laumonite, 

Lasurite,  v.  Azurite. 

Lonchidite,  326. 

Lasurstein,  v.  Ultramarine. 
Latrobite,  190. 

Lophoite,  v.  Repidolite. 
Lotalite,  193. 

Lauraonite,  170.     k 

Loweite,  Loveite,  71. 

Laumontite,  v.  Laumonite. 

Loxoclase,  185. 

Lavendolan,  426. 

Lucullite,  88. 

Lazulite,  180. 

Lunnite,  126. 

Lead,  289. 
Lead-glance,  v.  Galena. 

Lydian  stone,  213. 

Lead-ochre,  v.  Lithargite. 

Mp 

Leadhillite,  133. 

. 

Leberblende,  426. 

Made,  223. 

Leberkies,  321. 

Maclurite,  204. 

Ledererite,  v.  Gmelinite. 

Magnesia  Alum,  92. 

Lederite,  245. 

Magnesia  apatite,  108. 

Leedsite,  426. 

Magnesian  limestone,  92. 

Leelite,  187. 

Magnesian  pharmacolite,  113. 

Lehmanite,  v.  Beresofite,  132. 

Magnesite,  90,  402. 

Lehrbuchite,  313. 

Magneteisenstein,  v.  Magne- 

Lehuntite, 170. 

tite. 

Lemnian  Earth,  114. 

Magnetic  Iron  Ore,  270. 

Lenzinite,  114. 

Magnetic  Pyrites,  309. 

Leonhardite,  170. 

Magnetite,  270. 

Leopard  stone,  187. 

Magnetkies,  309. 

Lepidokrokite,  277. 

Malachite,  125. 

Lepidolite,  156. 

Malacolite,  196. 

Lepidomelane,  159. 

Malacone,  286. 

Lepolite,  190. 

Malakone,  286. 

Lettsomite,  124. 

Maltha,  v.  Bitumen. 

Leuchtenbergite,  150. 

Malthacite,  115. 

Leucite,  175. 

Mancinite,  427. 

Leucolite,  v.  Pycnite. 

Mangan-amphibole,  192. 

Leucocyclite,  v.  Apophyllite. 

Manganblende,  359. 

Leucophane,  91. 

Manganesian  Epidote,  183. 

Leucopyrite,  319. 

Manganese  spar,  192. 

Leuzit,  v.  Leucite.                   iManganglanz,  359. 

Manganite,  280. 
Mangankiesel,  v.  Rhodonite. 
Mangankupfererz,  282. 
Mangankupferoxyd,  282. 
Mangatiocalcite,  97. 
Manganppal,  201. 
Manganischaum,  t>.  Wad. 
iWanganspath,  v.  Rhodonite. 
Manganvitriol,  397,427. 
Marasmolile,  360. 
Marble,  87. 
Marcasite,  321. 
Marceline,  192,  283. 
Marcylite,  404. 
Marckanite,  v.  Pitchstone. 
Margarite,  159. 
Margarodite,  156. 
Marialite,  v.  Haviyne. 
Marl,  86. 
Marmatite,  361. 
Marrnolite,  147. 
Marlinme,  427. 
Martite,  275. 
JVlascagnine,  60. 
Mason  i  te,  161. 
Matlockite,  136. 
Mauiliie,  v.  Labradorite. 
Medjidite,  76. 
Meerschaum,  90,  162. 
Meionite,  v.  Scapolite. 
Melaconite,  145,  v.  Tenorite. 
Melanasphalt,  368. 
Melanchlor,  89. 
Melanchyme  427. 
Melanglanz,  336. 
Melanite,  206. 
Melanochroite,  132. 
Melanolite,  162. 
Melanterite,  67. 
Melinopharie,  427. 
Millilite,  179. 
Mel  lite,  369. 
Melopsite,  115. 
Menaccanite,  267. 
Menakerz,  v.  Sphene. 
Mendipite,  116. 
Meneghinite,  427. 
Mengite,  109,  257. 
Menihte,  201. 
Mennige,  144. 
Mercurblende,  w.  Cinnabar. 
Mercury,  289. 
Merkurglanz,  330. 
Meroxene,  v.  Biotite. 
Mesitine  spar,  94. 
Mesitinspath,  v.  Mesitino. 
Mesole,  170. 
Mesolin,  v.  Levyne. 
Mesolite,  165,  168. 
Mesotype,  168. 
Metachlorite,  427. 
Metalloidal  diallage,  196. 
Metaxite,  148. 
Margyrite,  356. 
Mica,  v.  Muscovite. 
Micaceous  iron  ore,  271. 
Michaelite,  201. 
Microcosmic  salt,  71. 
Microlite,  248. 
Middletonite,  427. 


446                                                                    INDEX. 

Miemite,  92. 

N. 

Ochroite,  244. 

Miesite,  139. 

•        TVT 

Octahedral     oxide    of    anti- 

Mikroklin, 1«5. 
Milky  quartz,  213. 
Millerite,  307. 
Miloschin,  144. 
Mimetene,  140. 
Mimetite,  140. 
Mineral  caoutchouc,  365. 
Mineral  coal,  372. 
Mineral  oil,  364. 

Nnd^leisenerz,  v.  Gothite. 
Nadelerz,  337. 
Nagyngenerz.  v.  Nagyagite. 
iVngyager-erz,  291. 
Nngyagite,  290. 
Naphtha,  364. 
Naphthadil,  427. 
Napoleonite,  v.  Orthoclase. 

mony,  131. 
Octahednte,  253. 
Odontolite,  (Bone  Turquoise). 
Derstedite,  v.  Zircon. 
Dgcoite,  v.  Chlorite. 
Oisanite,  v.  Anatase. 
Okerute,  170. 
Oligiste  iron,  271. 
Oligoclase,  189. 

Mineral  pitch,  368. 
Mineral  tallow,  365. 
Minium.  144. 

Natro  calcite,  427. 
Natrolite,  168,  412. 

Oligon-spar,  115. 
31ivenchalcite,  v.  Libethenite. 
Olivenerz,  122. 

Mirabilite,  v.  Glauber  salt. 
Misenne,  71. 
Mispickel,  311. 
Misy,  69. 
Mizzonite,  t?.  Meionite. 

Natron,  66. 
Natron-Spodumene,  189. 
Naumannite,  330. 
Necronite,  187. 
Needle-ore,  337. 

Olivenite,  122. 
Dlivine,  v.  Chrysolite. 
Dmphazit,  196. 
Onegite,  277. 
Onkosiri,  427. 

Mocha  stone,  213. 

spar,  v.  Aragonite. 

Onofrite,  330. 

Wodumite,  320. 
Mohsine,  319. 

stone,  168. 
Nefelina,  v.  Nepheline. 

Onyx,  203. 
Oosite,  216. 

Mohsite,  267. 
Moldawite,  202. 

Neoctese,  v.  Scorodite. 

Opal,  201. 
Opal  allophane,  t>.  Schrotter- 

Molybdanglanz,  327. 
Molybdan  ochre,  143. 
Molybdansiiber,  v.  Tetrady 
mite. 
Molybdate  of  iron,  427. 
of  lead,  v.  Wulfenite. 
Molyhdic  ochre,  143. 
Molybdine,     v.    Molybdic 
ochre. 
Monazite,  109. 
Monazatoid,  109. 
Mondstein,  v.  Moonstone. 
Monheimite,  v.  Kapnite. 
Monophan,  v.  Epistilbite. 
Monradite,  148. 
Monrolite,  225. 
Monticellite,  208. 
Montmorillonite,  409. 
Moonstone,  v.  Feldspar. 
Morasterz,  v.  Limonite. 
Morenosite,  427. 
Moroxite,  109. 
Morvenite,  166. 

Neoplase,  v.  Botryogene. 
Neotokile,  v.  Rhodonite. 
Neotype,  402. 
Nepheline,  174. 
Nephrite,  192. 
Newjarskite,  303. 
Newkirkite,  280. 
Newportue,  161. 
Nickel-glance,  312. 
Nickel-green,  117. 
Nickelkies,  307. 
Nickel-ochre,  117. 
-stibine,  v.  Ullmannite. 
-vitriol,  68. 
Nickelantimonglanz,  314. 
Mickelarsenikglanz,  312. 
Nickelarsenikkies,  312. 
Nickel-bliithe,  v.  Annabergite 
-bournoniie,  427. 
-glanz,  v.  Cobaltine. 
-gymnite,  427. 
Nickeliferous  grey  antimony, 

O  1   A 

ite. 
Ophite,  147. 
Opsimose,  192. 
Orangeite,  243. 
Orawitzite,  v.  Halloysite. 
Oriental  chrysolite,  208. 
Dropion,  v.  Bole. 
Orpiment,  351. 
Onhile,  250. 
Orthoclase,  185. 
On  hose,  t>.  Feldspar. 
Osanite,  253. 
Osmelite,  170. 
Osteolite,  428. 
Ostranite,  v.  Zircon. 
Ostreocolla,  v.  Calcite. 
Osmiridium,  303. 
Osmium,  3U3. 
Ottrelite,  161. 
Ouvarovite,  206. 
Owenite,  v.  Thuringite. 
Oxacalcite,  78. 
Oxalite,  76. 

Mo.»andrite,  200,  286. 
Mountain  cork,  195. 
Moss-agate,  213. 
Mountain  green,  v.  Malachite. 

o!4. 
Nickelkies,  v.  Nickelin. 
Nickelin,  320. 
Nickelspiessglanzerz,  314. 
Nickelstibme,  314. 

Oxhaverite,  168. 
Oxydulated  iron,  270. 
Ozarkite,  209. 
Ozocerite,  Ozokerit,  366. 

leather,  195. 

Nickel  wismutglanz,  309. 

meal,  21  4. 

. 

Nicopyrite,  307. 

wood,  195. 
Miiller's  glass,  v.  Opal. 
Mullerite,  289. 
Mullicite,  72. 
Mundic,  v.  Pyrites. 
Murchisonite,  185. 
Muriacite,  v.  Anhydrite, 
Muriatacid,  64. 
Muriatic  acid,  64. 
Muromontite,  250,  286. 
Muscovite,  v.  Mica. 
Mussenite,  v.  Siegenite. 
Mussite,  196. 

Nigrine,  v.  Rutile. 
Niobite,26l. 
Nitratine,  65. 
Nitre,  65. 
Nitrogen,  64. 
Nitrocalcite,  65. 
Nitromagnesite,  65. 
Nontronite,  115. 
Nosean,  Nosin,  173. 
Notite,  427. 
Nussierite,  139. 
Nuttallite,  177. 

Pagodite,  146. 
Paisbergite,  v.  Fowlerite. 
Pel  agon  ite,  200. 
Palladium,  303. 
Palladium-gold,  304. 
Palladium  ochre,  144. 
Pan  abase,  347. 
Paracolumbite,  287. 
Paraluminite,  v.  Aluminite. 
Paranthine,  178. 
Parastilbite,  v.  Heulandite.  ' 
Paralhorite,  287. 

Mussonite,  v.  Pyroxene. 

O. 

Pargasite,  194. 

Myelin,  115. 

Parisite,  106. 

Mysorin,  126. 

Obsidian,  202. 

Parophite,  428. 

Ochran,  115. 

Partschin,  428. 

NDEX  . 


447 


Pateraite,  350. 
Patrinite,  v.  Aikenite. 
Paulite,  196. 

Pearl-mica,  v.  Margarite. 
P#nrl-sinter,  201. 
Pearl-spar,  92. 
Pearlstone,  202. 
Peastone,  86. 
Pecheisenerz,  v.  Gothite. 
Pecherz,  265. 
Pechkohle,  372. 
Pechopal,  v.  Opal. 
Pechsiein,  v.  Feldspar. 
Pechuran,  265. 
Pectolite,  412. 
Peganite,  181. 
Pegmatolite,  187. 
Pektolite,  412. 
Peliom,  216. 

Pelokonite,  v.  Wad,  409. 
Pennine,  156. 
Pennite,  91. 
Pentaklasite,  196. 
Percy  lite,  129. 
Periclase,  Periklas,  181. 
Peridot,  203. 
Periklin,  188. 
Peristerite,  187. 
Perlglimmer,  v.  Margarite. 
Perlsteiii,  v.  Peurlstone. 
Penhite,  v.  Feldspar. 
Perofskite,  243,  416. 
Perowskine,  112. 
Perowskite,  112. 
Penhite,  Ib7. 
Petalite,  193. 
Petroleum,  v.  Bitumen. 
PetroKilex,  v.  Hellefliuta. 
Petuntze,  v.  Kaolin. 
Petzite,  292. 

Pfeiienstein,  v.  Pipestone. 
Phacolite,  164. 
Phuestin,  193. 
Pharmacolite,  74,  122. 
Pharmakochalcite,  t>.  Oliven- 

ite. 

Pharmakosiderit,  119. 
Phenacite,  Phenakit,  227. 
Phengite,  v.  Mica. 
Phillipsiie,  167. 
Phlogopite,  158. 
Phosiiiciie,  v.  Melanochroite. 
Phoenikuchroite,  152. 
Pholerite,  114. 
Phosgenite,  136. 
Phosphammonite,  67. 
Phosphocerile,  1 10. 
Phosphochalcite,  126. 
Phosphorblei,  v.  Pyromorph- 

ite. 

Phosphorit,  108. 
Photizit,  192. 
Phyliite,  161. 
Phylloretin,  364. 
Physalite,  132. 
Piauzite,  370. 
Pickeringite,  68,  397. 
Picranalcime,  v.  Analcime. 
Picrolite,  148. 
Picromerid,  428. 
Picropharmacolite,  428. 


Picrophyll,  Pikrophyll,  148. 
"'icrosmine,  Pikrosmin,  148. 
•Vrothomsonite,  428. 
'ictite,  245. 
Piedmontite,  v.  Manganesian 

epidote. 

3ililite,  v.  Chlorite, 
'imelite,  145. 
^inguite,  116. 
^inite,  216. 
Jipestone,  115. 

nait,  v.  Garnet 
i'isiform  clay  iron  ore,  276. 
Pisoliie,  86. 

ssophane,  396. 

staciie,  86. 
Istomesite,  94. 
3itch,  v.  Bitumen. 

itchblende,  265. 
••itchstone,  202. 
3itchy  iron-ore,  278. 
"'iticite,  Pittizit,  78. 
'itkarandite,  428. 
'ittinerz,  265. 
•Magionite,  334. 
Plasma,  213. 

lata  Verde,  130. 
Platin,  302. 
'latinum,  302. 
'latiniridium,  303. 

lattnerite,  408. 
Dleonaste,  234. 
PJeuroclase,  v.  Wagnerite. 
Plinian,  310. 
'linthite,  115. 
Jlombgomme,  141. 
^lumbago,  373. 
3lumbic-ochre,  144. 

lumbocalcite,  402. 

lumbore^inite,  141. 

lumbostib,  v.  Boulangerite. 

lumose  ore,  Plumosit,  339. 
Polianite,  284. 
Pollux,  200. 

Polyadelphite,  v.  Garnet. 
Polyargite,  155. 
Polybtisite,  332. 
Polycrase.  261. 
Polychroilite,  428. 
Poly  halite,  70. 
Polyhydrite,  «.  Hisingerite. 
Polykras,  v.  Polycrase. 
Polylite,  196,  203. 
Polymignite,  256. 
Polysphaerite,  139. 
Polytelite,  347. 
Polyxen,  302. 
Ponce,  202. 
Poonahlite,  170. 
Porcelain  clay,  114,  187. 

spar,  178. 
Porpezite,  304. 
Portiie,  428. 
Potash  alum,  v.  Alum. 
Potstone,  150. 
Prase,  213. 
Pruseolite,  216. 
Prasochrome,  429. 
Predazzite,  94. 
Prehnite,  175. 
Prehnitoid,  429. 


Prosopite,  429. 
Prothente,  205. 
Proustite,  355. 
Przibramite,  360. 
Psathyrin,  366. 
Pseudo-apatite,  109. 

-malachit,  126. 

-nepheline,    Pseudo-som- 
mite,  v.  Nephelin. 
Pseudophite,  429. 
Pseudotriplite,  v.  Triplite. 
Pnlomelane,  283. 
Pumice,  202. 
Purple  copper,  305. 
"iipchkinite,  183. 
Pycnite,  v.  Topaz. 
Pyrallolite,  152. 
Pyrantimonite,  v.  Kermesite. 
Pyraphrolite,  202. 
Pyrargillite,  f8. 
Pyrargyrite,  353. 
Pyrenaite,  206. 
Pyrgom,  196. 
Pyrites,  323. 
Pyroohlore,  248. 
Pyroclasite,  403. 
Pyrolnshe,  279. 
Pyromelane,  253. 
Pyromeline,  v.  Nickel- Vitriol. 
Pyromorphite,  139. 
Pyrope,  206. 
Pyropissite,  370. 
Pyrophyllite,  150. 
Pyrophysalite,  232. 
Pyroretin,  370. 
Pyrorthite,  250. 
Pyrosclerite,  153. 
Pyrosidente,  v.  Gothite. 
Pyrosrnalite,  160. 
Pyrostibite,  v.  Kermesite. 
Pyroxene,  196. 
Pyrrhite,  288. 
Pyrrhosiderite,  277. 
Pyrrhotine,  309. 


Quartz,  209. 

Quecksilberfahlerz,  v.  Tetra- 
hedrite. 

Queckbilberbranderz,  v.  Idria- 
liie. 

Quecksilberhornerz,  v.  Calo- 
mel. 

Quecksilber-lebererz,  v.  Cin- 
nabar. 

Quicksilver,  289. 

Quincite,  147. 

R. 

Rabenglimmer,  v.  Lepidorae- 

lane. 

Radelerz,  v.  Bournonite. 
Radiated  pyrites,    v.  Marca- 

s  ite. 

Radiolite,  v.  Nntrolite. 
Rammel.'bergite,  313. 
Rendanite,  v.  Opal. 
Raphanosmite,  332. 
iiuphilite,  196. 


448 


INDEX. 


Raseneisenstein,  v.  Limonite 
Ratoff kit,  v.  Fluor. 
Rauhkalk,  v.  Dolomite. 
Rauechgelb,  351. 
Razoumoffskin,  115. 
Realgar,  351. 
Red  antimony,  353. 

clay  iron-stone,  271. 

copper  ore,  241. 

hematite,  271. 

iron  ore,  271. 

lead-ore,  v.  Lehmannite. 

manganese,  96. 

ochre,  271. 

orpiment,  351. 

oxide  copper,  241. 
mang.,  282. 
titanium,  255. 
zinc,  242. 

silver-ore,  353. 

vitriol,  70. 

zinc-ore,  242. 
Reddle,  273. 
Redruthite,  342. 
Remingtonite,  429. 
Remolinile,  v.  Atacamite. 
Rensselaerite,  152. 
Retinasphalt,  367. 
Retinalite,  147. 
Retinile,  202. 
Retzite,  v.  Aedelforsite. 
Reu*siri,63. 
Rhsetizit,  224. 
Rhodalose,  v.  Bieberite. 
Rhodium  gold,  304. 
Rhodizit,  218. 
Rhodochrome,  152. 
Rhodochrosite,  v.  Diallage. 
Rl.odolose,  70. 
Rhodonite,  192. 
Rhodophyllite,    v.    Kammer 

crite. 

Rhomb-spar,  v.  Breunnerite. 
Rhyacolite,  v.  Ryacolite. 
Riemannite,  v.  Allophane. 
Riolite,  330. 
Ripidolite,  150. 
Ritiingerite,  361. 
Rock  crystal,  202. 

soap,  114. 

wood,  195. 

Rocklandite,  v.  Serpentine. 
Romanzovit,  206. 
Romeine,  114. 
Roselite,  399. 
Rosellan,  115. 
Rose  quartz,  213. 
Rosite,  155. 

Rothbleierz,  v.  Lehmannite. 
Rotheisenerz,  v.  Hematite. 
Rothgiltigerz.  353. 
Rothkupi'ererz,  v.  Cuprite. 
Rothnickelkies,  v.  Nickelin. 
Rothoffit,  206. 
Rolhes  rauschgelb,  351. 
Rolhspiesglanzerz,  Rothspies- 

glaserz,  v.  Kermesite. 
Rotlizinkerz,  v.  Ziricite. 
Rubellan,  160. 
Rubellite,  221. 
Rubecille,  v.  Spinel. 


I  Rubin,  v.  Corundum. 
Rubinglimmer,  277. 
Ruhy-silver,  v  Pyrargyrite. 
Ruin  marble,  88. 
Rutherfordite,  260. 
Rmile,  255. 
Ryacolite,  189. 

S. 

Saccharite,  189. 
Safflorite,  318. 
Sagenite,  v.  Rutile. 
Sahlite,  196. 
Sal-ammoniac,  65. 
Salamstein,  v.  Corundum. 
Salmiak,  65. 
Salt,  65. 
Saltpetre,  65. 

Salzkupfererz,  v.  Atacamite. 
Samarskite,  259. 
Sammetblende,  277. 
Samoite,  429. 
Sanidin,  429. 
Saponite,  151. 
Sappar,  224. 
Sapphire,  235. 
Sapphire  d'eau,  216. 
Sapphirine,  235. 
Sarcolite,  172,  414. 
Sard,  213. 
Sardonyx,  213. 
Sassolin,  69. 
Satin  spar,  92. 

Satersbergite,  v.  Leucopyrite 
Saualpit,  v.  Zoisite. 
Savite,  429. 
Saussurite,  192. 
Saynite,  309. 
Scarbroite,  115. 
Scapolite,  177. 
Schaalstein,  v.  Wollastonite. 
Schabasit,  v.  Chabasic. 
Schapbachite,  292. 
Schaumkalk,  v.  Gypsum. 
Scheelbleispath,   v.  Scheele 

tine. 

Scheeletine,  138. 
Scheelite,  v.  Tungsten. 
Scheelsaure,  v.  Wolframine. 
Scheererite,  364. 
Schilf-glaserz,  334. 
Schiller  spar,  v.  Diallage. 
Schmelzstein,  v.  Scapolite. 
Schneiderite,  429. 
Schorl,  219. 
Schorlite,  232. 
Schorlomite,  257. 
Sehrifterz,  289. 
Sehrift-tellur,  289. 
Schrotterite,  401. 
Schulzit,  338. 
Schiitzit,  v.  Celestine. 
Schwarzerz,  347,359. 
Schwarzgiltigerz^  347. 
Schwarzmanganerz,  283. 
Schwarzspiesglaserz,  v.  Bour 

nonite. 

Schwartzerz,  359. 
Schwartzite,  v.  Tetrahe- 

drite. 


Schwefel,  v.  Sulphur. 
Schwefelantimonblei,  339. 
Schwefelkies,  323. 
Schwefelkobalt,  v.  Linnaeite. 
Schwefelnickel,  v.  Millerite*. 
Schwerbleierz,  v.  Galena. 
Schwerspath,  v.  Barytes. 
Schwerstein,  v.  Scheelite. 
Scleretinite,  371. 
Scolecite,  168,  411. 
Scolexerose,  191. 
Scorodite,  122. 
Scorza,  183. 
Scoulerite,  429. 
Sea  water,  65. 
Seladonite,  v.  Green  earth. 
Selbite,  129. 
Selenblei,  332. 
Selenbleikupfer,  333. 
Selenbleispath,  429. 
Selenid  copper,  330. 

mercury,  330. 
Selenite,  75. 
Selenium,  363. 
Selenkobaltblei,  333. 
Selenkupfer,  330. 
Selenkupferblei,  332. 
Selenkupfersilber,  320. 
Selenmolybdene,    v.    Nau- 

mannite. 

Selenpalladite,  v.  Palladium. 
Selenquecksilber,  330. 
Selenquecksilberblei,  333. 
Selenschwetelquecksiiber, 

333. 

Selensilber,  330. 
Selensulphur,  363. 
Semelin,  v.  Sphene. 
Serai  Opal,  201. 
Senarmontite,  131. 
Seneca  Oil,  364. 
Sepiolite,  v.  Meerschaum. 
Serbian,  144. 
Sericite,  429. 
Serikolite,  v.  Satin  Spar. 
Serpentine,  147. 
Severite,  v.  Halloysite. 
Seybertite,  v.  Clintonite. 
Siberite,  v.  Rubellite. 
Siderite,  103. 

Sideromelane,  v.  Labradorite. 
Sideroschisolite,  116,  156. 
Siderose,  v.  Chalybite. 
Siderochalcit,  v.  Aphanesite. 
Siderotantal,  262. 
Siegenite,  v.  Linnaeite. 
Silberblende,  353. 
Silberfahlerz,  v.  Tetrahedrite. 
Silberglanz,  331. 
Silberhornerz  v.  Kerate. 
Silber-kupferglanz,  345. 
Silberphyllinglanz,  350. 
Silber  Spiessglanz,  300. 
Silberwismuthglanz,  292. 
Silber-und-antimon,  v.  Freis- 

lebenite. 

Siliceous  Malachite,  117. 
Siliceous  Sinter,  201. 
Silicite,  191. 
Sillimanite,  225. 
Silvanite,  336. 


INDEX. 


449 


Silver,  294. 

Stannine,  303. 

Tafelspnth,  177. 

Silver-glance,  v.  Argentite. 

Stannite,  430. 

Tagilite,  127. 

Silver-white  Cobalt,  315. 

Stanzaite,  223. 

Talc,  150. 

Siriopite,  115. 

Stasslurtite,  430. 

Talc  apatite,  431. 

Sismondine,  429, 

Stauroliie,  222. 

Talceisensiein,  270. 

Sisserskite,  303. 

Staurotide,  222. 

Talkfpath,  v.  Mngnesite. 

Skapolith,  v.  Scapolite. 

Steatite,  150. 

Talkhydrat,  v.  Brucite. 

Skolecite,  v.  Scoleziie. 

Sleel-Ore,  103. 

Talkhieinniark,  v.  Myelin. 

Skolopsite,  429. 

Steinheiliie,  216. 

Tamarite,  v.  Copper-mica,  1  18. 

Skorodite,  v.  Scorodite. 

Steinmannite,  350. 

Tamnla-tantalite,  262. 

Skuu  erudite,  320. 

Steinol,  v.  Naphtha. 

Tankite,  v.  Chiastolite. 

Slate  Spar,  86. 

Steinsalz,  v.  Salt. 

Tannentite,  431. 

Sloanite,  430. 

Stellite,  170. 

Tantalite,  262. 

Sraaltine,  317. 

citephanite,  336. 

Tarnowitzite,  t>.  Aragonite. 

Smaragd,  v.  Beryl. 

Siercorite,  71. 

Tauriscile,  431. 

Smaragdite,  193. 
Smaragdo-chalcite. 

Sternbergite,  327. 
Stibiconise,  430. 

Tautolite,  v.  Hyalosiderite. 
Tectizite  431. 

Smectite,  114. 

Stibine,  v.  Antimonite. 

Tekoretin,  364. 

Smelite,  1  15. 

Stibium,  v.  Tin. 

Tellurblei,  300. 

Smithsonite  v.  Calamine. 
Soapstone,  151. 

Stilbite,  163. 
Stibnite,  Stiblite,  144. 

Tellurgoldsilber,  292. 
Telluric  Bismuth,  291. 

Soda-Alum,  v.  Solfatarite. 

Stilbite,  163. 

Telluric  Ochre,  v.  Tellurite. 

Soda-Nitre.  65. 

Stillolite,  v.  Opal. 

Telluric  Silver,  292. 

Soda    Spodumene,  v.  Oligo- 

Stilpnomelane,  159. 

Tellurite  143. 

clase. 

Stilpnosiderite,  277. 

Tellurium,  417. 

Sodalite,  144. 

Stol  penile,  v.  Bole. 

Tellurium  Glance,  290. 

Solfatarite,  397. 

Stolzit,  v.  Scheeletine. 

Tellurium  Ochre,  v.  Tellurite. 

Somervillite,  179. 
Somniite,  v.  Nepheline. 

Strahlenknpfer,  Strahlerz,  v 
Aphanesite. 

Tellursilber,  342. 
Tellursilberblei,  t>.  Sylvanite. 

Sordawalite,  430. 

Stahlkies,  321. 

Tellurwismut,  291. 

Soufre,  v.  Sulphur. 

Strahstein,  v.  Hornblende. 

Tennantite,  348. 

Spadaite,  152. 

Strahlzeolith,  v.  Stilbite. 

Tenorite,  288. 

Spaniolite,  347. 

Strakoniizite,  430. 

Tephroite,  431. 

Spargelstein,  t>.  Apatite. 

Stratopeite,  430. 

Teratolite,  115. 

Sparkies,  321. 
Sparry  Iron  Ore,  103. 

Straganowite,  174. 
Stream-Tin,  263. 

Terenite,  v.  Scapolite. 
Ternarbleierz,  v.  Leadhilhte 

Spathic,  Iron,  103. 

Stromeyerite,  345. 

Tesselite,  168. 

Spartalite,  242. 

Strommite,  v.  Barystrontian- 

Terseralkies,  317. 

Spear  Pyriles,  321. 

ite. 

Tetartine,  188. 

Speckstein,  v.  Talc. 

Strontianite,  102. 

Terradymite,  29. 

Specular  Jron,  271. 

Strontianocalcite,  430. 

Tetrahedrite,  347. 

Speerkies,  321. 

Struvite,  72. 

Tetraklasit,  177. 

Spessartine,  v.  Garnet. 

Stylobite,  180. 

Tetraphyline,  112. 

Speiskobalt,  317. 

Stypticite,  398. 

Teza,  76. 

Sphaerosiderite,  104. 

Succin,  368. 

Texasite,  v.  Emerald-nickel. 

Sphaerostilbite,  v.  Stilbite 

Succinite,  207. 

Thalite,  v.  Saponite. 

Sphsernlite,  202. 

Sulphacic,  64. 

Thallite,  133. 

Sphalerite,  360. 

Sulphato  carb.  Barytes,  101. 

Tharandite,  92. 

Sphene,  245. 

"      Lead,  134. 

Thenardite,  69. 

Sphragide,  v.  Clay,  114. 
Spiesglanz,  298. 

tri  carb.  Lead,  133. 
Sulphur,  362. 

Thermonatrite,  66. 
fhierschite,  431. 

Spiessglanzocher,  v.  Stiblite. 
Spiessglanzweiss,    v.    Valen- 
tinite. 

Sulphuric  acid,  65. 
Sulphurous  acid,  64. 
Sulphydrogen,  64. 

Thiosaurite,  190. 
Thomaile,  104. 
Phomsonite,  168. 

Spiessglanzbleierz,  v.  Bourn- 
onite. 

Sumplerz,  v.  Limonite. 
Sunstone,  187. 

Thoneisenstein,  105. 
Thon,  114. 

Spiesglas,  v.  Antimony. 

Susannite,  430. 

Thorite,  242. 

Spiesglas-Silber,    v.   Discra- 
site. 

Svanbergite,  303,  430. 
Syepooriie,  326. 

Phraulite,  115. 
Phrombolite,  128. 

Spinel,  234. 
Spinel-Ruby,  234. 

Sylvanite,  289. 
Sylvine,  66. 

Thulite,  183. 
Thumite,  Thuringite,  v.  Arin- 

Spinellane,  173. 
Spinthere,  v.  Sphene. 
Spodumene,  182. 

3ymplesite,  118. 
Swimming  Quartz,  213. 
Swinestone,  86. 

ite. 
Tile  Ore,  241. 
Tilkerodite,  332. 

Sprodglanzerz,  v.  Stephanite. 
Sprodglaserz,  336. 

T. 

Tin,  304. 
Tin-Ore.  263. 

Sprudelstein,  v.  Aragonite. 

Tin  Pyrites.  308. 

Stahlkobalt,  315. 
Stahlstein,  v.  Chalybite. 

Tabergite,  430. 
Tabular  Spar,  177. 

Tinca'l.  v.  Borax. 
Tinder-Ore.  350. 

Stalactite,  Stalagmite,  v.  Cal- 
cite. 

Tachylite,  203. 
rachyaphaltite,  287. 

Tin-stone,  263. 
Tin-white  Cobalt,  217. 

57 

450 

INDEX. 

Tirolite,  v.  Kupaphrite. 

V.                           W 

Titarieisen,  267. 
Titanite  iron,  267. 
Tombaziie,  312. 

Valencianite,  188. 
Valentinite,  131.                         \\ 
Vanadic  Bronzite,  199. 

Topaz   232. 
Topazolite,  206. 
Torbane  Mineral,  363. 

Vanadinbleierz,  v.  Vanadinite. 
Vanadinite,  140. 

Torberite,  v.  Copper  Uranite, 

Variegated  Copper,  305. 

405. 

Variolite   187. 

Ton-elite,  261. 
Touchstone,  213. 
Tourmaline,  219. 
Towanite,  3)6. 
Traubenblei,  v.  Mimetene. 
Tremenheerite  (Impure  graph- 

Variscite, 181. 
Varvacite,  431. 
Vauquelinite,  131. 
Velvet  Copper-ore,  124. 
Vermiculite,  i50. 
Vermontite,  v.  Mispickel. 

ite.) 
Tremolite,  103. 
Trikiasite,  v.  Fahlunite. 

Vesuvian,  205. 
Villarsite,  147. 

Vision      4^11 

Trinacrite,  431.                          vitroou/Copper.  342. 
Tr.pe.tone,  79.                                     Silver,  331. 
Triphane,  v.  Spodumene.        |VUriol  oc,       v  Pitticite. 
Tnphyl.net>.  Tnphte.            IVitriolbleierz,  v.  Anglesite. 
Inpl.te,  112.                              Viviinitp  72 
Triploklas  .   Thomsonite.      $$"»£*' 
Tntornue,244.                          jVotg«ite,432. 
lrona,W>                                  ;Volborthite,  121. 

SkinM:        ^0!^;32Selensulphur- 

Tschennigjte,  397.                   $g£t£3j. 
Tues.te,  114.                             ,Voltaite,  71,  398. 
Tufa,  v  Ca  cite.                       IVoltzine,  Voltzite,  432. 
Tungsten,  142.                           Vnnntifp    ISO 
Tungstic  Ochre,  v.  Wolfram-  ^"^^p 

ine. 
Turgite,  276. 

Vulpinite,  v.  Anhydrite. 

Tiirkis,  v.  Turquoise. 

W 

w. 

Turmalin,  v.  Tourmaline. 

Turnerite,  431. 

'Wad,  145. 

Turquois,  i81. 
Tyrite,  431. 
Tyrolite,  117. 

iWagnerite,  110. 
;Walchowite,  367. 
Walmstedite,  v  Breunnerite. 

W.,^,I-;^.!-,IQ    O4Q 

U. 


Ulexite,  176. 

Ullmannife,  314.  

Ultramarine,   v.  Lapis-lazuli,  Wavellite,  90 

173.  !Websterite,72. 

Unghwarite,  v.  Chloropal.  'Wehrlite,  432. 

Unionite,  v.  Oligoclase.  |Weicl)bruunstein,  279. 

Uraconise,    v.   Uran-Ochre,  ;Weicheiseukies,    v.    Wasse 


148. 

Uralite,  195. 

TJralorthiie,  v.  Allanite. 

Uranbliiihe,  v.  Uran-ochre. 

Uranghmmpr,  119. 

Urangreen,  43. 

Urariin  v.  Pechuran. 

Uranite,  119 

Uran-mira,  195. 

Uran-ochre    143. 

Uranotautal,  259. 

Urano  ;yd,    Uranpecherz,    v. 

Pechuran. 

Uranphyllit,  v.  Uranite. 
Uran vitriol,  v.  Joharinite. 
Urao,  v.  Trona. 
Urdite,  431. 
Uwarowite,  207. 


jWashingtonite,  267. 
jWasserblei,  v.  Molybdenite. 
jWasseralimmer,  v.  Mica. 
iWasserk.es,  326. 
Water,  65. 


White  iron  pyrites,  321. 
lead  ore,  137. 
Vitriol,  63. 

Wichtine,  Wirhtisite,  200. 
/^ilhelmite  v.  Willemite. 
'illemite,  112. 
7illiamsite,  119. 
^ilsonite,  432. 
^iluite,  v.  Garnet, 
^isserite,  432. 
Bismuth,  291. 

W.smuthhleierz,  v.   Bismuth 
silver,  34(J. 
i^itmiuthglanz,  337. 
/ismnlhriU'kelkies,  309. 
Wismuthochre,  143. 
.thsilver,  292. 
thspath,  v.  Bismutite. 
Withamite,  183. 
Vitherite,  101. 
Vittichite,  350. 
Vodankies,  v.  Gersdorffite. 
Voathite,  225. 
Vohlerite  247. 
Volchite,  346. 
Volchonite,  367. 
Volchonskoite,  145. 
Wolfram,  264. 

Volframine,  u.Tungsfic  ochre. 
Wolframbleierz,  ».  Scheele- 

tine. 

Volframochre,  v.Wolframine. 
Volfsbergite,  346. 
Wollastonite,  177. 
Wood  opal,  202. 
stone,  213. 
tin,  262. 
Wiirfeleiz,    v.    Pharmacosid- 

erite. 

Wulfenite,  132. 
Wundererde,  v.  Teratolite. 


kies 

IWeichmanaan,  279. 
!Weit«s,bleierz,  v.  Cerussite. 
iWeissgiiltigerz,  347. 
IWeisscan,  v.  JScolecite. 
|Weissigian,  432. 
jWeissian,  216.     ' 
Weiskupfererz,  v  Domeykit 
Weissnickelkies,  309. 
Weissen-speisskobalt,  317. 
Weisspiessglanzerz,  v.  Valen 

tinite. 

Wei-siellin,  289. 
Wernerile,  177. 
Wheel  ore,  v.  Bonrnonite. 
Whewellile,  v.  Oxacalcite. 
White  antimony,  131. 
arsenic,  143. 
copperas,  v.  Coquimbite 


Xanthitane,  408". 
Xanthite.  205. 
Xanthocone,  356. 
Xanthophyllite,  160. 
Xanthorlhite,  250. 
Xanthosiderite,  288. 
Xenolite,  225. 
Xenotime.  106. 
Xylite.  Xylotile,  149. 
Xylochlore,  432. 
Xylokryptit,  v.  Scheererite. 

Y. 

Yanolite,  v.  Axinite. 

copper  pyrites,  306. 

earth,  115. 

lead  ore,  v.  Wulfenite. 

tellurium,  v.  Sylvanite, 
Yenite,  249. 
Ytterbite,  v.  Gadolinite. 
Ytterspaih,  v.  Xenotime. 
Yttrocerite,  105. 
Ytirocolumhite,  259. 
Yttro-ilmeuite,  259. 
Yyttro  tantalite,  258. 

-titanite,  256, 


INDEX. 


451 


z. 

Zala,  v.  Borax. 
Zamtite,  432. 
Zeagonite,  165. 
Zeasite,  v.  Opal. 
Zeilanite,  234. 
Zellkies,  '321. 
Zeolite,  v.  Scolezite  and 

trolite. 

Zeuxite,  v.  Tourmaline. 
Zianite,  v.  Kyanite. 
Ziegelerz,  v.  Cuprite. 
Zigueline,  241. 
Zinc-blende,  360. 
Zinc-bloom.  76. 


Na- 


Zinc-fahlerz,  432. 

Zinc- vitriol,  v.  Goslarite. 

Zincite,  242. 

Zinconise,  Zinkarseniat,  Zink- 

bliithe,  v.  Hydrozincite. 
Zinkenite,  335. 
Zinnkies,  308. 
Zinkglas,    Zinkkieselerz,    v 

Hemimorpliite. 
Zinkoxyd,  v.  Zincite. 
Zinkphyllit,  v.  Hopeite. 
Zinkspath,  v.  Blende. 
Zinkvitriol,  v.  Goslarite. 
Zinn,  v.  Tin. 
Zinnerz,  v.  Cassiterite. 


Zinnkies,  v.  Stannine. 
Zmnober,  v.  Cinnabar. 
Zinnstein,  v.  Cassiterite. 
Zinnwaldite,  t>.  Lepidolite. 
Zippeite,  432. 
Zircon,  226. 
Zirconise,  76. 
Zirconite,  v.  Zircon. 
Zoisite,  183. 
Zolestein,  x.  Celestine. 
Zorgite,  332. 
Zandererz,  350. 
Zurlite,  179. 
Zwieselite,  112. 
Zygadite,  200. 


ERRATA. 

Page    12,  11  lines  from  bottom,  for  40°,  read  60°. 

"       43,  15     "        "     top,         omit  iron-pyrites. 

161,  29     "        "      «  "      line  beginning  "  3.  Phyllite,"  <fec. 

"     191,  13  and  31  lines  from  top,  for  cowzeranite,  read  couseranite. 

1    230,  in  note  at  foot  of  page,  for  aqua-marine,  read  quartz. 

"     253,  under  anatase,  supply  G.  =  3  8  . . .  4'1. 
"     303,       9  lines  from  bottom,  oinit  Svanbergite. 

"     339,  19     "        "          «        for  Plumbostite,  read  Plumbosite. 

"    340,  21     "        "      top,        for  Bleiglanz,  read  Bleiglanz. 


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